En Uruguay la infección causada por Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) había sido detectada en Lithobates catesbeianus de criaderos comerciales y en larvas silvestres de especies autóctonas, pero no había sido confirmada aún en ejemplares adultos de ninguna especie nativa. En junio de 2009 se colectaron dos machos adultos silvestres de Pleurodema bibroni en el Cerro Verde (33.935°S, 53.5070556°W, Rocha, Uruguay), se les tomaron muestras para análisis de ADN (qPCR) para detectar Bd. Uno de ellos resultó positivo y el análisis histológico de la piel del ejemplar también confirmó la infección. Por tanto se diagnostica por primera vez la infección por Bd en adultos silvestres de esta especie en Uruguay, que además está considerada como Amenazada a nivel nacional y Near Threatened para la IUCN.Fil: Bardier, Cecilia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Ghirardi, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Levy, Michael. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Maneyro, Raúl. Universidad de la República; Urugua

Bardier, Cecilia

Ghirardi, Romina

Levy, Michael

Maneyro, Raúl

English

CONICET Digital

Herpetological Review 42(1), 201165     AMPHIBIAN DISEASES     –––––, M. d. MCleAn, And s. BuChAnAn. 2009. Oviposition in north-ern clade B. fowleri: implications for conservation. Appl. Herpetol. 6:343–353.Weldon, C., l. h. du Preez, A. d. hyATT, r. Muller, And r. sPeAre. 2004. Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:2100–2105. younG, s., l. BerGer, And r. sPeAre. 2007. Amphibian chytridiomycosis: strategies for captive management and conservation. Int. Zoo Yb. 41:85–95.zAr, J. h. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 663 pp. In Uruguay, the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochy-trium dendrobatidis (Bd) was first detected by Mazzoni et al. (2003). They reported chytridiomycosis in a captive popula-tion of Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura, Ranidae) which suf-fered a massive death of metamorphs at a commercial farm. Later, Garner et al. (2006) also confirmed the presence of Bd at the same farm and in a new one. Subsequently, Borteiro et al. (2009) found Bd by histological analysis in the oral epithelium of native wild species larvae: Odontophrynus	maisuma	(Anura, Cycloramphidae), Physalaemus henselii (Anura, Leiuperidae), Hypsiboas pulchellus and Scinax squalirostris (Anura, Hylidae). We sampled native, wild amphibians for Bd in June 2009 at the Cerro Verde Protected Area, Rocha Department, Uruguay (33.945833°S, 53.508611°W) (Fig. 1). This area is character-ized by humid subtropical climate (average temperature 16°C, annual rainfall 950 mm) and an ocean coastline with dunes (20–30 m elevation) and plains (Alonso and Bassagoda 2003). During nighttime sampling, Pleurodema bibroni were heard calling at a temporary pond of a coastal meadow. One frog was collected as a voucher specimen of the survey and another in-dividual was collected under suspicion of being infected by Bd because it possessed some lesions on the skin (two ulcerations: on right side and dorsum, as described by Berger et al. 2005). Both specimens were taken to the laboratory and the injured frog died a few days later. Both were deposited at Vertebrate Zoology Collection, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (ZVC-B 19776, ZVC-B 19775). To assess the presence of Bd in both frogs, skin of the under-side of the legs, interdigital membrane of feet, and drink patch was comprehensively swabbed (10 times ea.). Each swab was broken off into an empty Eppendorf tube, and then analyzed CECILIA BARDIERInstituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias (UdelaR) Iguá 4225 (11400), Montevideo, Uruguay e-mail: ceciliabardier@gmail.comROMINA GHIRARDIInstituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI; CONICET-UNL) Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo (3000)Santa Fe, Argentina and Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini (FCNyM-UNLP)Calle 53 Nº 477 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail: rghirardi@inali.unl.edu.arMICHAEL LEVYDepartment of Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary MedicineRaleigh, North Carolina 27606, USAe-mail: mglevy@ncsu.eduRAÚL MANEYROInstituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias (UdelaR) Iguá 4225 (11400), Montevideo, Uruguaye-mail: rmaneyro@fcien.edu.uyHerpetological Review, 2011, 42(1), 65–66.© 2011 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and ReptilesFirst Case of Chytridiomycosis in an Adult Specimen of a  Native Anuran from UruguayFiG. 1. Location of the Cerro Verde Protected Area, Rocha Depart-ment, Uruguay, where Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was detected on Pleurodema bibroni (star).Herpetological Review 42(1), 201166     AMPHIBIAN DISEASESfor the presence of Bd DNA using qPCR (Boyle et al. 2004). Bd infection was also analyzed histologically. Abdominal and hind limb ventral skin patches (~5 × 10 mm) and two toe tips were excised from the anurans and routinely processed for histologi-cal examination following Berger et al. (1999). Both analyses (qPCR and histology) were Bd-positive only for the apparently healthy specimen. Zoospores and zoospo-rangia at different stages were found at multiple sections of toe tips and hind limb of the infected individual, and some degree of hyperkeratosis at the sections from hind limbs of the speci-men was found (Fig. 2). This is the first record of Bd in an adult native wild-caught amphibian in Uruguay, and the first report of Bd infection for Pleurodema bibroni. This frog is considered Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2006) and is Threatened at a coun-try level for Uruguay (Maneyro and Langone 2001; Canavero et al. 2010). The pathogen was detected 100 km northeast of the nearest record in Uruguay (Borteiro et al. 2009) inside a Pro-tected Area, which is both alarming and suggests that measures for control and prevention of human-mediated Bd dispersal warrant consideration. This is particularly important because populations of other native species in the area, such as Mela-nophryniscus montevidensis (Núñez et al. 2004), may be at risk (IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable; IUCN 2006). 	 Acknowledgments.—We thank M. Bessonart and F. Féola from the Facultad de Ciencias for their support for histological analysis at the Estación Experimental de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, K. Gore and M. Perdue for molecular analysis, F. Gallego for graphical as-sistance, and I. Berro and A. García for invaluable help during field sur-veys. Resumen.—En Uruguay la infección causada por Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) había sido detectada en Lithobates catesbeianus de criaderos comerciales y en larvas silvestres de especies autóctonas, pero no había sido confirmada aún en ejemplares adultos de ninguna especie nativa. En junio de 2009 se colectaron dos machos adultos silvestres de Pleurodema bibroni en el Cerro Verde (33.935°S, 53.5070556°W, Rocha, Uruguay), se les tomaron muestras para análisis de ADN (qPCR) para detectar Bd. Uno de ellos resultó positivo y el análisis histológico de la piel del ejemplar también confirmó la infección. Por tanto se diagnostica por primera vez la infección por Bd en adultos silvestres de esta especie en Uruguay, que además está considerada como Amenazada a nivel nacional y Near	Threatened para la IUCN. liTerATure CiTedAlonso, e., And M. BAssAGodA. 2003. Relevamiento de la flora y comuni-dades vegetales del Cerro Verde, Rocha, Uruguay. Comunicaciones Botánicas. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropología 127:1–20.BerGer, l., A. d. hyATT, r. sPeAre, J. e. lonGCore. 2005. Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis. Aquat. Org. 68(1):51–63.–––––, r. sPeAre, And A. kenT. 1999. Diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in amphibians by histologic examination. Available at: http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/phtm/PHTM/frogs/histo/chhisto.htm. BorTeiro, C., J. Cruz, F. kolenC, And A. ArAMBuru. 2009. Chytridiomycosis in frogs from Uruguay. Dis. Aquat. Org. 84:159–162.Boyle, d. G. d. B. Boyle, V. olsen, J. A. T. MorGAn, And A. d. hyATT. 2004. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Dis. Aquat. Org. 60(2):141–148.CAnAVero, A., s. CArreirA, J. A. lAnGone, F. AChAVAl, C. BorTeiro, A. CamarGo, i. Da roSa, a. ESTraDES, a. fallabrino, f. KolEnC, m. m. lóPEz-mEnDilaharSu, r. manEyro, m. mEnEGhEl, D. nuñEz, C. m. PriGioni, anD l. zieGler. 2010. Red list of the amphibians and reptiles of  Uruguay. Iheringia (Ser. Zool.). 100:5–12.GArner, T. W., M. W. Perkins, P. GoVindArAJulu, d. seGlie, s. WAlker, A. A. CunninGhAM, And M. C. Fisher. 2006. The emerging amphibian patho-gen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biol. Lett. 2:455–459.iuCn, ConserVATion inTernATionAl And nATureserVe. 2006. Global Amphibian Assessment. Available at: www.globalamphibians.org. Accessed 28 July 2009.MAneyro, r., And J. A. lAnGone. 2001. Categorización de los anfibios del Uruguay. Cuad. Herpetol. 15(2):107–118.MAzzoni, r., A. A. CunninGhAM, P. dAszAk, A. APolo, e. PerdoMo, And G. sPerAnzA. 2003. Emerging pathogen of amphibians in frogs (Rana catesbeiana) farmed for international trade. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:995–998.núñEz, D., r. manEyro, J. a. lanGonE, anD r. o. DE Sá. 2004. Distribución geográfica de la fauna de anfibios del Uruguay. Smithson. Herpetol. Infor. Serv. 134:1–36. FiG. 2. Skin section of Pleurodema bibroni (ZVC-B 19775), collected from Cerro Verde Protected Area, Rocha Department, Uruguay, show-ing empty Batrachochytridum dendrobatidis zoosporangium (EZ) and zoosporangium containing zoospores (Z), one with a discharge tube (DT). Scale bar: 20µm.

First case of chytridiomycosis in an adult specimen of a native anuran from Uruguay

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First case of chytridiomycosis in an adult specimen of a native anuran from Uruguay

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