Our brain has this extraordinary ability to experience functional and structural changes before environmental stimuli, cognitive demand, or our experience itself. Exercise, diet, an appropriate sleep pattern, and reading habits are among those activities proposed to induce effects on cerebral architecture—an active lifestyle seems to induce changes in the brain function that favour welfare and better quality of life. This special issue is intended to extend the knowledge about the relationship between neuroplasticity and a healthy lifestyleFil: Begega, Azucena. Universidad de Oviedo; EspañaFil: Santín, Luis J.. Universidad de Málaga; EspañaFil: Galeano, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Cutuli, Debora. Universita Di Roma; ItaliaFil: Sampedro Piquero, Patricia. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud; Españ

Begega, Azucena

Cutuli, Debora

Galeano, Pablo

Sampedro Piquero, Patricia

Santín, Luis J.

Neural Plasticity

English

CONICET Digital

EditorialNeuroplasticity and Healthy Lifestyle: How Can We UnderstandThis Relationship?Azucena Begega,1 Luis J. Santín,2 Pablo Galeano,3 Debora Cutuli,4 andPatricia Sampedro Piquero51Neuroscience Institute (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain2Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina4University of Rome, Rome, Italy5Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCorrespondence should be addressed to Azucena Begega; begega@uniovi.esReceived 27 July 2017; Accepted 3 August 2017; Published 16 October 2017Copyright © 2017 Azucena Begega et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Our brain has this extraordinary ability to experiencefunctional and structural changes before environmentalstimuli, cognitive demand, or our experience itself. Exer-cise, diet, an appropriate sleep pattern, and reading habitsare among those activities proposed to induce eﬀects oncerebral architecture—an active lifestyle seems to inducechanges in the brain function that favour welfare and betterquality of life. This special issue is intended to extend theknowledge about the relationship between neuroplasticityand a healthy lifestyle.L. Mandolesi et al. present a broad approach on environ-mental eﬀects on neural plasticity in “Environmental FactorsPromoting Neural Plasticity.” Combining concepts such asbrain reserve and cognitive reserve allows us to understandhow diﬀerent lifestyles impact both brain architecture andfunction. Therefore, physical activity, an appropriate sleeppattern, and certain diet are thought to promote better cogni-tive functioning, leading to a reduction of deﬁcits such asthose associated with ageing. In this sense, C. Phillips showsus how to achieve both physical and psychological health inher review “Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: HowPhysical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet PromoteCognitive Health during Aging.”Physical activity has been proposed as a modulator ofbrain activity and cognition throughout the lifespan. Y.-K.Chang et al., in their study “Exercise Modality Is Diﬀeren-tially Associated with Neurocognition in Older Adults,” con-clude that both aerobic exercise and a programme ofcoordinated exercise have beneﬁcial eﬀects in the Stroop testfor inhibitory control in individuals ranging from 55 to 70years old—both groups exhibit lower reaction time in theStroop test. After ERP (event-related potential) analysis, theauthors highlight how N450 wave is reduced in exercisedsubjects, which could be reﬂected in the reduced activity inthe anterior cingulate cortex, a brain area related to conﬂictresolution processes. The lower amplitude in N450 wavemight indicate higher resolution capacity in the Stroop test.In line with this work, C.-H. Chu et al. in “Acute Exerciseand Neurocognitive Development in Preadolescents andYoung Adults: An ERP Study” propose that a simple exerciseprogramme (20 mins) in preadolescent and young adultsimproves the performance in the Stroop test. The ERP tech-nique showed an increase in P300 wave in every exercisedgroup, accompanied by an improvement in control inhibi-tion processes measured in the Stroop test.On the other hand, M. Tajerian and J. D. Clarkthoroughly review alternative medicine interventions in“Nonpharmacological Interventions in Targeting Pain-Related Brain Plasticity.” Their analysis include a reviewof not only several of these interventions (distraction,HindawiNeural PlasticityVolume 2017, Article ID 9506181, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9506181mindfulness and meditation, cognitive behaviour therapies,etc.) but also the plasticity mechanisms underlying eachone of them. Although there are no conclusive data, it seemsthat alternative therapies could be a great complementarytool to classic pharmacological interventions.Stressors are among the neuroplasticity-aﬀecting agentsthat