EMSO (European Multidisciplinary
Seafloor and water-column Observatory,
www.emso-eu.org) is a large-scale European
Research Infrastructure I. It is a distributed
infrastructure of strategically placed, deep-sea
seafloor and water column observatory nodes
with the essential scientific objective of real-time,
long-term observation of environmental processes
related to the interaction between the geosphere,
biosphere, and hydrosphere. The geographic
locations of the EMSO observatory nodes
represent key sites in European waters, from the
Arctic, through the Atlantic and Mediterranean,
to the Black Sea (Figure 1), as defined through
previous studies performed in FP6 and FP7 EC
projects such as ESONET-CA, ESONET-NoE,
EMSO-PP (Person et al., 2015).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Beranzoli, Laura

Dañobeita Canales, Juan José

Favali, P.

Río Fernandez, Joaquín del

English

EMSO (European Multidisciplinary

Seafloor and water-column Observatory,

www.emso-eu.org) is a large-scale European

Research Infrastructure I. It is a distributed

infrastructure of strategically placed, deep-sea

seafloor and water column observatory nodes

with the essential scientific objective of real-time,

long-term observation of environmental processes

related to the interaction between the geosphere,

biosphere, and hydrosphere. The geographic

locations of the EMSO observatory nodes

represent key sites in European waters, from the

Arctic, through the Atlantic and Mediterranean,

to the Black Sea (Figure 1), as defined through

previous studies performed in FP6 and FP7 EC

projects such as ESONET-CA, ESONET-NoE,

EMSO-PP (Person et al., 2015).Peer Reviewe

UPCommons

European Multidisciplinary and Water-Column Observatory - European Research Infrastructure Consortium (EMSO ERIC): Challenges and opportunities for Strategic European Marine Sciences

