Polymeric materials find usage in most places in daily life. Expected features vary depending on the use of these materials. Composite material can be formed by combining one or more different materials. Physical and chemical properties of a new produced composite material can be improved with the addition of additives and fillers to polymer materials. The addition of additives and fillers improve one or more properties at the same time, despite that, it may lead to deteriorate another property. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of these produced composite structures. This study was carried out by nanoclay addition to high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) materials. Nanoclay additions were made to the polymer matrix at mass ratios of 5% and 10%. Tensile test, tear test and the Izod impact tests were performed. It has been observed that the tensile strengths of HDPE composites decreased whereas PP composites increased with respect to the pure products. Also, the tear strengths of composites decreased compared to pure products. In the Izod impact tests, all notched specimens were broken. The values of impact strength of the PP composites were not changed in the notched Izod impact tests, whereas the HDPE composites showed a decrease. © 2018 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics. All rights reserved

Akdoǧan, E.

Bektaş, Numan Behlül

Acta Physica Polonica A

English

7th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science Congress and Exhibition (APMAS) -- APR 22-26, 2017 -- Fethiye, TURKEYWOS:000451281600079Polymeric materials find usage in most places in daily life. Expected features vary depending on the use of these materials. Composite material can be formed by combining one or more different materials. Physical and chemical properties of a new produced composite material can be improved with the addition of additives and fillers to polymer materials. The addition of additives and fillers improve one or more properties at the same time, despite that, it may lead to deteriorate another property. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of these produced composite structures. This study was carried out by nanoclay addition to high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) materials. Nanoclay additions were made to the polymer matrix at mass ratios of 5% and 10%. Tensile test, tear test and the Izod impact tests were performed. It has been observed that the tensile strengths of HDPE composites decreased whereas PP composites increased with respect to the pure products. Also, the tear strengths of composites decreased compared to pure products. In the Izod impact tests, all notched specimens were broken. The values of impact strength of the PP composites were not changed in the notched Izod impact tests, whereas the HDPE composites showed a decrease.BAP (Scientific Research Project Fund of Pamukkale University)Pamukkale University [2014FBE031]The authors would like to thank BAP (Scientific Research Project Fund of Pamukkale University) for supporting this study under project number 2014FBE031 and also thank to Dr. Ayhan Ezdesir from Petkim and Prof. Dr. Nazim Usta from Pamukkale University for their valuable contributions

Akdoğan, Erkin

Bektaş, N. B.

