The willow-like meadowsweet (Spiraea salicifolia L.) is an extremely rare shrub in the forest associations of Croatia. After investigating the forest vegetations of Croatia for many years, and analyzing numbers of phytocoenological surveys of other authors, we have so far established only three forest locations where this species grows: Drežničko Polje in the wider Ogulin area; the area of Česma near Vrbovec and the Đurđevac lowland forests near the Podravina village of Kalinovac (Fig. 1).
On the first location, it grows in the association of Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris Horv. 38; on the second, Frangulo-Alnetum glutinosae Rauš 69, and the third, in the phytocoenoses of Pruno-Fraxinetum Oberd. 53 and Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Koch 26. The habitats of these associations are of higher or lesser depression and are occasionally flooded. Spiraea salicifolia has not been clearly defined sociologically, and Central European authors classify it as a characteristic species of the alliance Pruno- Rubion fruticosi Doing 62.
Two localities in the forest associations in which these species appears have therefore been proclaimed special forest vegetation reserves, whereas the Česma locality has recently been recommended for such protection.Vrbolika suručica (Spiraea salicifolia L.) vrlo je rijedak grm u šumskim zajednicama Hrvatske. Dugogodišnjim vlastitim istraživanjima šumske vegetacije Hrvatske i analizom velikog broja fitocenoloških snimaka ostalih autora ustanovili smo zasad samo tri šumska lokaliteta na kojima ta vrsta raste: u Drežničkom polju na širem području Ogulina, u predjelu Česma kod Vrbovca i u đurđevačkim nizinskim šumama kod podravskog sela Kalinovca (si. 1).
Spiraea salicifolia (si. 2) na prvom je lokalitetu rasprostranjena u zajednici Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris Horv. 38 (si. 3), na drugom u Frangulo-Alnetum glutinosae Rauš 69, a na trećem u fitocenozama Pruno-Fraxinetum Oberd. 53 i Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Koch 26. Staništa su tih zajednica manje ili veće depresije i povremeno su plavljene. Spiraea salicifolia nije u sociološkom smislu jasno definirana i srednjoeuropski autori je svrstavaju kao svojstvenu vrstu za svezu Pruno-Rubion fruticosi Doing 62.
Dva od tri opisana nalazišta suručice zaštićena su kao specijalni rezervati šumske vegetacije, dok je predjel Česme upravo predložen da bude zaštićen

Joso Vukelić

Đuro Rauš

English

Hrčak - Portal of scientific journals of Croatia

A cta B ot. C roat. 50, 107— 113, 1991. CODEN: ABCRA2 ISSN  0365-0538UDC 582.734.2:581.9(497.1) =  20 Original scientific paperS P I R A E A  S A L I C I F  O L I A  L. I N  C R O A T I A NF O R E S T SDURO RAUS and JOSO VUKELIC (F acu lty  o f F o re s try , U n iv e rs ity  o f Z agreb)R eceived  F e b ru a ry  27, 1991The willow-like meadowsweet (Spiraea salicifolia L.) is an extremely rare shrub in the forest associations of Croatia. After investigating the forest vegetations of Croatia for many years, and analyzing numbers of phytocoenological surveys of other authors, we have so far established only three forest locations where this species grows: Drežničko Polje in the wider Ogulin area; the area of Česma near Vrbovec and the Đurđevac lowland forests near the Podra­vina village of Kalinovac (Fig. 1).On the first location, it grows in the association of Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboriš Horv. 38; on the second, Frangulo-Alnetum glutinosae Rauš 69, and the third, in the phytocoenoses of Pruno-Fraxinetum Oberd. 