Krefft's Blind Numbfish (Benthobatis kreffti) is a small (to 30 cm total length) deep-water ray that occurs in the Southwest Atlantic from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is benthic on the continental slope at depths of 450–530 m. It is captured in deep-water demersal trawl fisheries, which developed rapidly in the 1990s and early 2000s in Brazil and remain intense and unmanaged. Overall, due to the level of unmanaged fishing pressure it is exposed to and its lack of refuge at depth, it is suspected that Krefft's Blind Numbfish has undergone a population reduction of 30–49% over the past three generations (15 years), and it is assessed as Vulnerable A2d.Fil: Pollom, R.. University Fraser Simon; CanadáFil: Barreto, R.. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação Da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Charvet, P.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); ArgentinaFil: Cuevas, J. M.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Faria, V.. Universidade Federal Do Ceara; BrasilFil: Herman, K.. Georgia Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Montealegre Quijano, S.. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Motta, F.. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Paesch, L.. Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos; UruguayFil: Rincon, G.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhão; Brasi

Barreto, R.

Charvet, P.

Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique

Cuevas, J. M.

Faria, V.

Herman, K.

Montealegre Quijano, S.

Motta, F.

Paesch, L.

Pollom, R.

Rincon, G.

English

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2020: T44577A2995521Scope(s): GlobalLanguage: EnglishBenthobatis kreffti, Krefft's Blind NumbfishAssessment by: Pollom,  R. et al.View on www.iucnredlist.orgShort citation: Pollom,  R. et al. 2020. Benthobatis kreffti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2020: e.T44577A2995521. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en[see full citation at end]Copyright: © 2020 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesReproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior writtenpermission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior writtenpermission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCNSpecies Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona StateUniversity; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe;Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us withfeedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided.THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™TaxonomyKingdom Phylum Class Order FamilyAnimalia Chordata Chondrichthyes Torpediniformes NarcinidaeScientific Name:  Benthobatis kreffti Rincón, Stehmann & Vooren, 2001Common Name(s):• English: Krefft's Blind Numbfish, Brazilian Blind Electric Ray• Spanish; Castilian: Arraia CegaTaxonomic Source(s):Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. and Van der Laan, R. (eds). 2020. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera,species, references. Updated 14 September 2020. Available at:http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.Assessment InformationRed List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2d ver 3.1Year Published: 2020Date Assessed: July  1, 2019Justification:Krefft's Blind Numbfish (Benthobatis kreffti) is a small (to 30 cm total length) deep-water ray that occursin the Southwest Atlantic from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is benthic on the continentalslope at depths of 450–530 m. It is captured in deep-water demersal trawl fisheries, which developedrapidly in the 1990s and early 2000s in Brazil and remain intense and unmanaged. Overall, due to thelevel of unmanaged fishing pressure it is  exposed to and its lack of refuge at depth, it is suspected thatKrefft's Blind Numbfish has undergone a population reduction of 30–49% over the past  threegenerations (15 years), and it is assessed as Vulnerable A2d.Previously Published Red List Assessments2004 – Vulnerable (VU)https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44577A10921737.enGeographic RangeRange Description:Krefft's Blind Numbfish occurs in the Southwest Atlantic from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Lastet al. 2016, Martins and Gadig 2019). It has an estimated Extent of Occurrence of approximately150,000 km2 and an Area of Occupancy of about 13,000 km2.Country Occurrence:Native, Extant (resident): Brazil© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en1FAO Marine Fishing Areas:Native: Atlantic - southwest© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en2Distribution Map© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en3PopulationFishing over the entire bathymetric and geographic range of this numbfish was intense in the early tomid-2000s, and much of it continues today without adequate management. Overall, due to the level offishing pressure that this skate is exposed to, combined with its relatively fast life history traits that allowit to withstand some fishing pressure, it is suspected that this numbfish has undergone a populationreduction of 30–49% over the past three generations (15 years).Current Population Trend:  DecreasingHabitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)Krefft's Blind Numbfish is benthic on the continental slope at depths of 450–530 m (Last et al. 2016). Itreaches a maximum size of 30 cm total length (TL); females mature at 19–20 cm TL and males at 15–18cm TL (Last et al. 2016, Martins and Gadig 2019). Reproduction is viviparous and females give birth to1–3 pups per litter that are 9–10 cm TL (Last et al. 2016, Martins and Gadig 2019). Generation length isunknown, but a plausible conservative estimate would be ~5 years based on data available for theCortez Numbfish (Narcine entemedor), which has a larger maximum size of at least 75 cm TL, an age-at-maturity of 6 years, a maximum age of 15 years, and thus a generation length of 10.5 years(Villavicencio-Garayzar 2000).Systems:  MarineUse and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)Numbfishes are typically discarded and not used as food (Last et al. 2016).Threats (see Appendix for additional information)Krefft's Blind Numbfish is captured in deep-water demersal trawl fisheries, which were developed inBrazil in the late 1990s in order to take some pressure off depleted inshore stocks (Perez et al. 2009). Insouthern Brazil, the trawl fishery began in the 1960s and entered a  period of rapid expansion in the1990s and 2000s, resulting in over 650  vessels fishing at depths of 20–1,000 m (Port et al. 2016).Development of these fisheries was intense; the entire area fished for deep-water shrimp species wasestimated to be swept nearly twice over a three-year period (2003–2006) (Dallagnolo et al. 2009). Thisspecies is also caught in the Argentine Squid (Illex argentinus) fishery (Rincon et al. 2017). Overall, thisspecies is subject to intense and unmanaged fishing pressure across its range, and it has no refuge atdepth.Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)There are no species-specific protections or conservation measures in place for this numbfish.Management and mitigation of bycatch is needed in order to ensure this species does not become morethreatened in the near future. Further research is needed on life history and population size and trend,and bycatch should be monitored in trawl fisheries to the species level.Credits© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en4Assessor(s): Pollom, R., Barreto, R., Charvet, P., Chiaramonte, G.E., Cuevas, J.M., Faria, V.,Herman, K., Montealegre-Quijano, S., Motta, F., Paesch, L. & Rincon, G.Reviewer(s): Dulvy, N.K. & Kyne, P.M.Facilitator(s) andCompiler(s):Kyne, P.M., Pollom, R., Charvet, P. & Dulvy, N.K.Authority/Authorities: IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group (sharks and rays)© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en5BibliographyDallagnolo, R., Alvarez Perez, J.A., Pezzuto, P.R. and Wahrlich, R. 2009. The deep-sea shrimp fishery offBrazil (Decapoda: Aristeidae): development and present status. Latin American Journal of AquaticResearch 37(3): 327–346.IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 10 December 2020).Last, P., White, W., de Carvalho, M., Séret, B., Stehmann, M. and Naylor, G. 2016. Rays of the World.CSIRO Publishing, Clayton.Martins, M.F. and Gadig, O.B. 2019. Reproductive biology of the Brazilian blind electric ray Benthobatiskreffti (Chondrichthyes: Narcinidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 17(1): e180093.Perez, J.A.A., Pezzuto, P.R., Wahrlich, R. and Souza Soares, A.L.D. 2009. Deep-water fisheries in Brazil:history, status and perspectives. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 37(3): 513–541.Port, D., Perez, J.A. and Menezes, J.T. de. 2016. The evolution of the industrial trawl fishery footprint offsoutheastern and southern Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 44(5): 908–925.Rincon, G., Mazzoleni, R.C., Palmeira, A.R.O. and Lessa, R.P.T. 2017. Deep-water sharks, rays, andchimaeras of Brazil. In: Rodrigues-Filho, L.F. and De Luna Sales, J.B. (eds), Chondrichthyes:Multidisciplinary Approach, pp. 83–112. IntechOpen, London, UK.Villavicencio-Garayzar, C.J. 2000. Taxonomia, abundancia estacional, edad y crecimiento y biologiareproductive de Narcine entemedor Jordan y Starks (Chondrichthyes: Narcinidae), en Bahia Almejas,B.C.S., Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon.CitationPollom, R., Barreto, R., Charvet, P., Chiaramonte, G.E., Cuevas, J.M., Faria, V., Herman, K., Montealegre-Quijano, S., Motta, F., Paesch, L. & Rincon, G. 2020. Benthobatis kreffti. The IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies 2020: e.T44577A2995521. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.enDisclaimerTo make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.External ResourcesFor Supplementary Material, and for Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see theRed List website.© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en6AppendixHabitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?11. Marine Deep Benthic -> 11.1. Marine Deep Benthic - ContinentalSlope/Bathyl Zone (200-4,000m)- - -Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvestingaquatic resources -> 5.4.4. Unintentional effects:(large scale) [harvest]Ongoing Majority (50-90%)Slow, significantdeclinesMediumimpact: 6Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortalityConservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Conservation Action in PlaceIn-place research and monitoringAction Recovery Plan: NoSystematic monitoring scheme: NoIn-place land/water protectionConservation sites identified: NoArea based regional management plan: NoOccurs in at least one protected area: UnknownInvasive species control or prevention: Not ApplicableIn-place species managementHarvest management plan: NoSuccessfully reintroduced or introduced benignly: NoSubject to ex-situ conservation: NoIn-place educationSubject to recent education and awareness programmes: NoIncluded in international legislation: No© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en7Conservation Action in PlaceSubject to any international management / trade controls: NoResearch Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)Research Needed1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trendsAdditional Data FieldsDistributionEstimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 13000Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 150000Lower depth limit (m): 530Upper depth limit (m): 450Habitats and EcologyGeneration Length (years): 5© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en8The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2020: T44577A2995521Scope(s): GlobalLanguage: EnglishThe IUCN Red List PartnershipThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global SpeciesProgramme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic GardensConservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Benthobatis kreffti – published in 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44577A2995521.en9

Benthobatis kreffti, krefft's blind numbfish

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Benthobatis kreffti, krefft's blind numbfish

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