DSpace@KMU

Vol. 134 (2018) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 1Special Issue of the 7th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science (APMAS 2017)The Effects of Nanoclay on Mechanical Propertiesof High Density Polyethylene and Polypropylene MaterialsE. Akdoğana,b and N.B. Bektaşa,∗aPamukkale University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Denizli 20160, TurkeybKaramanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Karaman 70100, TurkeyPolymeric materials find usage in most places in daily life. Expected features vary depending on the use ofthese materials. Composite material can be formed by combining one or more different materials. Physical andchemical properties of a new produced composite material can be improved with the addition of additives andfillers to polymer materials. The addition of additives and fillers improve one or more properties at the same time,despite that, it may lead to deteriorate another property. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanicaland thermal properties of these produced composite structures. This study was carried out by nanoclay additionto high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) materials. Nanoclay additions were made to thepolymer matrix at mass ratios of 5% and 10%. Tensile test, tear test and the Izod impact tests were performed.It has been observed that the tensile strengths of HDPE composites decreased whereas PP composites increasedwith respect to the pure products. Also, the tear strengths of composites decreased compared to pure products.In the Izod impact tests, all notched specimens were broken. The values of impact strength of the PP compositeswere not changed in the notched Izod impact tests, whereas the HDPE composites showed a decrease.DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.134.297PACS/topics: high density polyethylene, polypropylene, tensile strength, tear strength, impact resistance1. IntroductionThe diversity of product range, easy manufacturabil-ity, low cost and different features combined together ofpolymeric materials which make their usage areas hasincreased considerably in recent years. These materialswhich are often petroleum-based that called engineeringplastics, their costs need to be reduced and some of theirproperties must be improved. The mechanical and ther-mal properties of the polymer matrix can be improvedby adding organic and inorganic materials at differentratios in literature studies [1–3]. In addition, the cost ofpolymer materials can be reduced by adding fillers. Thecompatibility and particle size of these additives in thepolymer matrix affect the properties of the polymer com-posite [4]. As the particle size increases, the mechanicalproperties of the polymer material decrease and there-fore it is emphasized that the importance of using smallerparticle sized nano-additives and fillers to nanomaterials.These materials which are called polymer nanocompos-ite, the particles are spread in more homogeneous formbecause of the nanoscale size of particles in the polymermatrix and better holding can be achieved as the surfacearea is increased [5, 6]. Several studies have been carriedout to improve the mechanical and thermal properties ofthe polymer matrix adding nanoparticles with suitablecompatibilizer [5–9]. It has been observed that the Izodimpact resistance is reduced by nanosized particle rein-forcement to polymeric materials [8, 10]. However, it is∗corresponding author; e-mail: nbbektas@pau.edu.trseen that these properties can be improved with differ-ent compatibilizer [8, 11]. As can be seen clearly fromthe literature, tensile strengths and modulus of elasticityvalues can be increased with the addition of nanoclay tothe polymer matrix [8].In this study, HDPE and PP polymer matrices wereproduced by nanoclay addition at mass ratios of 5% and10%. Mechanical properties of produced nanocompositeshave been obtained to investigate the effects of nanoclayadditions. The production of HDPE and PP polymerswith and without nanoclay additives were always carriedout under the same conditions.2. Experimental2.1. MaterialsIn this study, the polymer matrix with melt flow rate5.5 g/10 min (190 ◦C/2.16 kg) of HDPE having den-sity of 0.965 g/cm3 and melt flow rate 4.7 g/10 min(230 ◦C/2.16 kg) PP having density of 0.905 g/cm3 wereused. Petilen YY I 668 and Petoplen MH 418 commer-cial products were suitable for injection molding withHDPE and PP, respectively. HDPE and PP materi-als in a granular form were supplied from Petkim Inc.(İzmir, Turkey). Nanoclay filler material was get fromNanokil Ltd. Co. (Erzurum, Turkey). The nanoclayhas a grain size of 1–200 nm and contains mass of6.13% Fe2O3, 20.67% Al2O3, 53.28% SiO2, 2.82% MgO,1.71% CaO, 0.02% Na2O, 0.82% K2O, 0.63% TiO2. Thegranules were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)to spread the nanoclay filler homogeneously. SiltechF-12500 was used for PDMS which is the product of Sil-tech Co. (Toronto, Canada).(297)298 E. Akdoğan, N.B. Bektaş2.2. Specimen preparationThe surface of the granules was coated with PDMSby pre-mixing. The nanoclay additives were added tomatrix in 5% and 10% mass proportions given in Table Iand mixed for 5 min at 200 rpm with a mechanical stirrer.Then, the mixtures were dried at 100 ◦C for 2 h and readyfor molding by injection. The blended mixtures productswere transferred from the feeding zone to the nozzle zoneby the injection molding at 160-170-180-190 ◦C tempera-tures. The mold temperature was set at 40 ◦C. The screwdiameter of the injection machine is 35 mm and the L/Dratio is 30. From each mixture, 20 specimen groups wereproduced. There are tensile test specimens, notched andun-notched Izod impact test specimens, UL94 test speci-mens, tear test specimens and cone calorimeter test spec-imens in these specimen groups.TABLE IComposition of blends and composites in wt%.Abbreviation HDPE [%] PP [%] PDMS [%] NC [%]PE 100 - - -PE-Sil 100 - 1 -PE-05NC 95 - 1 5PE-10NC 90 - 2 10PP - 100 - -PP-Sil - 100 1 -PP-05NC - 95 1 5PP-10NC - 90 2 102.3. Tests and characterizationTensile tests, tear tests and the Izod impact tests werecarried out to determine the mechanical properties. Thedimensions of the test specimens were arranged to stan-dards of ASTM D-638 (Type IV) for the tensile test,ASTM D-624 (Type-T) for the tear test and ASTM D-256 for the Izod impact test. Tensile and tear tests werecarried out on Tinius Olsen H10KT universal test equip-ment at a speed of 50 mm/min. The specimens were keptfor 40 h at 23 ◦C and 50% relative humidity before theexperiment. For the Izod impact tests, it was carried outat –40, –20, and 23 ◦C for 40 h, respectively. Impact re-sistance is measured with a 7.5 J hammer on the CEASTResil Impactor device. Five specimens were used for eachtest.3. Results and discussionTensile tests were performed to observe the effect ofadditives NC and PDMS on the mechanical properties.The effects of adding PDMS and NC to HDPE and PPpolymers on tensile strength and modulus of elasticity areseen in Fig. 1a with comparing each composites. The av-erage, maximum and minimum ranges of tensile strength,young modulus, tear strength and impact resistance val-ues of composites are seen in Table II. Addition of PDMSto the polymer matrix resulted in a slight decrease in ten-sile strength and modulus of elasticity. It was determinedthat tensile strength and modulus of elasticity values ofPE-05NC specimens decreases by 14% and 12.6% respec-tively, whereas modulus of elasticity values of PE-10NCspecimens increased by 5%. It is observed that the mod-ulus of elasticity values of PE-10NC specimen is higherthan that of the pure ones. Tensile strength and mod-ulus of elasticity values increased regularly as NC ratioincreased for PP composites. However, it is seen thatPDMS addition to PP, tensile strength, and modulus ofelasticity values decrease with respect to pure one.Fig. 1. Comparison of (a) tensile strength  andthe Young modulus  and (b) tear strengths  ofHDPE/NC and PP/NC composites.Fig. 2. Comparison of impact resistance of (a) un-notched and (b) notched HDPE/NC and PP/NC com-posites at -40(), -20() and 23() ◦C.The Effects of Nanoclay on Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene. . . 