53 and Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Koch 26. The habitats of these associations are of higher or lesser depression and are occasionally flooded. Spiraea salicifolia has not been clearly defined sociologically, and Central European authors cla­ssify it as a characteristic species of the alliance Pruno- -Rubion fruticosi Doing 62.Two localities in the forest associations in which these species appears have therefore been proclaimed special fo­rest vegetation reserves, whereas the Česma locality has re­cently been recommended for such protection.I n t r o d u c t i o nSpiraea salicifolia (Fig. 2) is a Euroasian continental species distri­buted upon prevailingly moist meadows, bogs, forest margins, near rivers, streams and small lakes, but also in alder and willow forests in CentralA C TA  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991. 107D. R A U S an d  J . VUK ELICFig. 1. Localities of Spiraea salicifolia in Croatian forests: A — Drežničko polje near Ogulin B — Česma near Vrbovec C — Crni jarci near Đurđevac108 A C TA  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991.S P I R A E A  S A L I C I F O L I A  IN  CRO ATIAEurope, Asia and North America. Such a wide area is the consequence of spontaneous distribution and cultivation of the plant. Thus some au­thors think that the original area of the plant is in Eastern Europe and Asia, where from it naturally grew west to Czechoslovakia and Upper Austria, and south to Hungary (H e g i 1923:679, H e e s  et al. 1970:479, O b e r d o r f e r  1983:499 and others); from there it was brought to West Europe and North America. H e g i  (1923:679) quotes the surroun­dings of Maribor and Ljubljana as southernmost locations of its distri­bution.In Slovenia it is recorded in the Subpannonian and Prealpine regions ( M a r t i n č i č  and S u š n i k  1984:180, E r k e r  1987:300). In the flora of Croatia it is recorded on locations in Moslavina and the Sava basin (Posavina) downstream from Sisak ( S c h l o s s e r  and V u k o t i n o v i ć  1869:115), where it is also mentioned as cultivated and wild species by D o m a c  (1979:183). In the forest associations of Croatia it was brought by G l a v a č  (1960) in the association Carici elongatae-Alnetosum  gluti- nosae from Podravina. He considers it a sociologically important species of black alder forests, though he does not specify its special features. Spiraea salicijolia  was later mentioned by H or v a t  et al. (1974), mainly based on the quoted Glavač’s research.As to the ecologically indicating characteristics of the willow-like meadowsweet, O b e r d o r f e r  (1983) points out its connection with the strongly moisturized, occasionally flooded, non-carbonate, sandy lime soils rich in nutrients; L an d o l t  (1977:126) takes it as an indicator of moist soils, in terms of humidity changeable, slightly acid, neutral or slightly alkaline, well nutritious, moderately humus-containing, fine, sandy, permeable soils and of partly shadowy, in Central Europe deep, locations.In the many years of our phytocoenological research into the Croatian forest vegetation, the species of Spiraea salicijolia  was identified on three biogically important and in many ways specific locations. In all three associations, permanent plots of the international research pro­gramme ’Man and Biosphere’ were established (Fig. 1).H a b i t a t s  of  S p i r a e a  s a l i c i j o l i a  The synecological and vegetational features of the locations1. Dreznicko PoljeDreznicko Polje is located along the motor road Jezerane-Dreznica, at an altitude of between 437 m and 444 m mean sea level. In the north part there are peduncled oak and greenwood stands (Genisto elatae-Qu- ercetum  roboris, Fig. 3), extremely rare in this area. The principal reason for the growth and survival of this association in Dreznicko Polje is the specific water regime characteristic of some karst fields in this part of Croatia. Along the north margin of Dreznicko Polje there are numbers of small occasional sources, while along the southwest margin there are several precipices into which water flows during the rainy periods. Thus in springtime, the melting snow threatens with flooding the most part of the field and the forests, whereas the water in depressions is in places 10 m deep.A C TA  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991. 