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Martech 2016. Marine Technology Workshop 26,28th October. Barcelona, Spain  European Multidisciplinary and Water-Column Observatory - European Research Infrastructure Consortium (EMSO ERIC): Challenges and opportunities for Strategic European Marine Sciences  Paolo Favali1, Juanjo Dañobeitia2, Laura Beranzoli1, Jean-François Rolin3, Vasilis Lykousis4, Henry A. Ruhl5, Paul Gaughan6, Jaume Piera7, Robert Huber8, Joaquin del Río9, Octavio Llinás10, Jorge M.A. de Miranda11, Pedro Terrinha11, Vlad Radulescu12, Nick O'Neill13 and the EMSODEV Project Team14  1 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, INGV, Roma, Italy, paolo.favali@ingv.it 2 Unidad de Tecnología Marina -CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 3 IFREMER, Brest, France 4 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research ‐ HCMR, Athens, Greece 5 National Oceanography Centre Southampton ‐ NERC.UK 6 Marine Institute ‐ MI, Galway, Ireland 7 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 8 Universität Bremen ‐ UniHB, Bremen, Germany 9 UPC, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain 10 PLOCAN, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain 11 Instituto Portugues do Mar e Atmosfera ‐ IPMA, Lisbon, Portugal 12 Institutul National de Cercetare ‐ GeoEcoMar, Bucarest, Romania 13 SLR Consulting ‐ SLR - Bristol, UK 14 EMSODEV PT (P. Andriani, L. Badiali, M.M.R. Best, R. Bardaji, R. Bartolome, J. Blandin, J. Cadena, O. García, A.R. Gates, M. Gillooly, F.Grant, S.E., Hartman, J.J. Hernández-Brito, R. Lampitt, N. Lantéri, J. Legrand, E. Martínez, P. Materia, D. Mihai, M. Nigrelli, G. Oaie, M.A. Ojeda, P. Pagonis,M. Pappalardo, J. Picard, G. Petihakis, I.G. Priede, V. Romano, J. Sorribas, J. Tasso, C. Waldmann)   . Abstract – EMSO (European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory, www.emso-eu.org) is a large‐scale European Research Infrastructure I. It is a distributed infrastructure of strategically placed, deep‐sea seafloor and water column observatory nodes with the essential scientific objective of real‐time, long‐term observation of environmental processes related to the interaction between the geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. The geographic locations of the EMSO observatory nodes represent key sites in European waters, from the Arctic, through the Atlantic and Mediterranean, to the Black Sea (Figure 1), as defined through previous studies performed in FP6 and FP7 EC projects such as ESONET‐CA, ESONET‐NoE, EMSO-PP (Person et al., 2015).  Keywords - Seafloor and water-column, Research Infrastructure, environmental processes   I. INTRODUCTION  Through the EMSO‐Preparatory Phase project, funded by the EC FP7, the governance and management structure of EMSO RI was agreed among the participant countries interested in supporting the infrastructure (Italy, France, United Kingdom, Germany, The Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Turkey). EMSO RI has then entered in the final phase to establish the EMSO ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium), the legal body that will be in charge of running EMSO observatory nodes as a unique integrated marine infrastructure. The process towards the foundation of EMSO ERIC is close to completion, with the EMSO ERIC. The EMSO ERIC will be hosted by Italy with participation of Italy, France, The United Kingdom, Greece, Spain, Ireland, The Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Romania. Other countries such as Norway, Sweden, Turkey, and Malta have expressed their interests.  II. THE STRATEGIC SCOPE.  The oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface and contain roughly 97% of the Earth's water supply; Oceans dynamics drive most of the ecosystems on Earth, representing the largest most complex Biome on Earth, and control on the Climate at global scale. 70% of volcanism on Earth occurs underwater, being the source of hazards often unpredictable. Thus, the oceans are the very foundation of human life, and the suitable place to study the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms.  The fundamental challenge is to build the foundation for an innovative approach to ocean observation long‐term fixed‐point observatories provides continuity, vigilance and high time‐resolution data in a broad time scale (milliseconds to years). Continuous observation allows the SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MARINE TECHNOLOGY, Martech 2016Barcelona, October 26th, 27th and 28th - ISBN: 978-84-617-4152-6Page 100Martech 2016. Marine Technology Workshop 26,28th October. Barcelona, Spain  detection of unpredictable events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, dense water cascades, plankton blooms, water mass movements, and influence of eddies, which cannot be detected by intermittent, short‐term ship expeditions. Furthermore by monitoring the water column from the surface to the seafloor, phenomena can be investigated that are beyond the capacity of remote sensing approach (Best et al., 2014).     Figure 1. Map of EMSO nodes (yellow) and shallow-water test sites (blue) III. TECHNLOGICAL  DEVELOPMENT  To understand the expected changes in the coming decades, it requires a significant technological effort in the field of marine sensors that allow us a continuous and interactive recording of a variety of parameters that make feasible a complete observation of the oceans based on the following approach: a) Research Infrastructure Technology: The aim is through EMSODEV EU funded project to provide the basis to equip EMSO sites with a standardised tool for ocean parameter measurements by developing a multidisciplinary sensor system called EGIM (EMSO Generic Instrument Module). More specifically the objective is to offer features beyond the state of the art using a comprehensive set of sensors and devices that meet particular technology readiness thresholds to collect observations including temperature, pressure, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll fluorescence, currents, and passive acoustics. Relatively novel sensors will also be considered including those for pH, pCO2, and nutrients (Figure 2). These generic variables can be used to directly address a wide range scientific topic: • Global change (e.g., temperature, conductivity). • Ocean circulation (e.g., currents, conductivity and temperature). • Benthic biologic processes (e.g., turbidity, oxygen). • Large impact geo-hazard (e.g., pressure). • Acidification (e.g., dissolved carbon dioxide and pH measurements). • Underwater natural and man‐induced noise (e.g., ground motion, sound propagation).   SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MARINE TECHNOLOGY, Martech 2016Barcelona, October 26th, 27th and 28th - ISBN: 978-84-617-4152-6Page 101Martech 2016. Marine Technology Workshop 26,28th October. Barcelona, Spain  b) Reliable Ocean Science Measurements Standardization in measuring physical and chemical parameters in the ocean increases the potential scientific impact of the collected data. The long-term recorded data or in situ ocean measurements are critical issues not yet resolved, since the sensors suffer extreme ambient conditions, corrosion, mechanical stress, sudden changes in temperature and their electronic components supports a remarkable wear. By implementing the EGIM, composed of the sensors required to acquire short‐term as well as long‐term variations and changes in the ocean facilitating regional predictions applications such as regional scale monitoring and modelling for climate change predictions;  Figure 2 Illustration of the main processes in the marine environment showing main interactions between atmosphere, surface ocean, biology, deep ocen, and solid earth after Ruhl et al., 2011  c) Big Ocean Data The data management system will establish an e‐infrastructure to support the massive volume of data produced by individual, geographically distributed ocean sensors, acquiring time series describing phenomena involving different temporal scales. This platform will be serving scientists and other 3rd party data users all over the world, and delivering data products for a wide and heterogeneous group of stakeholders.  IV. SCIENTIFIC & SOCIETAL IMPACT OF EMSO RI EMSO RI, with an extremely broad‐ranging extension in term of environmental conditions, covers a relevant part of the Northern hemisphere from subtropical regions to the Arctic. Homogeneous Essential Climate Variables produced by EMSO RI are thus central to addressing the environmental challenges by delivering knowledge and tools to enable Europe to prepare for, and adapt to these changes. National and regional decision and policy makers are major users of EMSO ERIC data that must be shown the major advantages of having standardized information that may help the development of Regional intervention plans. By the use of standardized services new and innovative solutions can be drawn in order to address the major Societal Challenges. Industrial interests can be illustrated according to the economic sectors: • Requirement for impact assessment for marine renewable energy concepts (all EGIM parameters) and resource evaluation for marine turbines (underwater current variability is a direct input to the business plan); • requirement for stand‐alone observatories to monitor oil/gas spills either around large shipwrecks or oil/gas production leakages or gas storage leakages; • requirement for impact assessment of marine mineral resources extraction fields (all EGIM parameters) and more precisely permanent monitoring of subsea particle clouds of dust (current and turbidity); • requirement for geo-hazard monitoring around some oil & gas production fields, impact assessment of most oil & gas fields; • requirement for monitoring fish behaviour at some key areas (conflict of fisheries with other marine uses, implementation of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (FAO 2003) replacing trawling by fixed gears); • requirement for civil protection towards geo-hazard mitigation measures.  V. CONCLUSIONS  EMSO is one of the environmental RIs included on the roadmap of ESFRI (European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures) since 2006, and it is included as Landmark in the last ESFRI roadmap 2016 (www.esfri.eu/roadmap-2016). It provides a new kind of large‐scale infrastructure for multidisciplinary and inter‐disciplinary investigation of deep ocean processes related to Marine Ecosystems, Climate Change and Marine Geo-hazard. This distributed ocean observatory significantly improve marine research capacity of EU Member States and increases the ability to respond to the major challenges related to environmental changes. EMSO contributes to the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security initiative (now renamed COPERNICUS programme, www.copernicus.eu). The present operational status of EMSO in terms of the number of operating nodes (eight nodes running out of twelve expected), and data acquisition and dissemination, has been reached over ten years of research, development and coordination activities responding to local and regional requests, funded by the individual countries and by the EC through projects with different time‐lines and budgets; enhancements to these nodes are ongoing on the same basis. An open data policy has already been adopted in compliance with the recommendations being developed SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MARINE TECHNOLOGY, Martech 2016Barcelona, October 26th, 27th and 28th - ISBN: 978-84-617-4152-6Page 102Martech 2016. Marine Technology Workshop 26,28th October. Barcelona, Spain within the GEOSS initiative (Global Earth Observation System of Systems, www.earthobservations. org/geoss.php) to allow for the shared use of the data infrastructure and the free exchange of scientific information and knowledge. REFERENCES M.M.R. Best, P. Favali, L. Beranzoli, M. Cannat, N.M. Cagatay, J.J. Dañobeitia, E. Delory, H. de Stigter, B. Ferré, M. Gillooly, F. Grant, P.O.J. Hall, V. Lykousis, J. Mienert, J.M.A. de Miranda, G. Oaie, V. Radulescu, J.-F. Rolin, H.A. Ruhl, C. Waldmann, 2014. EMSO: A distributed infrastructure for addressing geo-hazards and global ocean change. Oceanography 27(2), 167-169, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/ oceanog.2014.52. R. Person, P. Favali, H.A. Ruhl, L. Beranzoli, J.-F. Rolin, C. Waldmann, R. Huber, Y. Auffret, M.N. Çagatay, M. Cannat, J.J. Dañobeitia, E. Delory, M. Diepenbroek, H. de Stigter, J.M.A. de Miranda, B. Ferré, M. Gillooly, F. Grant, J. Greinert, P.O.J. Hall, V. Lykousis, J. Mienert, I. Puillat, I.G. Priede, L. Thomsen, 2015. From ESONET multidisciplinary scientific community to EMSO novel European research infrastructure for ocean observation. In: P. Favali, L. Beranzoli, A. De Santis (ed.), Seafloor Observatories: A New Vision of the Earth from the Abyss, Springer-Praxis books in Geophysical Sciences, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-642-11373-4, e-ISBN 978-3-642-11374-1, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11374-1, chapter 20, 531-563. H.A. Ruhl, M. André, L. Beranzoli, M.N. Çağatay, A. Colaço, M. Cannat, J.J. Dañobeitia, P. Favali, L. Géli, M. Gillooly, J. Greinert, P.O.J. Hall, R. Huber, J. Karstensen, R.S. Lampitt, K.E. Larkin, V. Lykousis, J. Mienert, J.M.A. de Miranda, R. Person, I.G. Priede, I. Puillat, L. Thomsen, C. Waldmann, 2011. Societal need for improved understanding of climate change, anthropogenic impacts, and geo-hazard warning drive development of ocean observatories in European Seas, Progress in Oceanography, 91, 1-33, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.05.001. Acknoledgements:This study benefit from H2020 INFRADEV‐‐‐‐3‐‐‐‐2015 EMSODEV Project n°676555.We acknowledge the support from CSIC-UPC Associates Unit Tecnoterra (Grupo de Desarrollo Tecnologico de Sistemas de Adquisición Remota Aplicado a Ciencias de la Tierra).SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MARINE TECHNOLOGY, Martech 2016Barcelona, October 26th, 27th and 28th - ISBN: 978-84-617-4152-6Page 103

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European Multidisciplinary and Water-Column Observatory - European Research Infrastructure Consortium (EMSO ERIC): Challenges and opportunities for Strategic European Marine Sciences

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