This article provides the information about the concept of renewable resources as energy-efficient sources, its classification, methods of using, including the most innovative which are realized nowadays. The study offers a comprehensive description of all types of renewable energetic resources, exciting at this moment

Belyavsky, A. V.

Pimenov, N. O.

Electronic archive of Tomsk Polytechnic University

≠〉「〈′＜〔∴≦〈＜〔● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜〔● ＜〔′％＜〔● ＃±≦÷〔 た≠〉°≦〈≦÷≦］『● ∞∴≦〉±°『∴≦［〔＜『● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜≦］≦ ＜〔′％＜≦-『＜＜≦［〔¢『≦＜＜≦］≦ ∞∴≦♂°∴〔＜♂°［〔 ±〔± ≦♂＜≦［〔 ∞≦〈］≦°≦［±『 ♂≦［∴〉≠〉＜＜≦］≦ 『＜「〉＜〉∴〔だ  02-ヰヴ ０ＵＷＡＮｒ ヲヰヱヴ４く °ＳＰＸＬが ∴ＳＸＸＦｒ     18 RENEWABLE RESOURCES AS ENERGY-EFFICIENT SOURCES S.V. Belyavsky, N.O. Pimenov Scientific Supervisor: A.O. Semenov Linguistic Advisor: T.G. Petrashova, PhD Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia, Tomsk, Lenin str., 30, 634050 Email: svb28@tpu.ru Annotation This article provides the information about the concept of renewable resource as nergy-efficient sources, its classification, methods of using, including the most innovative wh ch are realized nowadays. The study offers a comprehensive description of all types of renewable energetic resources, exciting at this moment. Key words: renewable resource; biomass; wind and solar energy; drilling; reinjection; potable water; irrigation. Nowadays, people generally use nonrenewable sources of energy because it ha  been already developed and aspects of this area are studied. Some of them are being und r research now. However, it is not effective because we cannot renew them. Therefore scientists try to find the most energy-efficient sources from the renewable ones. The main purpose of this study is to show that the area of producing energy from renewable resources Тs КМЭТЯОlв НОЯОlШpТЧР ЧШа Кs аОll Кs ЭШ СКЯО К lШШФ КЭ sМТОЧЭТsЭs’ ТЧЯОЧЭТШЧs КЧН ПЮЭЮrО projects. TСО ЭОrЦ “rОЧОаКЛlО” Тs РОЧОrКllв КpplТОН ЭШ ЭСШsО ОЧОrРв rОsШЮrМОs КЧН ЭОМСЧШlШРТОs аСШsО common characteristic is that they are non-depletable or naturally replenishable. A.J. Armstrong explains that renewable energy technologies produce pow r, heat or mechanical energy by converting those resources either to electricity or to motive powr. The policy maker concerned with development of the national grid system will focus on those resou ces that have established themselves commercially and are cost effective for on-grid applications. Such commercial technologies include hydroelectric power, solar energy, fuels derived from biomass, wind energy and geothermal energy. Wave, ocean current, ocean thermal and other technologies that are in the research or ealy c mmercial stage, as well as non-electric renewable energy technologies, such as solar water heaters and geothermal heat pumps, are also based on renewable resources. [1] As concerns resources, they are fundamentally different.  