109D. R A U S and  J. VUK ELICThe geological base of Dreznicko Polje consists of the Quaternary unsorted alluviums of autochtonous rocks of diverse granulation. The soils are calcocambisols. The floristic characteristics of the peduncled oak and greenwood forest can be presented by a survey made on 18th May 1988 in Section 40, area 400 sq. m.:I Tree layer II I  H erb layerQ uercus robur 5.5 E u p h o rb ia  p a lu s tr is 2 .2A c e r  cam pestre F ilip é n d u la  u lm a r ia 2.3F r a x in u s  a m er ica n a  (cult.) ... L y s v n a c h ia  v u lg a r is 2.1P r im u s  p a d u s R u b u s  caesius 2.1M odus sy lve s tr is -1- F ilip é n d u la  vu lg a r isT i l ia  co rd a ta C a r e x  e la taU lm u s la ev is D csch a m p sia  caesp itosaS a l i x  c inerea C a r e x  d is io n sA I  c la m p y r ttm  nem orosi tinII Shrub layer I 'a le r ia n a  o ffic in a lisC o rm ts  sang u ín ea J .G en is ta  tiu c to r ia 3.3 C o r y d d is  cava -4-S p ir a e a  sa lic ifo lia 2.3 P te r id iu m  a q u ilin u m —j—C ra ta eg u s m o n o g yn a 2.2 R u b u s  id a eu s - j -V ib u rn u m  opuh ts 1.1 S ta c h y s  p a lu s tr is =-C o rm ts  sanguínea 1.2 L y c h n is  f l o s-cucu lí - i -R o sa  arvensis ’T r ifo liu m  rubensS ta p h y le a  p in n a ta C o n v a lla r ia  m a ja lisF rá n g u la  abu ts - j - F rá n g u la  a ln u sC o r y lu s  a ve lla n a + T o r il is  ja p ó n ic a —It should be noted that these stands have not been investigated in detail so far, though the floral composition and the structure of the asso­ciation are indicative of its nature. The peduncled oak stands in the karst fields are of réfugiai character and they have remained here ever since the postglacial time. This unique location has been protected and no endangering activities or fellings are allowed. It could be threatened by ameliorative operations which have been planned in this field several times.2. Cesma near VrbovecSpiraea salicifolia  grows in the 89d Section of the Cesma’ manage­ment unit on an area of 2.6 ha. This is an exceptionally beautiful, scien­tifically important ninety year old black alder and buckthorn (Frangulo- A lnelum  glutinosae) forest growing upon characteristic 1.5 m high cones. The stand’s altitude is 107 m.s.l., in a typical depression which is, com­pared to the neighbouring associations, the most exposed to floods and moisture. The phytocoenological survey of 28 July, 1988 on 400 sq. m established the following floral composition (see p. 111).Owing to its specific floral composition and already extremely rare natural stands of the association Frangulo-Alnetum  glutinosae, this sec­tion was recommended for protection in 1988. Since this has not been accepted by any of the authorized institutions, yet it should urgently be taken care of.110 A C T A  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991.S P I R A E A  S A L I C I F O L I A  IN  CROATIAFig. 2. Spiraea salicifolia in the Cesma areaA C T A  B O T . C RO A T . V O L. 50, 1991.B . R A U S and  J. VUK ELICFig. 