The Lesser Numbfish (Narcine brasiliensis) is a small (to 45 cm total length) ray that occurs in the Southwest Atlantic from southern Brazil to Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is benthic on soft substrates of the continental shelf at depths of 6?60 m. It is captured in intense and largely unmanaged commercial and artisanal trawl and beach seine fisheries throughout much of its geographic range. A population reduction is suspected from the peak and subsequent declines in reported ray landings from the Rio del Plata area. This species is discarded when caught and discard survival rates are unknown, but are suspected to be variable based on the injuries of captured individuals. Although this ray is subject to high fishing pressure across its range, it is still observed commonly in fisheries despite this pressure. It is suspected that the Lesser Numbfish has undergone a population reduction of 20-29% over the past three generations (26 years), and it is assessed as Near Threatened (nearly meeting Vulnerable A2d).Fil: Pollom, R.. University Fraser Simon; CanadáFil: Barreto, R.. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao Da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Charvet, P.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); ArgentinaFil: Cuevas, J. M.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Faria, V.. Universidade Federal Do Ceara; BrasilFil: Herman, K.. Georgia Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Marcante, F.. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande.; BrasilFil: Montealegre Quijano, S.. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Motta, F.. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Paesch, L.. Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos; UruguayFil: Rincon, G.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhao.; Brasi

Barreto, R.

Charvet, P.

Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique

Cuevas, J. M.

Faria, V.

Herman, K.

Marcante, F.

Montealegre Quijano, S.

Motta, F.

Paesch, L.

Pollom, R.

Rincon, G.

English

LAReferencia - Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas Latinoamericanas