299TABLE IITensile strength, the Young modulus, tear strength and impact resistance values of composites.SampleTensilestrength[MPa]Youngmodulus[MPa]Tearstrength[N/mm]Impact resistance [J/m]Unnotched Notched-40 ◦C -20 ◦C 23 ◦C -40 ◦C -20 ◦C 23 ◦CPE 26.3±1.5 956±61 127.4±9 - - - 186±18 177±14 182±16PE-Sil 25.9±1.7 915±68 123.3±6 - - - 201±21 186±13 189±17PE-05NC 22.6±1.3 836±56 111.1±2 824±24 2056±55 1082±93 154±14 149±23 130±11PE-10NC 23.9±1.1 1008±43 76.5±5 1015±38 925±53 1061±91 154±21 160±21 122±15PP 34.8±0.7 1233±19 175.8±13 547±24 555±17 2534±52 95±13 96±11 103±8PP-Sil 31.1±1.4 1180±93 118±11 600±31 760±15 1680±69 94±16 105±22 109±12PP-05NC 34.9±1.8 1273±33 125.1±6 501±28 588±27 1052±46 101±12 101±18 91±11PP-10NC 35.3±1.4 1317±8 147.1±11 524±34 415±24 1096±57 95±10 103±18 98±12Tear strength tests were performed to observe the ef-fects of addition PDMS and NC additives on tear resis-tance of polymer matrix which was shown in Fig. 2b.The average, maximum and minimum range of the tearstrength values are given in Table II. With addition ofPDMS to HDPE polymer, there was a slight decrease by3.2% in the tear strength, whereas a significant decreaseby 32.9% was observed with the addition of PDMS toPP polymer. With the increased addition of NC, a con-siderable decrease in tear strength on HDPE compositeswas observed, but the respectable increase was observedin PP composites compared to PP-Sil one.The Izod impact test results were given in Table II. Itwas observed that the impact resistance of HDPE and PPcomposites were increased by PDMS addition at all tem-peratures (Fig. 2). The unnotched PE and PE-Sil spec-imes were not broken but the other samples were brokenat temperatures of –40, –20 and 23 ◦C. The impact resis-tance increased at –40 ◦C while the NC ratio increasedin unnotched HDPE composites. But it is decreasedat –20 ◦C and decreased slightly at 23 ◦C. It has beenfound that impact resistance of notched HDPE compos-ites increases slightly increasing amount of NC at –20 ◦Cbut impact resistance decreases compared to pure HDPEcomposites. A noticeable decrease was observed at 23 ◦Cwhen the impact resistance of the notched PP sampleswas not changed much at low temperatures. NotchedPP specimen’s impact resistance values increased at lowtemperatures. It was observed a slight decrease at 23 ◦C.4. ConclusionThe addition of PDMS to HDPE and PP polymersreduces the tensile strength and elasticity modulus val-ues of those. As the NC ratio in HDPE/NC compos-ites increases, the tensile strength and elasticity modu-lus values increase, but these values are lower than thepure product. As the NC ratio of PP NC compositesincreases, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity val-ues increase with respect to pure product. With theaddition of PDMS to both composites, the tear resis-tance of HDPE composites decreased slightly, while thePP composites showed a significant decrease. Comparedto PP/Sil composites, a noticeable increase in tear resis-tance was observed with increasing NC ratio in PP com-posites, whereas a remarkable decrease was observed inHDPE composites. All specimens were broken in the Izodimpact tests except unnotched HDPE and HDPE/Silspecimens. With the addition of NC, the impact re-sistance of notched HDPE composites decreased whileno significant change in PP composites was observed.The addition of PDMS to polymer composites increasedthe impact resistance at low temperatures, whereas it re-duced only notched PP composites at 23 ◦C.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank BAP (Scientific Re-search Project Fund of Pamukkale University) for sup-porting this study under project number 2014FBE031and also thank to Dr. Ayhan Ezdeşir from Petkim andProf. Dr. Nazım Usta from Pamukkale University fortheir valuable contributions.References[1] N. Usta, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 124, 3372 (2012).[2] J.A. Morais, R. Gadioli, M.A. Paoli, Polimeros 26,115 (2016).[3] A. Dike, F. Mindivan, H. Mindivan, Acta Phys. Pol. A125, 396 (2014).[4] L. Domka, A. Malicka, N. Stachowiak, ActaPhys. Pol. A 114, 413 (2008).[5] A. Malicka, L. Domka, Acta Phys. Pol. A 114, 423(2008).[6] A. Fina, F. Cuttica, G. Camino, Polym. Degrad. Stab.97, 2619 (2012).[7] N. Ayrilmis, Composites Part B 44, 745 (2013).[8] A. Najafi, B. Kord, A. Abdi, S. Ranaee, J. Thermo-plast. Compos. Mater. 25, 717 (2012).[9] S. Adanur, E. Selver, Int. J. Polym. Mater. 62, 236(2013).[10] Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Liu, H. Du, X. Li, X. Zhang,J. Zhang, J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. 53, 13 (2014).[11] Z. Vuluga, D.M. Panaitescu, C. Radovici, C. Nicolae,M.D. Iorga, Polym. Bull. 69, 1073 (2012).

The effects of nanoclay on mechanical properties of high density polyethylene and polypropylene materials

Akdogan, E.

Pamukkale GCRIS Database

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The effects of nanoclay on mechanical properties of high density polyethylene and polypropylene materials

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