3. The Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris with Spiraea salicifolia in Drez- nicko poljeA C TA  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991.S P I R A E A  S A L I C I F O L I A  IN  C RO ATIAI T ree layerA lim s  g lu tin o sa 5.5 C a r e x  e la ta 2 .2F r a x in u s  a n g u s tifo lia -- I r i s  p seudacorus 1.2L y c o p u s  europaeus 1.2II  Shrub layer P eu ced a n u m  p a lu s tr e 1.2B id e n s  t r ip a r t i ta 1.2S p ir a e a  sa lic ifo lia 2.3 A lis im a  p la n ta g o -a q u a tic a 1.2F rá n g u la  a ln u s 2.3 D r y o p le r is  ca r th u s ia n a 1.2R u b u s  fru tic o s u s 1.2 V r tic a  d io ica r .  2S a l i x  capraea 1.2 S e p h r o d iu m  f i l ix -m a s -r.2U lm u s m in o r — F ra n g u la  a ln u sS a m b u ca s n ig ra E u p h o rb ia  p a lu s tr is “ bQ u e r á is  robur — P o ly g o n u m  h y d ro p ip e r - bG lcch o m a  hederacea - bI I I  Herb layer L y s im a c h ia  vu lg a r is ■ bIm p a tie n s  n o li-ta n g ere - bC a re x  r ip a r ia 3.4 M y o s o tis  scorpio ides -I—C a re x  e longa ta 2.3 C irca ea  lu te tia n aS o la tiu m  d u lca m a ra 2.3 G a liu m  p a lu stre3. The Đurđevac lowland forests near KalinovacThis area is the largest and the most important habitat of the black alder forests and, accordingly, of the species Spiraea salicifolia in Croa­tia. The forest spreads individually or in groups in two forest associations: Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae and Pruno-Fraxinetum. According to G 1 a v a č (1960:4), black alder forests in the basins of the rivers Drava and Sava are of a distinguished relict origin, so that judging by the peat character of the soils, black alder conquered these areas in the earlier periods of the Postglacial.The following is a phytocoenological survey from the permanent plot in 27th compartment of the Pruno-Fraxinetum association (21 Aug. 1986, 400 sq. m ):I Tree layer I l l  Herb layerA ln u s  g lu tin o sa 5.5 L a m ia s tr u m  g a leobdo lon 4.5F r a x in u s  a n g u s tifo lia 1.1 U r tic a  d io ica 3.3C a rp in u s  b e tu lu s 4 - R u b u s  caesius 1.2A c e r  cam pestre G lech o m a  h ederacea 1.2U lm u s m in o r V e ra tr u m  a lb u m 1.2D e n ta r ia  p o ly p h y l la 1.2C a r e x  e la ta -b.2II  Shrub layer C a r e x  b rizo id es - r . 2I r i s  p se u d a co ru s -b.2P ru n u s  p a d u s 2.2 C e ra stiu m  s y lv a tic u m -K2C .orylus a v e lla n a 2.2 A s a r u m  europaeum b.2S p ira e a  sa lic ifo lia 1 .2 C a r e x  str igosa -b.2C o rn u s sang u ín ea 1.2 O x a lis  acetosella ¡-'.2S a m b u c u s  n ig ra 1.2 H ed erá  h e lixC ra ta eg u s o x y a c a n th a 1.1 P o ly g o n u m  h yd ro p ip e r -bA c e r  cam pestre 1.1 G aleopsis tc tr a h i t 4 -F ra n g u la  a ln u s — M e rc u r ia lis  p eren n is -bF r a x in u s  a n g u stifo lia — O x a lis  s tr ic ta -bU lm u s  m in o r 4 - C irca ea  lu te tia n a - bE u o n v m u s  curopaea - C a lth a  p a lu s tr is -bA C T A  B O T . C R O A T . V O L. 50, 1991: 111Đ. R A U S  a n d  J .  V U K E L lCIt should be noted that only 10°/o of this region’s surface has been categorized as a protected area known as ’Crni jarci’, a special reserve of forest vegetation. It is an extremely important area as, besides Spiraea salicifolia, there are also other rare species of this part of Europe such as Prunus padus and Veratrum album.The stability of this complex has recently been threatened by stati­ons and drillings of the earth gas, uncontrolled gathering of medical herbs and similar activities of man.C o n c l u s i o n sIn the forests of Croatia we have established only three locations on which the willow-like meadowsweet autochtonously grows in four re­lated though different associations. Its sociological importance cannot ac­cordingly be connected with forest ecosystems, though it plays a signi­ficant role in the forests dominated by black alder. The ecologically indi­cating properties of the willow-like meadowsweet are, however, consi­derably more closely defined, so that the already quoted