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2020: T63157A3124169Scope(s): GlobalLanguage: EnglishNarcine brasiliensis, Lesser NumbfishAssessment by: Pollom,  R. et al.View on www.iucnredlist.orgShort citation: Pollom,  R. et al. 2020. Narcine brasiliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2020: e.T63157A3124169. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en[see full citation at end]Copyright: © 2020 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesReproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior writtenpermission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior writtenpermission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCNSpecies Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona StateUniversity; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe;Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us withfeedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided.THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™TaxonomyKingdom Phylum Class Order FamilyAnimalia Chordata Chondrichthyes Torpediniformes NarcinidaeScientific Name:  Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831)Synonym(s):• Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers, 1831Common Name(s):• English: Lesser NumbfishTaxonomic Source(s):Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. and Van der Laan, R. (eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera,species, references. Updated 14 September 2020. Available at:http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.Taxonomic Notes:Recent revisions have subdivided the previously wide-ranging Narcine brasiliensis into Narcine bancroftii(Griffith, 1834) which is widely distributed from North Carolina, USA, through parts of the Gulf ofMexico, the Caribbean Sea, the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the northern coast of SouthAmerica and Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831) which is endemic to the Southwest Atlantic in Brazil,Uruguay, and Argentina (Carvalho 1999, Last et al. 2016).Assessment InformationRed List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened A2d ver 3.1Year Published: 2020Date Assessed: July  1, 2019Justification:The Lesser Numbfish (Narcine brasiliensis) is a small (to 45 cm total length) ray that occurs in theSouthwest Atlantic from southern Brazil to Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is benthic on softsubstrates of the continental shelf at depths of 6–60 m. It is captured in intense and largely unmanagedcommercial and artisanal trawl and  beach seine fisheries throughout much of its geographic range. Apopulation reduction is suspected from the peak and subsequent declines in reported ray landings fromthe Rio del Plata area. This species is  discarded when caught and discard survival rates are unknown,but are  suspected to be variable based on the injuries of  captured individuals. Although this ray issubject to high fishing pressure    across its range, it is still observed  commonly in fisheries despite thispressure. It is suspected that the Lesser Numbfish has undergone a population reduction of 20–29%over the  past   three generations (26 years), and it is assessed as Near Threatened (nearly meetingVulnerable A2d).Previously Published Red List Assessments© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en12007 – Data Deficient (DD)https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63157A12602819.enGeographic RangeRange Description:The Lesser Numbfish occurs in the Southwest Atlantic from southern Brazil to Buenos Aires Province,Argentina (G. Rincon unpubl. data 2018).Country Occurrence:Native, Extant (resident): Argentina; Brazil; UruguayFAO Marine Fishing Areas:Native: Atlantic - southwest© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en2Distribution Map© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en3PopulationAlthough the level of fishing pressure that this species is exposed to   across its range is high, it is stillobserved commonly in fisheries despite this pressure. It is therefore suspected that the Lesser Numbfishhas undergone a population reduction of 20–29% over the past   three generations (26 years).Current Population Trend:  DecreasingHabitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)The Lesser Numbfish is benthic on soft substrates of the continental shelf at 6–60 m depth (Weigmann2016). It reaches a maximum size of ~45 cm total length (TL); females mature at 32 cm TL and males at28 cm TL (Rolim et al. 2016). Reproduction is viviparous, with an average litter size of 4 pups that are~11 cm TL at birth (Last et al. 2016). Nurseries are known to exist in Brazil off the northern coast ofSanta Catarina State and the southern coast of Paraná state (Martins et al. 2009). Generation length issuspected to be ~8.7 years, based on an age-at-maturity of 6.3 years and a maximum age of 11 years(F.M. Santana unpubl. data 2018).Systems:  MarineUse and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)Like other electric rays, this species is typically discarded when caught.Threats (see Appendix for additional information)The Lesser Numbfish is captured in commercial and artisanal trawl and beach seine fisheries, which areintense and lack adequate management across much of its range. In southern Brazil, the trawl fisherybegan in the 1960s and entered a period of rapid expansion in the 1990s and 2000s, resulting in over650 vessels fishing at depths of 20–1,000 m (Port et al. 2016). Artisanal fisheries are also intense inBrazil, and 58% of stocks targeted by artisanal fishers are over-exploited, half of those being collapsed(Vasconcellos et al. 2011). In São Paulo state alone, there are over 300 small-scale trawl vessels; thisspecies made up nearly a third (28%) of the bycatch observed in the shrimp fishery at Perequê Beachbetween December 2014 and November 2015 (Rodrigues et al. 2019). In Uruguay, from where thisspecies has rarely been recorded, the industrial trawl fleet was developed in the late 1970s, and manystocks were over-exploited by the 1990s (Defeo et al. 2011, Lorenzo et al. 2015). Artisanal vessels fishingin Uruguayan waters increased from 269 vessels in 1975 to 905 vessels in 1996, and after a restructuringin 1997, the number of vessels increased from 393 to 795 in 2010 (Lorenzo et al. 2015). This is thoughtto be an underestimate as many artisanal vessels are not registered. In Argentina, commercial fishingbegan in the late 1800s, became industrialized after World War II (Mateo 2006), and increased rapidly inthe 1980s (Watson et al. 2006). By 1992 there were over 300 coastal trawlers. This number increased toover 400 in 2015, and the number of fishing trips undertaken by that fleet nearly doubled from over7,600 to nearly 14,000 over that time frame. The overall number of fishing vessels in operation inArgentina has grown from under 300 in 1990 to nearly 1,000 in 2015 (Dirección Nacional dePlanificación Pesquera 2016). Overall reported landings of rays from the Rio del Plata area increasedfrom nearly zero in 1993 to a peak of over 8,000 t in 2009 but have since been declining (Cortes et al.2014). Survival rates when discarded are unknown, but are suspected to be variable based on dataavailable regarding injuries of captured individuals. Chances of survival are likely to be higher when drag© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en4and soak times are reduced in trawl and net fisheries, respectively (Rodrigues et al. 2019). Whether thisspecies' continued presence in landings is due to high survivorship or a productive enough life history towithstand fishing pressure (as a discard) requires further study.Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)Annual spatial closures for shrimp trawling are in place in Brazil (IBAMA 2008), and these may benefitthe Lesser Numbfish because they overlap in space with nursery areas and in time with the puppingseason (Martins et al. 2009). Further research is needed on life history and population size and trends,and species-specific monitoring of all  catches should be undertaken in commercial and artisanalfisheries.  Monitoring is needed to ensure this species does not become threatened  in the near future.CreditsAssessor(s): Pollom, R., Barreto, R., Charvet, P., Chiaramonte, G.E., Cuevas, J.M., Faria, V.,Herman, K., Marcante, F., Montealegre-Quijano, S., Motta, F., Paesch, L. &Rincon, G.Reviewer(s): Dulvy, N.K. & Kyne, P.M.Contributor(s): Rosa, R. & Furtado, M.Facilitator(s) andCompiler(s):Kyne, P.M., Pollom, R., Charvet, P. & Dulvy, N.K.Authority/Authorities: IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group (sharks and rays)© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en5BibliographyCarvalho, M.R. de. 1999. A systematic revision of the electric ray genus Narcine Henle, 1834(Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes: Narcinidae), and the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of theorders of elasmobranch fishes (Chondrichthyes). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. The City University of NewYork.Cortés, F., Pérez, M., Cueto, S., Hozbor, N., and Massa, A. M. 2014. Evaluación del conjunto de rayascosteras en el área del tratado del Rio de La Plata y su frente marítimo. Periodo 1981-2013. InstitutoNacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP). 18 pp.Defeo, O., Puig, P., Horta, S. and Álava, A. de. 2011. Coastal fisheries of Uruguay.  In: Salas, S.,Chuenpagdee, R., Charles, A. and Seijo, J.C. (eds), Coastal Fisheries of Latin America and the Caribbean.FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 544. FAO, Rome, Italy.Dirección Nacional de Planificación Pesquera. 2016. Archivos de desembarques de la Pesca Marítima.Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura. Buenos Aires, Argentina Available at:https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/pesca_maritima/desembarques/.Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA). 2008. InstruçãoNormativa 189, de 23 de setembro de 2008. Brasilia, Brazil Available at:http://www.ibama.gov.br/component/legislacao/?view=legislacao&legislacao=114466. (Accessed: 03July 2019).IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 10 December 2020).Last, P., White, W., de Carvalho, M., Séret, B., Stehmann, M. and Naylor, G. 2016. Rays of the World.CSIRO Publishing, Clayton.Lorenzo, M.I., Defeo, O., Moniri, N.R. and Zylich, K. 2015. Fisheries catch statistics for Uruguay.  WorkingPaper Series. Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.Martins, R.R., Assunção, R. and Schwingel, P.R. 2009. Distribuição e abundância de Narcine brasiliensis(Olfers, 1931)(Elasmobranchii, Narcinidae) no litoral norte do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 4(4): 423–435.Mateo, J. 2006. Sembrando anzuelos para tiburones. Las demandas vitamínicas de la II Guerra Mundial yel desarrollo de la pesca comercial marítima en Argentina (1943-1952). Boletín del Instituto de HistoriaArgentina y Americana “Dr. Emilio Ravignani” 29(3): 119–150.Port, D., Perez, J.A. and Menezes, J.T. de. 2016. The evolution of the industrial trawl fishery footprint offsoutheastern and southern Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 44(5): 908–925.Rodrigues, A.F.S., de Sousa Rangel, B., Wosnick, N., Bornatowski, H., Santos, J.L., Moreira, R.G. and deAmorim, A.F. 2019. Report of injuries in batoids caught in small-scale fisheries: implications formanagement plans. Oecologia Australis 23(1): 78–89.Rolim, F.A., Rotundo, M.M. and Vaske‐Júnior, T. 2016. Notes on the reproductive biology of the Brazilianelectric ray Narcine brasiliensis (Elasmobranchii: Narcinidae). Journal of Fish Biology 89(1): 1105–1111.Vasconcellos, M., Diegues, A.C. and Kalikoski, D.C. 2011. Coastal Fisheries of Brazil. In: Salas, R.Chuenpagdee, A. Charles and J.C. Seijo (eds), Coastal fisheries of Latin America and the Caribbean, pp.73-116. FAO, Rome.Watson, R., Revenga, C. and Kura, Y. 2006. Fishing gear associated with global marine catches II. Trends© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en6in trawling and dredging. Fisheries Research 79: 103-111.Weigmann, S. 2016. Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) ofthe world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology 88(3): 837-1037.CitationPollom, R., Barreto, R., Charvet, P., Chiaramonte, G.E., Cuevas, J.M., Faria, V., Herman, K., Marcante, F.,Montealegre-Quijano, S., Motta, F., Paesch, L. & Rincon, G. 2020. Narcine brasiliensis. The IUCN Red Listof Threatened Species 2020: e.T63157A3124169. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.enDisclaimerTo make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.External ResourcesFor Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see theRed List website.© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en7AppendixHabitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud Resident Suitable Yes9. Marine Neritic -> 9.6. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Muddy Resident Suitable YesThreats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvestingaquatic resources -> 5.4.3. Unintentional effects:(subsistence/small scale) [harvest]Ongoing Majority (50-90%)Slow, significantdeclinesMediumimpact: 6Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvestingaquatic resources -> 5.4.4. Unintentional effects:(large scale) [harvest]Ongoing Majority (50-90%)Slow, significantdeclinesMediumimpact: 6Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortalityConservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Conservation Action in PlaceIn-place research and monitoringAction Recovery Plan: NoSystematic monitoring scheme: NoIn-place land/water protectionConservation sites identified: Yes, over part of rangeArea based regional management plan: NoOccurs in at least one protected area: UnknownInvasive species control or prevention: Not ApplicableIn-place species managementHarvest management plan: NoSuccessfully reintroduced or introduced benignly: No© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en8Conservation Action in PlaceSubject to ex-situ conservation: NoIn-place educationSubject to recent education and awareness programmes: NoIncluded in international legislation: NoSubject to any international management / trade controls: NoConservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Conservation Action Needed1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protectionResearch Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Research Needed1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trendsAdditional Data FieldsDistributionLower depth limit (m): 60Upper depth limit (m): 6Habitats and EcologyGeneration Length (years): 8.7© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en9The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2020: T63157A3124169Scope(s): GlobalLanguage: EnglishThe IUCN Red List PartnershipThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global SpeciesProgramme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic GardensConservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Narcine brasiliensis – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63157A3124169.en10

Narcine brasiliensis, Lesser Numbfish

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Narcine brasiliensis, Lesser Numbfish

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