could disfavour welfare, as stressful events can inducenegative eﬀects on both cerebral and cognitive functioning.M. S. Henry et al. propose that higher resilience couldreduce negative stress-related outcomes in their review“Enkephalins: Endogenous Analgesics with an EmergingRole in Stress Resilience.” The concept of resilience isreferred to as the ability an individual has to adapt to adverseconditions that could happen in life. It is a complex processcombining coping abilities with neurobiological processesand the interaction between them. The study of resilience islikely to extend our understanding of aﬀective disorders suchas depression and anxiety.In the past few years, it has been proposed that healthyhabits (exercise, diet, etc.) could promote resilience. M. S.Henry et al. conclude that enkephalins (ENK) could play arelevant role in promoting resilience, increasing the subject’sadaptability to the environment. Taking into account thedistribution of enkephalins and their receptors in the hippo-campus, the amygdala (AMG), the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), these opioidneurotransmitters are proposed not only to exert analgesiceﬀects but also to aﬀect emotional responses; the level ofanhedonia in rats, measured in the sucrose preference test,is increased when ENK transcripts show a reduction in thebasolateral amygdala. M. S. Henry et al. show that resilienceto social defeat and chronic unpredictable stress sharecommon variations of expression among enkephalin sys-tems within speciﬁc brain regions in rats. ENK mRNA(transcripts) were quantiﬁed in 23 nuclei of the mPFC,NAc, dorsal striatum, and AMG. Only one signiﬁcant diﬀer-ence between control, resilient, and vulnerable individualswas found in the BLA of vulnerable individuals; ENK mRNAlevels were decreased in vulnerable rats compared to controland resilient rats. This work extends the action of enkepha-lins to regions like the preoptic area and the bed nucleus ofthe stria terminalis (BST) with regard to stress resilience.Hence, modulating ENK or DOPr/MOPr expression withincircumscribed regions or modulating selected neuronalcircuits appears to be more appropriate.Finally, X. Chen et al. analysed in their research “TheRapid Eﬀect of Bisphenol-A on Long-Term Potentiation inHippocampus Involves Estrogen Receptors and ERK Activa-tion” the eﬀects of bisphenol on memory-related processessuch as long-term potentiation (LTP). Bisphenol-A (BPA)is a widely used synthetic compound included in polycarbon-ate plastics and epoxy resins, for example, in food and bever-age containers, dental prostheses, compact discs, and babybottles. Its action on the endocrine function has beenassessed in numerous studies, showing that low doses caninhibit sexual diﬀerentiation and lead to relevant outcomesduring adulthood. X. Chen et al. show that bisphenol-Aexerts dose-dependent eﬀects; that is, they observe biphasiceﬀects of low-dose (100 nM) and high-dose (1000nM)BPA on hippocampal LTP. The exposure to BPA at alow dose enhanced LTP, while exposure to a high doseinhibited LTP compared with vehicle controls. These eﬀectsrequire the participation of the membrane-associated estro-gen receptor (ER).We have tried to include in this special issue those studiesanalysing the role of healthy habits and how brain plasticitycan be aﬀected by them. The aim of this special issue was togive an insight into the current research of promoting qualityof life.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to express our appreciation to all the authorsfor their informative contributions and the reviewers fortheir support and constructive critiques in making thisspecial issue possible.Azucena BegegaLuis J. SantínPablo GaleanoDebora CutuliPatricia Sampedro Piquero2 Neural PlasticitySubmit your manuscripts athttps://www.hindawi.comNeurology Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Alzheimer’s DiseaseHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014International Journal ofScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentSchizophreniaThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neural PlasticityHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Parkinson’s DiseaseHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentAutismSleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neuroscience JournalEpilepsy Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Psychiatry JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineDepression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Brain ScienceInternational Journal ofStrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neurodegenerative DiseasesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofCardiovascular Psychiatry and NeurologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Neuroplasticity and Healthy Lifestyle: How Can We Understand This Relationship?