properties (L a n d o 11 1977, O b e r d o r f e r  1983) are also applied to the lowland part of Croatia. The considerable number of the phytocoenological sur­veys, out of which three are quoted in the paper, do not enable us to make connections between the willowlike meadowsweet and other species in order to clearly define an ecological assembly.In future phytocoenological research of Croatian forests (primarily of the Salicetum association) attention should necessarily be paid to the possible appearance of Spiraea salicifolia, so that final judgement could be made on the significance, range and character of its distribution in this part of southeastern Europe.L i t e r a t u r aDomac, R-, 1979: Mala flora Hrvatske i susjednih područja. Školska knjiga, Zagreb.Erker, R., 1987: Suručica. Šumarska enciklopedija III, Jugoslavenski leksiko­grafski zavod ’Miroslav Krleža’, Zagreb.Glavač, M., 1960: Crna joha u Posavskoj i Podravskoj Hrvatskoj s ekološkog, biološkog i šumskouzgojnog gledišta. Disertacija, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, 141 pp.Hegi, G., 1923: Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa. Band IV/2: 479—1112a, J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, München.Hess, H. E., E. Landolt, R. Hirzel, 1970: Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete. Band 2, Bdrkhäuser Verlag, Basel.Horvat, I., V. Glavač, H. EÜenberg, 1974: Vegetation Südosteuropas. Geobot. selecta Bd. IV. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.Landolt, E., 1977: Ökologische Zeigerwerte zur Schweizer Flora. Veröff. Geo­bot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rübel 64, 208 pp, Zürich.Martinčič, A., F. Sušnik, 1984: Mala flora Slovenije — praprotnice in semen- ke. Državna založba Slovenije, Ljubljana.Oberdörfer, E., 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Fünfte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.Schlosser, J.. Lj. Vukotinović, 1869: Flora Croatica. Zagreb.112 A C TA  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991.S P I R A E A  S A L IC I F O L I A  IN  CRO ATIAS AŽ E T AKS P IR A E A  SAL1C IF O LIA  L.  U ŠUMAMA HRV ATSKEĐuro Rauš i Joso Vukelić(Šu m arsk i fa k u lte t S v eu č iliš ta  u  Z agrebu)Vrbolika suručica (Spiraea salicifolia L.) vrlo je rijedak grm u šum­skim zajednicama Hrvatske. Dugogodišnjim vlastitim istraživanjima šum­ske vegetacije Hrvatske i analizom velikog broja fitocenoloških snimaka ostalih autora ustanovili smo zasad samo tri šumska lokaliteta na kojima ta vrsta raste: u Drežničkom polju na širem području Ogulina, u predjelu Česma kod Vrbovca i u đurđevačkim nizinskim šumama kod podravskog sela Kalinovca (si. 1).Spiraea salicifolia (si. 2) na prvom je lokalitetu rasprostranjena u zajednici Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris Horv. 38 (si. 3), na drugom u Frangulo-Alnetum glutinosae Rauš 69, a na trećem u fitocenozama Pruno-Fraxinetum Oberd. 53 i Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Koch 26. Staništa su tih zajednica manje ili veće depresije i povremeno su plavljene. Spiraea salicifolia nije u sociološkom smislu jasno definirana i srednjoeuropski autori je svrstavaju kao svojstvenu vrstu za svezu Pruno-Rubion fruticosi Doing 62.Dva od tri opisana nalazišta suručice zaštićena su kao specijalni re­zervati šumske vegetacije, dok je predjel Česme upravo predložen da bude zaštićen.Prof. dr.  Đuro Rauš  Doc. dr.  Joso V u ke l ić  Š u m arsk i f a k u lte t  Z agreb  Š lm u n sk a  25Z agreb , H rv a tsk a  (Croatia)A C TA  BO T. CROAT. VOL. 50, 1991. 113

Spiraea salicifolia L. u šumama Hrvatske

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Hrčak - Portal of scientific journals of Croatia

HRČAK - Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals