The presence of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is reported for the first time. Larvae of this species were found consuming soybean leaves in soybean fields within Córdoba province,Argentina, and were able to complete their life cycle. Characteristics of adults and larvae are provided for rapid identification on the field. Due to the large distribution of this species in the region where soybean is more intensively cultivated in South America, we conclude that D. sacrifica is a potential soybean pest. Further studies on infestation frequency, damage levels and control by natural enemies are needed.KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Dysschema sacrifica, soybean, pest, Argentina.Fil: González, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Beccacece, Hernán Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba; Argentin

Beccacece, Hernán Mario

González, Ezequiel

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403First record of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831])on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr)(Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae)E. González & H. M. BeccaceceAbstractThe presence of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is reported for thefirst time. Larvae of this species were found consuming soybean leaves in soybean fields in Córdoba province,Argentina, and were able to complete their life cycle. Characteristics of adults and larvae are provided for rapididentification in the field. Due to the widespread distribution of this species within the region where soybean is moreintensively cultivated in South America, we conclude that D. sacrifica is a potential soybean pest. Further studies oninfestation frequency, damage levels and control by natural enemies are needed.KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiidae, Dysschema sacrifica, soybean, pest, Argentina.Primer registro de Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) en soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr)(Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae)ResumenSe reporta por primera vez la presencia de Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) en soja (Glycine max (L.)Merr). Larvas de esta especie fueron encontradas comiendo hojas de esta planta de soja en cultivos de la provincia deCórdoba, Argentina, las que pudieron completar su ciclo biológico. Se provee características de adultos y larvas parauna rápida identificación en el campo. Debido a la gran distribución de esta especie en la región donde la soja es másintensamente cultivada en Sudamérica, nosotros concluimos que D. sacrifica es una potencial plaga de soja. Serequieren futuros estudios que evalúen la frecuencia de infestación, niveles de daño y control por enemigos naturales.PALABRAS CLAVE: Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiidae, Dysschema sacrifica, soja, plaga, Argentina.IntroductionThe legume family is the third largest family within the Angiospermae and represents the secondeconomically most important plant family after Poaceae. Soybean, also known as soya (Glycine max (L.)Merr) is one of the most important crops within this family (LEFF et al., 2004). It is native to East Asia andthe main producers are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China and India (FORECAST USDA, 2016).In Argentina, soybean represented half of the cultivated surface in 2006 (AIZEN et al., 2009) and 86.5% ofthe total soybean production corresponds to the Pampean region, situated in the center-east of Argentina(PIASTRELLINI et al., 2015).Although soybean is an exotic plant, the crop has been established in different locations and withincreasing areas for many uses. Many arthropods species in the American continent gradually adapted tothe crop, sometimes causing considerable damage or becoming pests (CARRARO-FORMENTINI et al.,2015). According to a review, several arthropod herbivores that feed on soybean across the globe wereidentified and, particularly, 70 species of lepidopteran larvae were reported to produce damages by differentSHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017: 403-408 eISSN: 2340-4078 ISSN: 0300-5267feeding strategies like leaf eaters, leaf-rollers, borers, pod eaters and cutworms (FICHETTI et al., 2013;CARRARO-FORMENTINI et al., 2015). The accurate identification of the species that feed on crops isextremely important for proper management and to avoid economic losses (CARRARO-FORMENTINI etal., 2015). This study reported for the first time a species of Lepidoptera that feeds on soybean leaves.Materials and methodsRecently, during field sampling of soybean arthropods, in two of twelve fields (March 15th and April14th, 2016) within Santa Maria department, Córdoba province, Argentina (Fig. 1) lepidopteran larvae wereobserved feeding on leaves of soybean. Larvae and leaves of soybean were collected and transported to thelaboratory. The larvae were reared to adulthood for determination. Both soybean fields were adjacent tofragments of Chaco forest.E. GONZÁLEZ & H. M. BECCACECE404 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017Results and discussionThe larvae collected belong to Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]). The larvae ate leaves, causingan important defoliation. Life cycle of the species was completed consuming soybean, therefore Glycinemax can be considered as an alternative feeding source for immature stages. There are three previousFig. 1.– Maps showing the location were D. sacrifica larvae were observed. Soybean fields where larvae werefound are highlighted in white.reports of the subfamily Arctiinae, commonly named tiger moths, feeding on soybean leaves (CARRARO-FORMENTINI et al., 2015) (Table I).FIRST RECORD OF DYSSCHEMA SACRIFICA (HÜBNER, [1831]) ON SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR)SHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017 405Table I.– Species of Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) reported on Glycine max crops. * = new report. Thereference column refers to the number of the references in text.Genus / species Frequency on Geographical Referencesoybean distributionAloa moorei (Snell.) Sporadic India, Pakistan SINGH et al., 1990Estigmene acrea (Dry.) Sporadic Canada to south of MARRERO-ARTABE et al., 2013Central AmericaDysschema sacrifica (Hb.)* Potential South AmericaParacles cajetani (Rothsch.) Sporadic Uruguay CARRARO-FORMENTINIet al., 2015Paracles vulpina (Hb.) Sporadic Argentina CARRARO-FORMENTINIet al., 2015Spilarctia casigneta (Koll.) Sporadic North Pakistan, Himalaya, NEUPANE & SHRESTHA, 2015Nepal, BhutanSpilarctia dalbergiae Mre. Potential Himalayas TIWARI & KASHYAP, 1990Spilarctia obliqua Wlk. Frequent South East Afghanistan, BISWAS, 2013North Pakistan, India,Bhutan, Bangladesh, BurmaSpilosoma virginica (F.) Frequent North America (introduced CARRARO-FORMENTINI in South America) et al., 2015D. sacrifica has a wide distribution in South America, and is usually present in open and/or disturbedareas (BOURQUIN, 1945). It is present from Northern Brazil to the centre of Argentina, also occurring inPeru, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay. Previous studies showed that immature stages have polyphagoushabits, feeding on different plant families, mostly herbaceous plants (BOURQUIN, 1945; PASTRANA,2004; FONSECA et al., 2014) (Table II). Furthermore, larvae can feed on different hosts plants during theirlarval stages and complete their life cycle without problems (PASTRANA, 2004). Field observationsduring sampling of this study revealed that larvae were also found on forest remnants close to the soybeancrops, feeding on native herbaceous plants. The profound changes on Cordoba´s natural habitats over thelast decades have led to deforestation and forest fragmentation (ZAK et al., 2004), mainly for agriculturalexpansion due to an increase in soybean cultivated surface (ZAK et al., 2008). A recent study found thatinsects move intensely between forest fragments and soybean crops (GONZÁLEZ et al., 2016), whichsuggests that D. sacrifica can be leaving forest patches occasionally to feed on soybean.The complete life cycle of D. sacrifica was previously studied (BOURQUIN, 1945). Nonetheless, wemention some characteristics for quick identification of the species in the field. The adults of this speciesare medium sized, with females bigger than males (wingspan of males: 41.5-42mm, females: 49-52mm).The identification of the adults is not difficult due to their color pattern, the forewings are brownish darkwith a white cross-like mark. There is also sexual dichromatism, since hindwings in females are darker thanmales. The final larval instar has a size of approximately 45 mm and the dominant coloration is greenishyellow with longitudinal black lines, verrucae are metallic blue and reddish brown bearing black and whitesetae, head and thorax legs are shiny black. (Fig. 2).We suggest that producers should control their crops in future soybean campaigns in order to developan early response. Also, more research is needed to determine the areas where D. sacrifica feeds onsoybean and if damages are economically significant. Moreover, since it is a native species, it is likely thatnatural enemies are attacking all life stages, so this should also be considered in future studies. A largenumber of predators and parasitoids move between natural and cultivated habitats (GONZÁLEZ et al.,2016) and more species are found near forest fragments and in landscapes with high forest coverConclusionsSoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is registered as a new host plant for the tiger moth D. sacrifica. Thespecies has a wide distribution that coincides with the region were soybean is more intensively cultivated inSouth America, which makes it a potential pest of this crop. More studies are needed to understand howfrequently this species attacks soybean plants, the damage in produces and how natural enemies can beused to control it.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the landowners of the soybean fields for their permission for work. This studywas partially funded by CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Ténicas,Argentina), through a posdoctoral grant to authors.BIBLIOGRAPHYAIZEN, M., GARIBALDI, L. A. & DONDO, M., 2009.– Expansión de la soja y diversidad de la agricultura argentina.–Ecología Austral, 19: 45-54.BISWAS, G. C., 2013.– Insect pests of soybean (Glycine max L.), their nature of damage and succession with the cropstages.– Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 39: 1-8.BOURQUIN, S., 1945.– Mariposas Argentinas: vida, desarrollo, costumbres y hechos curiosos de algunos lepidópterosArgentinos: 5 + 209 pp., 2 pls. S. Bourquin ed., Buenos Aires.CARRARO-FORMENTINI, A., SOSA-GÓMEZ, D. R., PAULA-MORAES, S. V., MONTEIRO DE BARROS, N. &SPECHT, A., 2015.– Lepidoptera (Insecta) associated with soybean in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay.–Ciência Rural, 45: 2113-2120.FICHETTI, P. C., NÚÑEZ-BUSTOS, E. & AVALOS, S. D., 2013.– Primera cita de Strymon eurytulus (Lycaenidae:Eumaeini) sobre cultivos de soja y alfalfa.– Historia Natural, 3: 29-35.FONSECA, A. J., MENEZES, C. W. G. de, ASSIS-JÚNIOR, S. L., DINIZ-SILVEIRA, R., COLA-ZANUNCIO, J. &E. GONZÁLEZ & H. M. BECCACECE406 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017Table II.– Host plants of Dysschema sacrifica. *= new host plant here reported.Family Genus speciesAmaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus ssp. cruentus (L.) ThellAmaranthus hybridus L. ssp. hybridus Asteraceae Artemisia absinthiumAustroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R. M. King & H. Rob.Bidens sp.Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.Chrysanthemum spp.Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeishHelianthus annuus L.Lactuca sativa L.Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less.Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg.Vernonanthura phosphorica (Vell.) H. Rob.Fabaceae Glycine max (L.) Merr.*Mirtaceae Eucalyptus spp.Nyctaginaceae Pisonia zapallo Griseb.Urticaceae Boehmeria caudata (Poir.) Bonpl.(GONZÁLEZ et al., 2015). Therefore, populations of this moth could be naturally controlled in thesampled fields.ALVARENGA-SOARES, M., 2014.– Dysschema sacrifica (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): First record on the medicinalplant Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) in Brazil.– Florida Entomologist, 97: 1266-1269.FORECAST (USDA), 2016.– GLOBAL SOYBEAN PRODUCTION. Disponible en http://www.globalsoybeanproduction.com (accedido el 3 de noviembre de 2016).GONZÁLEZ. E., SALVO, A., DEFAGÓ, M. T. & VALLADARES, G., 2016.– A moveable feast: insects moving at theforest-crop interface are affected by crop phenology and the amount of forest in the landscape.– Plos One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158836.GONZÁLEZ, E., SALVO, A. & VADALLARES, G., 2015.– Sharing enemies: evidence of forest contribution to naturalenemy communities in crops, at different spatial scales.– Insect Conservation and Diversity, 8: 359-366.LEFF, B., RAMANKUTTY, N. & FOLEY, J. A., 2004.– Geographic distribution of major crops across the world.–Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18: GB1009. doi:10.1029/2003GB002108, 2004.MARRERO-ARTABE, L. & BORGES-ÁLVAREZ, A., 2013.– Consumo foliar de larvas de Estigmene acrea(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) sobre tres variedades de soya (Glycine max).– Fitosanidad, 17: 35-39.NEUPANE, B. P. & SHRESTHA, J., 2015.– Scenario of entomological research in legume crops in Nepal.–International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 3: 367-372.PASTRANA, J. A., 2004.– Los lepidópteros argentinos: sus plantas hospedadoras y otros sustratos alimenticios: 334pp. South American Biological Control Laboratory USDA-ARS / Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, BuenosAires.PIASTRELLINI, R., CIVIT, B. M. & ARENA, A. P., 2015.– Influence of agricultural practices on biotic productionpotential and climate regulation potential. A case study for life cycle assessment of soybean (Glycine max) inArgentina.– Sustainability, 7: 4386-4410.SINGH, K. J. & SINGH, O. P., 1990.– Biology of red hairy caterpillar (Amsacta moorei) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) onsoybean Glycine max in Madhya Pradesh.– The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60: 192-194.TIWARI, S. N. & KASHYAP, N. P., 1990.– Potential host range of Spilosoma dalbergiae (Moore) n. ssp. (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae) in India.– The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 28: 105-111.ZAK, M. R., CABIDO, M., CÁCERES, D. & DÍAZ, S., 2008.– What drives accelerated land-cover change in centralArgentina? Synergistic consequences of climatic, socioeconomic, and technological factors.– EnvironmentalManagement, 42: 181-189.ZAK, M. R., CABIDO, M., HODGSON, J. G., 2004.– Do subtropical seasonal forests in the Gran Chaco, Argentina,have a future?.– Biological Conservation, 120: 589-598.E. G.Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de CórdobaInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología VegetalCONICET-UNCAvenida Vélez Sársfield, 16115000 CórdobaARGENTINA / ARGENTINAE-mail: ezenofx@gmail.com* H. M. B.Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de CórdobaInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y TecnológicasCONICET-UNCAvenida Vélez Sársfield, 16115000 CórdobaARGENTINA / ARGENTINAE-mail: beccacecehernan@gmail.com* Autor para la correspondencia / Corresponding author(Recibido para publicación / Received for publication 5-XI-2016)(Revisado y aceptado / Revised and accepted 12-XII-2016)(Publicado / Published 30-IX-2017)FIRST RECORD OF DYSSCHEMA SACRIFICA (HÜBNER, [1831]) ON SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR)SHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017 407Fig. 2.– Photographs of D. sacrifica. A-D: Final larval stage feeding on soybean leaves. E: Adult male. F: adultfemale.E. GONZÁLEZ & H. M. BECCACECE408 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 45 (179) septiembre 2017A BC DE F

First record of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae)

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First record of Dysschema sacrifica (Hübner, [1831]) on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae)

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