Azucena Begega

Luis J. Santín

Pablo Galeano

Debora Cutuli

Patricia Sampedro-Piquero

Crossref

EditorialNeuroplasticity and Healthy Lifestyle: How Can We UnderstandThis Relationship?Azucena Begega,1 Luis J. Santín,2 Pablo Galeano,3 Debora Cutuli,4 andPatricia Sampedro-Piquero51Neuroscience Institute (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain2Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina4University of Rome, Rome, Italy5Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCorrespondence should be addressed to Azucena Begega; begega@uniovi.esReceived 27 July 2017; Accepted 3 August 2017; Published 16 October 2017Copyright © 2017 Azucena Begega et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Our brain has this extraordinary ability to experiencefunctional and structural changes before environmentalstimuli, cognitive demand, or our experience itself. Exer-cise, diet, an appropriate sleep pattern, and reading habitsare among those activities proposed to induce eﬀects oncerebral architecture—an active lifestyle seems to inducechanges in the brain function that favour welfare and betterquality of life. This special issue is intended to extend theknowledge about the relationship between neuroplasticityand a healthy lifestyle.L. Mandolesi et al. present a broad approach on environ-mental eﬀects on neural plasticity in “Environmental FactorsPromoting Neural Plasticity.” Combining concepts such asbrain reserve and cognitive reserve allows us to understandhow diﬀerent lifestyles impact both brain architecture andfunction. Therefore, physical activity, an appropriate sleeppattern, and certain diet are thought to promote better cogni-tive functioning, leading to a reduction of deﬁcits such asthose associated with ageing. In this sense, C. Phillips showsus how to achieve both physical and psychological health inher review “Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: HowPhysical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet PromoteCognitive Health during Aging.”Physical activity has been proposed as a modulator ofbrain activity and cognition throughout the lifespan. Y.-K.Chang et al., in their study “Exercise Modality Is Diﬀeren-tially Associated with Neurocognition in Older Adults,” con-clude that both aerobic exercise and a programme ofcoordinated exercise have beneﬁcial eﬀects in the Stroop testfor inhibitory control in individuals ranging from 55 to 70years old—both groups exhibit lower reaction time in theStroop test. After ERP (event-related potential) analysis, theauthors highlight how N450 wave is reduced in exercisedsubjects, which could be reﬂected in the reduced activity inthe anterior cingulate cortex, a brain area related to conﬂictresolution processes. The lower amplitude in N450 wavemight indicate higher resolution capacity in the Stroop test.In line with this work, C.-H. Chu et al. in “Acute Exerciseand Neurocognitive Development in Preadolescents andYoung Adults: An ERP Study” propose that a simple exerciseprogramme (20 mins) in preadolescent and young adultsimproves the performance in the Stroop test. The ERP tech-nique showed an increase in P300 wave in every exercisedgroup, accompanied by an improvement in control inhibi-tion processes measured in the Stroop test.On the other hand, M. Tajerian and J. D. Clarkthoroughly review alternative medicine interventions in“Nonpharmacological Interventions in Targeting Pain-Related Brain Plasticity.” Their analysis include a reviewof not only several of these interventions (distraction,HindawiNeural PlasticityVolume 2017, Article ID 9506181, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9506181mindfulness and meditation, cognitive behaviour therapies,etc.) but also the plasticity mechanisms underlying eachone of them. Although there are no conclusive data, it seemsthat alternative therapies could be a great complementarytool to classic pharmacological interventions.Stressors are among the neuroplasticity-aﬀecting agentsthat could disfavour welfare, as stressful events can inducenegative eﬀects on both cerebral and cognitive functioning.M. S. Henry et al. propose that higher resilience couldreduce negative stress-related outcomes in their review“Enkephalins: Endogenous Analgesics with an EmergingRole in Stress Resilience.” The concept of resilience isreferred to as the ability an individual has to adapt to adverseconditions that could happen in life. It is a complex processcombining coping abilities with neurobiological processesand the interaction between them. The study of resilience islikely to extend our understanding of aﬀective disorders suchas depression and anxiety.In the past few years, it has been proposed that healthyhabits (exercise, diet, etc.) could promote resilience. M. S.Henry et al. conclude that enkephalins (ENK) could play arelevant role in promoting resilience, increasing the subject’sadaptability to the environment. Taking into account thedistribution of enkephalins and their receptors in the hippo-campus, the amygdala (AMG), the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), these opioidneurotransmitters are proposed not only to exert analgesiceﬀects but also to aﬀect emotional responses; the level ofanhedonia in rats, measured in the sucrose preference test,is increased when ENK transcripts show a reduction in thebasolateral amygdala. M. S. Henry et al. show that resilienceto social defeat and chronic unpredictable stress sharecommon variations of expression among enkephalin sys-tems within speciﬁc brain regions in rats. ENK mRNA(transcripts) were quantiﬁed in 23 nuclei of the mPFC,NAc, dorsal striatum, and AMG. Only one signiﬁcant diﬀer-ence between control, resilient, and vulnerable individualswas found in the BLA of vulnerable individuals; ENK mRNAlevels were decreased in vulnerable rats compared to controland resilient rats. This work extends the action of enkepha-lins to regions like the preoptic area and the bed nucleus ofthe stria terminalis (BST) with regard to stress resilience.Hence, modulating ENK or DOPr/MOPr expression withincircumscribed regions or modulating selected neuronalcircuits appears to be more appropriate.Finally, X. Chen et al. analysed in their research “TheRapid Eﬀect of Bisphenol-A on Long-Term Potentiation inHippocampus Involves Estrogen Receptors and ERK Activa-tion” the eﬀects of bisphenol on memory-related processessuch as long-term potentiation (LTP). Bisphenol-A (BPA)is a widely used synthetic compound included in polycarbon-ate plastics and epoxy resins, for example, in food and bever-age containers, dental prostheses, compact discs, and babybottles. Its action on the endocrine function has beenassessed in numerous studies, showing that low doses caninhibit sexual diﬀerentiation and lead to relevant outcomesduring adulthood. X. Chen et al. show that bisphenol-Aexerts dose-dependent eﬀects; that is, they observe biphasiceﬀects of low-dose (100 nM) and high-dose (1000nM)BPA on hippocampal LTP. The exposure to BPA at alow dose enhanced LTP, while exposure to a high doseinhibited LTP compared with vehicle controls. These eﬀectsrequire the participation of the membrane-associated estro-gen receptor (ER).We have tried to include in this special issue those studiesanalysing the role of healthy habits and how brain plasticitycan be aﬀected by them. The aim of this special issue was togive an insight into the current research of promoting qualityof life.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to express our appreciation to all the authorsfor their informative contributions and the reviewers fortheir support and constructive critiques in making thisspecial issue possible.Azucena BegegaLuis J. SantínPablo GaleanoDebora CutuliPatricia Sampedro-Piquero2 Neural PlasticitySubmit your manuscripts athttps://www.hindawi.comNeurology Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Alzheimer’s DiseaseHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014International Journal ofScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentSchizophreniaThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neural PlasticityHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Parkinson’s DiseaseHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentAutismSleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neuroscience JournalEpilepsy Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Psychiatry JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineDepression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Brain ScienceInternational Journal ofStrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neurodegenerative DiseasesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofCardiovascular Psychiatry and NeurologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Patricia Sampedro Piquero