At present, th  major commercial grid-connected renewable resources are hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, wind energy and solar. In the majority of legal regimes, hydroelectric and geothermal resources are identifie  as owned in common by the people of the country and developed by the government for their benefit. Dr. J. Hamrin suggests the following classification of renewable resources: - Geothermal resources require extraction (and reinjection). Drilling for geothermal resources involves many of the same discrete considerations involved with drilling for petroleum (hydrocarbons) and individual treatment is prudent. ≠〉「〈′＜〔∴≦〈＜〔● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜〔● ＜〔′％＜〔● ＃±≦÷〔 た≠〉°≦〈≦÷≦］『● ∞∴≦〉±°『∴≦［〔＜『● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜≦］≦ ＜〔′％＜≦-『＜＜≦［〔¢『≦＜＜≦］≦ ∞∴≦♂°∴〔＜♂°［〔 ±〔± ≦♂＜≦［〔 ∞≦〈］≦°≦［±『 ♂≦［∴〉≠〉＜＜≦］≦ 『＜「〉＜〉∴〔だ  02-ヰヴ ０ＵＷＡＮｒ ヲヰヱヴ４く °ＳＰＸＬが ∴ＳＸＸＦｒ     19 - Hydroelectric resources are inextricably linked with surface water rights, including potable water, navigation, irrigation, navigation and recreational rights. The historical complexities of sorting out these juxtaposed rights usually dictate individual treatment of hydroelectric resource issues. - Wind energy and solar draw on resources - wind and sun energy - generally thought of as being free for the taking. The principal resource issue with both of these renewabl s is surface land. Therefore there is no general technical requirement for individual treatment. - Biomass is a broadly inclusive term, often encompassing wood and wood waste, agricultural waste and residue, energy crops, and - sometimes - landfill gas resources. Resource availability and cost can be highly variable, and resources may require management of a type not frequently required for other renewables. [1] According to the recent study presented in the Journal of Environmental Studies, renewable energy technologies are a cost-effective way to provide power. If climate change costs and health impacts are included in the price analysis, wind and solar energy is cheaper than coal-fired power plants. This is in addition to their well-documented effects on carbon pollution. Coal-fired power plants account for 40 percent of the national carbon footprint, according to the study's authors. Switching power generation to clean energy would cut down on this output, which could help slow the effects of global warming. Large energy companies have traditionally maintained certain renewable energy technologies, such as small-scale solar installations, were too expensive and unwieldy to implement. This has been a persistent excuse for continuing to use coal-fired plants and other methods of energy production that are harmful to the environment and human health. However, more major utilities are learning that distributed generation can save them money. Distributed generation is the practice of using small-scale energy generators, like rooftop solar panels and mini wind-turbines, to produce electricity in close proximity to where it is used. [2] At the same time, the report states that the cost of gas- and coal-fired plants is increasing because of lower utilization of thermal plants, the higher capital costs of some new thermal plants and the increasing cost of fuel. Development of renewable energy technologies provides new researching. For example, Rice University scientists have unveiled a revolutionary new technology that uses nanoparticles to convert solar energy directly into steam. The new "solar steam" method from Rice's Laboratory for Nanophotonics is so effective it can even produce steam from icy cold water. The technology's inventors said they expect it will first be used in sanitation and water-purification applications in the developing world. The technology has an overall energy efficiency of 24 percent. Photovoltaic sol r panels, by comparison, typically have overall energy efficiency around 15 percent. However, the inventors of solar steam say that they expect the first uses of the new technology will not be for electricity generation but rather for sanitation and water purification in developing countries.  Moreover, Fitlow J. in his article explains that the efficiency of solar steam is due to the light-capturing nanoparticles that convert sunlight into heat. When submerged in water and exposed to sunlight, the particles heat up so quickly they instantly vaporize water and create steam.The solar steam's overall ≠〉「〈′＜〔∴≦〈＜〔● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜〔● ＜〔′％＜〔● ＃±≦÷〔 た≠〉°≦〈≦÷≦］『● ∞∴≦〉±°『∴≦［〔＜『● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜≦］≦ ＜〔′％＜≦-『＜＜≦［〔¢『≦＜＜≦］≦ ∞∴≦♂°∴〔＜♂°［〔 ±〔± ≦♂＜≦［〔 ∞≦〈］≦°≦［±『 ♂≦［∴〉≠〉＜＜≦］≦ 『＜「〉＜〉∴〔だ  02-ヰヴ ０ＵＷＡＮｒ ヲヰヱヴ４く °ＳＰＸＬが ∴ＳＸＸＦｒ     20 energy efficiency can probably be increased as the technology is refined. Scientists are going from heating water on the macro scale to heating it at the nanoscale. Their particles are very small -- even smaller than a wavelength of light -- which means they have an extremely small surface area to dissipate heat. This intense heating allows them to g nerate steam locally, right at the surface of the particle, and the idea of generating steam locally is really counterintuitive. [3] Another potential use could be in powering hybrid air-conditioning and heating systems that run off of sunlight during the day and electricity at night.  δКsЭ вОКr, ПШr ОбКЦplО, SКЮНТ ArКЛТК’s plКЧs ЭШ lКЮЧМС К ЦКssТЯО rОЧОаКЛlО ОЧОrРв prШРrКЦ аОrО ЭСО big news coming out of the Middle East – but internal wranglings have resulted in uncertainty about the future of the project. Looking elsewhere in the region, it appears that Jordan may wind up upstaging its neighbors by pursuing steps to reduce its dependence on imported energy, which currently stands at 97 percent. The plan, which involves the initial procurement of 200 megawatts (MW) of solar energy and 200 εА ШП аТЧН pШаОr, Тs ТЧЭОЧНОН ЭШ ТЧМrОКsО ЭСО ФТЧРНШЦ’s sСКrО ШП rОЧОаКЛlО ОЧОrРв МШЧЭrТЛЮЭТШЧs ПrШЦ ШЧО pОrМОЧЭ ЭШ 10 pОrМОЧЭ Лв β0β0. RШЮЧН ШЧО Тs prТЦКrТlв ЛОТЧР НОplШвОН ТЧ ЭСО sШЮЭСОrЧ rОРТШЧ ШП εК’КЧ. Later stages may prove riskier, as Jordan plans to switch focus to the nort r  and eastern parts of the country, close to the border with Syria. JШrНКЧ’s ОППШrЭs ЧШЭаТЭСsЭКЧНТЧР, FШЧЭ ↑. sООs DЮЛКТ Кs К ФОв ЦКrФОЭ ЭШ аКЭМС ТЧ β014. «TСОrО КrО plans to tenНОr ЭСО sОМШЧН pСКsО ШП ЭСО DЮЛКТ SШlКr PКrФ ТЧ β014», СО sКвs, КЧН «аСТМС аТll ЛО К 100 εА P↑ ТЧНОpОЧНОЧЭ pШаОr prШУОМЭ. TСКЭ’s КrРЮКЛlв ЭСО ЦШsЭ ТЦpШrЭКЧЭ sШlКr prШУОМЭ ПШr ЧОбЭ вОКr ТЧ ЭСО εТННlО EКsЭ». Д4] One of the biggest challenges facing the future of the solar industry is the ability to provide cost-ОППОМЭТЯО sЭШrКРО. SШlКr ОЧОrРв’s ТЧЭОrЦТЭЭОЧЭ ЧКЭЮrО Тs К ПКМЭ ЭСКЭ ЦКЧв sКв МШЮlН prОЯОЧЭ ЦШrО аТНОsprОКН adoption of the technology as a viable replacement for traditional energy generation. Consequently, countries worldwide try to make solar energy more cost-effec ive. For example, Latin America could very well someday soon blossom into a world leader in solar energy. By most accounts, industry growth in 2013 was not explosive – but the region did experience significant added.  «TСОrО КrО qЮТЭО К ПОа МШЮЧЭrТОs ТЧ SШЮЭС AЦОrТМК ЭСКЭ СКЯО prШУОМЭs КЧН НОЯОlШpЦОЧЭs ТЧ ЯКrТШЮs sЭКРОs», FШЧЭ ↑. МlКТЦs. «CСТlО Тs ШЛЯТШЮslв ЯОrв ТЦpШrЭКЧЭ. TСОrО’s К lШЭ ШП prОlТЦТЧКrв prШУОМЭ КМЭТЯТЭв going on down tСОrО, ЛЮЭ КlsШ sШЦО ЦКУШr prШУОМЭs ЭСКЭ plКЧ ЭШ ЛО ТЧsЭКllОН НЮrТЧР ЭСО МШЦТЧР вОКr». CШЦТЧР in a close second behind Chile as one of the countries most likely to make significant inroads in solar in 2014 is Mexico, which Font V. says has several large scalО prШУОМЭs ЮЧНОrаКв. «TСО ЭСТrН ЦКУШr δКЭТЧ AЦОrТМКЧ ЦКrФОЭ ЭШ аКЭМС Тs BrКгТl», FШЧЭ ↑. КННs. «TСКЭ РrШаЭС Тs ЛОТЧР НrТЯОЧ ТЧ lКrРО pКrЭ Лв lШМКlТЭТОs within Brazil, cities and states that are trying to incentivize solar rather than havi g it take place at the ПОНОrКl lОЯОl». Д4] Most are of the shared opinion that 2014 will be a year of consolidation. Font V. believes 2014 will НrКа К «НООp lТЧО ШП НОЦКrМКЭТШЧ ЛОЭаООЧ ЭСО СКЯОs КЧН ЭСО СКЯО-ЧШЭs» ТЧ ЭСКЭ НШаЧsЭrОКЦ ТЧsЭКllОrs аСШ are unable to provide low cost systems will find thОЦsОlЯОs ШЮЭ ШП ЛЮsТЧОss. «I ЭСТЧФ ЭСО НКвs ШП sЮЛsТНТгТЧР ≠〉「〈′＜〔∴≦〈＜〔● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜〔● ＜〔′％＜〔● ＃±≦÷〔 た≠〉°≦〈≦÷≦］『● ∞∴≦〉±°『∴≦［〔＜『● ≠≦÷≦〈〉「＜≦］≦ ＜〔′％＜≦-『＜＜≦［〔¢『≦＜＜≦］≦ ∞∴≦♂°∴〔＜♂°［〔 ±〔± ≦♂＜≦［〔 ∞≦〈］≦°≦［±『 ♂≦［∴〉≠〉＜＜≦］≦ 『＜「〉＜〉∴〔だ  02-ヰヴ ０ＵＷＡＮｒ ヲヰヱヴ４く °ＳＰＸＬが ∴ＳＸＸＦｒ     21 high-МШsЭ ТЧsЭКllОrs аТll МШЦО ЭШ КЧ КЛrЮpЭ ОЧН ЧОбЭ вОКr», СО sКвs, ЭОЦpОrТЧР ЭСТs prОНТМЭТШЧ Лв КННТЧР ЭСКЭ ПОа ОЦplШвООs аТll ОбpОrТОЧМО lШЧР ЭОrЦ ЮЧОЦplШвЦОЧЭ Кs К rОsЮlЭ: «TСОв’ll ЛО СТrОН ТЧЭo other companies. TСКЭ’s РШШН ЧОаs ПШr ОЦplШвООs КЧН ТЭ Тs РШШН ЧОаs ПШr Кll ШП Юs – including governments that are paying sЮЛsТНТОs. IЭ’s КlsШ РШШН ПШr ЭСО sШlКr ТЧНЮsЭrв КЭ lКrРО, ЛОМКЮsО вШЮ’rО РШТЧР ЭШ СКЯО ЦЮМС ЦШrО prШПОssТШЧКl business people runniЧР ЭСО МШЦpКЧТОs. UlЭТЦКЭОlв ЭСКЭ’s КlsШ РrОКЭ ЧОаs ПШr МШЧsЮЦОrs». [4] In conclusion, it should be stated that renewable energy resources are becoming more cost-effective and energy-efficient now. Worldwide scientists invent modern technologies and try to update the exciting ones. It is believed that renewable resources will be used in future as energy-effective sources.  REFERENCES 1. Armstrong, A. J., Hamrin, J. (1999). The Renewable Energy Policy Manual. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea79e/begin.htm#Contents.  2. Utilities find renewable energy technologies are cost-effective. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.bridgebank.com/news/utilities-find-renewable-energy-technologies-are-cost-effective. 3. Fitlow, J., (2012, November 19). Super-efficient solar-ОЧОrРв ЭОМСЧШlШРв: ‘SШlКr sЭОКЦ’ Тs so effective; it can make steam from icy cold water. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121119140627.html. 4. Font, V., (2014, February 14).  The Solar Energy Outlook for 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2014/02/the-solar-energyoutlook-for-2014. 5. «PШаОr EЧРТЧООrТЧР» (β01γ, JЮlв 9). RОЧОаКЛlО ОЧОrРв Эechnology becoming more cost-effective. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2013/07/renewable-energy-technology-becoming-more-cost-effective-iea-says.html. 6. Thaila R., Dhinesh V., Venkatesan C.V., Saravanan S. Design of Full-Bridge Resonant AC-Link Boost Converter using Solar Energy System. IRACST – Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ), ISSN: 2250-3498, Vol.2, No. 5, October 2012.    

Renewable resources as energy-efficient sources

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Renewable resources as energy-efficient sources

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