Directory of Open Access Journals

LAReferencia - Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas Latinoamericanas

EditorialNeuroplasticity and Healthy Lifestyle: How Can We UnderstandThis Relationship?Azucena Begega,1 Luis J. Santín,2 Pablo Galeano,3 Debora Cutuli,4 andPatricia Sampedro Piquero51Neuroscience Institute (INEUROPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain2Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina4University of Rome, Rome, Italy5Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainCorrespondence should be addressed to Azucena Begega; begega@uniovi.esReceived 27 July 2017; Accepted 3 August 2017; Published 16 October 2017Copyright © 2017 Azucena Begega et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Our brain has this extraordinary ability to experiencefunctional and structural changes before environmentalstimuli, cognitive demand, or our experience itself. Exer-cise, diet, an appropriate sleep pattern, and reading habitsare among those activities proposed to induce effects oncerebral architecture—an active lifestyle seems to inducechanges in the brain function that favour welfare and betterquality of life. This special issue is intended to extend theknowledge about the relationship between neuroplasticityand a healthy lifestyle.L. Mandolesi et al. present a broad approach on environ-mental effects on neural plasticity in “Environmental FactorsPromoting Neural Plasticity.” Combining concepts such asbrain reserve and cognitive reserve allows us to understandhow different lifestyles impact both brain architecture andfunction. Therefore, physical activity, an appropriate sleeppattern, and certain diet are thought to promote better cogni-tive functioning, leading to a reduction of deficits such asthose associated with ageing. In this sense, C. Phillips showsus how to achieve both physical and psychological health inher review “Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: HowPhysical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet PromoteCognitive Health during Aging.”Physical activity has been proposed as a modulator ofbrain activity and cognition throughout the lifespan. Y.-K.Chang et al., in their study “Exercise Modality Is Differen-tially Associated with Neurocognition in Older Adults,” con-clude that both aerobic exercise and a programme ofcoordinated exercise have beneficial effects in the Stroop testfor inhibitory control in individuals ranging from 55 to 70years old—both groups exhibit lower reaction time in theStroop test. After ERP (event-related potential) analysis, theauthors highlight how N450 wave is reduced in exercisedsubjects, which could be reflected in the reduced activity inthe anterior cingulate cortex, a brain area related to conflictresolution processes. The lower amplitude in N450 wavemight indicate higher resolution capacity in the Stroop test.In line with this work, C.-H. Chu et al. in “Acute Exerciseand Neurocognitive Development in Preadolescents andYoung Adults: An ERP Study” propose that a simple exerciseprogramme (20 mins) in preadolescent and young adultsimproves the performance in the Stroop test. The ERP tech-nique showed an increase in P300 wave in every exercisedgroup, accompanied by an improvement in control inhibi-tion processes measured in the Stroop test.On the other hand, M. Tajerian and J. D. Clarkthoroughly review alternative medicine interventions in“Nonpharmacological Interventions in Targeting Pain-Related Brain Plasticity.” Their analysis include a reviewof not only several of these interventions (distraction,HindawiNeural PlasticityVolume 2017, Article ID 9506181, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9506181mindfulness and meditation, cognitive behaviour therapies,etc.) but also the plasticity mechanisms underlying eachone of them. Although there are no conclusive data, it seemsthat alternative therapies could be a great complementarytool to classic pharmacological interventions.Stressors are among the neuroplasticity-affecting agentsthat could disfavour welfare, as stressful events can inducenegative effects on both cerebral and cognitive functioning.M. S. Henry et al. propose that higher resilience couldreduce negative stress-related outcomes in their review“Enkephalins: Endogenous Analgesics with an EmergingRole in Stress Resilience.” The concept of resilience isreferred to as the ability an individual has to adapt to adverseconditions that could happen in life. It is a complex processcombining coping abilities with neurobiological processesand the interaction between them. The study of resilience islikely to extend our understanding of affective disorders suchas depression and anxiety.In the past few years, it has been proposed that healthyhabits (exercise, diet, etc.) could promote resilience. M. S.Henry et al. conclude that enkephalins (ENK) could play arelevant role in promoting resilience, increasing the subject’sadaptability to the environment. Taking into account thedistribution of enkephalins and their receptors in the hippo-campus, the amygdala (AMG), the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), these opioidneurotransmitters are proposed not only to exert analgesiceffects but also to affect emotional responses; the level ofanhedonia in rats, measured in the sucrose preference test,is increased when ENK transcripts show a reduction in thebasolateral amygdala. M. S. Henry et al. show that resilienceto social defeat and chronic unpredictable stress sharecommon variations of expression among enkephalin sys-tems within specific brain regions in rats. ENK mRNA(transcripts) were quantified in 23 nuclei of the mPFC,NAc, dorsal striatum, and AMG. Only one significant differ-ence between control, resilient, and vulnerable individualswas found in the BLA of vulnerable individuals; ENK mRNAlevels were decreased in vulnerable rats compared to controland resilient rats. This work extends the action of enkepha-lins to regions like the preoptic area and the bed nucleus ofthe stria terminalis (BST) with regard to stress resilience.Hence, modulating ENK or DOPr/MOPr expression withincircumscribed regions or modulating selected neuronalcircuits appears to be more appropriate.Finally, X. Chen et al. analysed in their research “TheRapid Effect of Bisphenol-A on Long-Term Potentiation inHippocampus Involves Estrogen Receptors and ERK Activa-tion” the effects of bisphenol on memory-related processessuch as long-term potentiation (LTP). Bisphenol-A (BPA)is a widely used synthetic compound included in polycarbon-ate plastics and epoxy resins, for example, in food and bever-age containers, dental prostheses, compact discs, and babybottles. Its action on the endocrine function has beenassessed in numerous studies, showing that low doses caninhibit sexual differentiation and lead to relevant outcomesduring adulthood. X. Chen et al. show that bisphenol-Aexerts dose-dependent effects; that is, they observe biphasiceffects of low-dose (100 nM) and high-dose (1000nM)BPA on hippocampal LTP. The exposure to BPA at alow dose enhanced LTP, while exposure to a high doseinhibited LTP compared with vehicle controls. These effectsrequire the participation of the membrane-associated estro-gen receptor (ER).We have tried to include in this special issue those studiesanalysing the role of healthy habits and how brain plasticitycan be affected by them. The aim of this special issue was togive an insight into the current research of promoting qualityof life.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to express our appreciation to all the authorsfor their informative contributions and the reviewers fortheir support and constructive critiques in making thisspecial issue possible.Azucena BegegaLuis J. SantínPablo GaleanoDebora CutuliPatricia Sampedro Piquero2 Neural PlasticitySubmit your manuscripts athttps://www.hindawi.comNeurology Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Alzheimer’s DiseaseHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014International Journal ofScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentSchizophreniaThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neural PlasticityHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Parkinson’s DiseaseHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentAutismSleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neuroscience JournalEpilepsy Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Psychiatry JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineDepression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Brain ScienceInternational Journal ofStrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Neurodegenerative DiseasesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofCardiovascular Psychiatry and NeurologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

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Neuroplasticity and Healthy Lifestyle: How Can We Understand This Relationship?

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