The effect of different land uses on soil respiration was investigated in winter 2009 in black locust, grassland, apple orchard (apple trees and grass) and walnut areas in Seyitler Village, Artvin, Turkey. Soil respiration was measured in December by the soda-lime (NaOH, KOH) technique. Mean daily soil respiration ranged from 0.29 to 1.26 g C m-2 d-1 . Mean daily soil respiration in black locust was greater than the other areas. Soil respiration was different in the investigated four vegetation types. Established difference was non significant and correlations were negative among soil respiration, soil moisture and soil temperature. These results show that black locust has higher soil biological activity compared to the other areas in this season

Doğan, Yunus

Küçük, Mehmet

Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın

Ünver, Mehmet Cüneyt

English

DSpace@ArtvinCoruh

Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 6(1): 15 – 19 (2010)                            © The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology ISSN: 1687-7497         On Line ISSN: 2090 - 0503                   http://www.egyseb.org   R E S E A R C H  A R T I C L EMehmet  Cuneyt  UNVER *  Mehmet  KUCUK**  Ayd in  TUFEKCIOGLU**  Yunus DOGAN***  EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LAND USE ON SOIL RESPIRATION IN WINTER  ABSTRACT:  The effect of different land uses on soil respiration was investigated in winter 2009 in black locust, grassland, apple orchard (apple trees and grass) and walnut areas in Seyitler Village, Artvin, Turkey. Soil respiration was measured in December by the soda-lime (NaOH, KOH) technique. Mean daily soil respiration ranged from 0.29 to 1.26 g C m-2 d-1. Mean daily soil respiration in black locust was greater than the other areas. Soil respiration was different in the investigated four vegetation types. Established difference was non significant and correlations were negative among soil respiration, soil moisture and soil temperature. These results show that black locust has higher soil biological activity compared to the other areas in this season.     KEY WORDS: Soil moisture, soil  respiration, soda-lime, vegetation.   CORRESPONDANCE: Yunus  DOGAN***  E-mai l :  yunus.dogan@deu.edu.tr   *Faculty of Education, Artvin Coruh University, 08000 Artvin, Turkey **Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Coruh University, 08000 Artvin, Turkey ***Buca Faculty of Education, Dokuz Eylul University, 35150 Buca-Izmir, Turkey         ARTICLE CODE: 03.02.10 INTRODUCTION: Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global climate change have created a strong need for data and information on the global carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. One of the main pathways of fluxes in the global carbon cycle is soil respiration. Soil respiration is the release of CO2 from soil to the atmosphere. Soils release nearly 75-80% of CO2-C to the atmosphere annually by soil respiration (Raich and Potter, 1995). Almost 10% of the atmosphere’s CO2 passes annualy through soils. This is eleven times more than the current rate of CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion (Raich et al., 2002). There are two main sources of soil respiration: root respiration and soil microbial respiration (Hanson et al., 2000; Kulkarni et al., 2007). Kucera and Kirkham (1971) reported 40% of total soil flux was due to root respiration, while Dugas et al. (1999) estimated 90%, Norman et al. (1992) estimated 15-70% and Hanson et al. (1993) estimated 50%.  Soil respiration is a sensitive indicator of several essential ecosystem processes, including metabolic activity, persistence and decomposition of plant residue and conversion of soil organic carbon to atmospheric CO2 (Rochette et al., 1992; Tufekcioglu et al., 2001). In addition, Parkin et al. (1996) pointed out that soil respiration is a good indicator for soil quality. Soil respiration is strongly influenced by soil moisture and soil temperature (Singh and Gupta, 1977; Kowalenko et al., 1978; Raich and Potter, 1995; Raich and Tufekcioglu, 2000). Rochette et al. (1992) observed that soil respiration in moist soil was 2 to 3 times greater than that in dry soils. Soil respiration varies with vegetation type, management practices, environmental conditions and land use type (Raich and Tufekcioglu, 2000; Frank et al., 2006). However, analyzing published soil respiration data, Raich and Tufekcioglu (2000) found no predictable significant (P<0.05) differences in soil respiration between cropped and vegetation-free soils, between grassland and cropped soils or  between forested and cropped soils. Estimates of soil respiration have been made in a variety of ecosystems and summarized in reviews by Schlesinger (1977), Singh and Gupta (1977), Raich and Schlesinger (1992) and Raich and Tufekcioglu (2000). Despite the considerable information on soil respiration in different parts of the world, there have been few soil respiration studies done in forest and adjacent grassland ecosystems in Turkey (Tufekcioglu and Kucuk, 2004) In this study, the effect of different land use on soil respiration was investigated in black locust, grassland, apple orchard (apple trees+grass) and walnut areas in Seyitler Village, Artvin, Turkey during winter 2009. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study site is located at Seyitler area in Artvin, Turkey. The site location has eastern aspect and gentle slope (5-10%) with elevation 530 m above sea level. Mean annual temperature, precipitation and relative humidity at the site are 12°C, 700 mm and 62%, respectively. Soils are somewhat poorly drained and loamy-clay mollisols. Soil respiration levels were measured in black locust, grassland, apple orchard (apple trees+grass) and walnut areas in Seyitler Village, Artvin, Turkey in winter of 2009.  Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stands and apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards and walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) were around 15-20 years old and established by planting. Dominant grass species in the grassland sites are smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Agrostis tenuis L., timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and Festuca spp. Similar grass species were also found as understory in apple orchards. Grasses in grassland and apple orchard sites were cut annually for forage production. Soil respiration rates were measured in four randomly selected locations in each of the three plots per site (each 20x20 m) in December using the soda-lime method in 2009  (Edwards, 1982; Raich et al., 1990). The soda-lime method may underestimate actual soil respiration rates at high flux rates (Ewel et al., 1987; Haynes and Gower, 1995). However, the method distinguishes higher and lower flux rates and, therefore, it is an appropriate method for comparing sites. Buckets 20 cm tall and 27.5 cm in diameter were used as measurement chambers. One day prior to measurements, plastic rings with the same diameter were placed over the soil and carefully pushed about 1 cm into the soil. All alive plants inside the plastic rings were cut to prevent aboveground plant respiration. Carbon dioxide was absorbed with 60 g of soda-lime contained in 7.8 cm diameter by 5.1 cm tall cylindrical tins. In the field, the plastic rings were removed, measurement chambers were placed over the tins of soda-lime, and the chambers were held tightly against the soil with rocks. After 24 h the tins were removed, and the contents oven dried at 105oC for 24 h and then weighed. Blanks were used to account for carbon dioxide absorption during handling and drying (Raich et al., 1990). Soda-lime weight gain was multiplied by 1.69 to account for water loss (Grogan, 1998). Soil temperature was measured at a 5 cm soil depth adjacent to each chamber in the morning. Gravimetric soil moisture was determined by taking soil samples at 0-5 cm depth and drying them at 105oC for 24 h on the day that the soda-lime tins were removed from the plots. Statistical comparisons were made using SPSS. ANOVA was used to compare soil respiration rate, soil temperature, and soil moisture content among sites. Paired comparison among sites was determined using the Least Significant Difference test at P= 0.05.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:: Mean soil respiration ranged from 0.29 to 1.26 g C m-2 d-1 (Table 1, Fig. 1). Mean soil moisture ranged from 27.34 to 59.41 percent (Table 1, Fig. 2). Soil temperature varied between 5.5-7.5oC. (Table 1, Fig. 3) Soil respiration in black locust was greater than the other areas. Soil respiration, soil moisture and soil temperature values were different in vegetation types. But this difference has no significance as a statistical (P>0.05). But our results included only December month measure. The reason of our result may be only one month measures (in December) and measurement fault. Winter season consist of three months (December, January, and February). There was no significant correlation among soil respiration, soil moisture and soil temperature. These values are within the ranges reported by Kucera and Kirkham (1971), Coleman (1973), Singh and Gupta (1977), Jurik et al. (1991), Lessard et al. (1994), Hudgens and Yavitt (1997), Raich and Tufekcioglu (2000), Tufekcioglu et al. (2001), and Tufekcioglu and Kucuk (2004). Table 1. Mean, maximum and minimum values of soil respiration, soil temperature, and soil moisture in the study area Vegetation type Parameters Black locust plantation Apple orchard (grass+apple trees)Walnut plantation Grasslands Soil respiration (g C m-2 d-1) 0.78 (0.32-1.26) 0.66 (0.44-1.18) 0.60 (0.29-1.15) 0.61 (0.29-1.06) Soil moisture (%) 36.61 (29.19-59.41) 38.88 (25.95-41.20) 31.36 (27.34-46.98) 38.90 (36.26-40.55) Soil temperature (0C) 6 (5-7) 6.33 (6-7) 6.67 (6-7.5) 6.17 (5.5-6.5) Unver et al., Land Use Effects on Soil Respiration  I ISSN: 1687-7497          On Line ISSN: 2090 - 0503                    http://www.egyseb.org 170,7800,6630,598 0,6050,000,200,400,600,801,00black locust plantation apple orchard (grass+apple trees)w alnut plantationgrasslandsVegetation TypeSoil respiration (g C m-2 d-1) Fig. 1. Changes of soil respiration of different vegetation types in winter 36,62 36,8831,3638,9001020304050black locust plantation apple orchard (grass+apple trees)w alnut plantationgrasslandsVegetation typeSoil moisture (%) Fig. 2. Changes of soil moisture of different vegetation types in winter 66,336,676,1702468black locust plantation apple orchard (grass+apple trees)w alnut plantationgrasslandsVegetation typeSoil temperature (0 C ) Fig. 3. Changes of soil temperature of different vegetation types in winter    During winter, the soil temperature was low. This pattern corresponded with the annual patterns of temperature and moisture under Mediterranean climate: high temperature associated with low moisture in summer and low temperature associated with high moisture in winter; both are significant determinants of soil respiration in temperate latitudes (Raich and Tufekcioglu, 2000; Tufekcioglu et al., 2001). If one of these two factors is too limiting, it becomes the control factor and the other factor has litt le effect on the rate of soil respiration. Similar pattern was observed by Qi and Xu (2001) in a coniferous forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA. Holt et al. (1990) and Rey et al. (2002) also found lower soil respiration rates in summer due to drought. Similarly, Kowalenko et al. (1978) reported that temperature was limiting during the winter and spring and that moisture was limiting during the summer and fall on soil respiration in field soils of Canada. These results show that black locust has higher soil biological activity compared to the other sites in this study. For This reason may be due to the effect of microbial activities of nitrogen bacteria in black locust areas. Because nitrogen-binding bacteria in black locust roots have increasing effect of soil respiration  The black locust plantation proved higher rates of soil respiration than the walnut plantations and grasslands and apple orchards. These higher rates of soil respiration are evidence for the high rates of biological activity and carbon cycling through the soil in black locust plantation compared to, apple orchards walnut population and grassland sites. The present results indicated that temperature was limiting soil respiration during the winter season. REFERENCES: Coleman DC. 1973. Soil carbon balance in a successional grassland. Oikos, 24: 195-199. Dugas WA, Heuer ML, Mayeux HS. 1999. Carbon dioxide fluxes over bermudagrass, native prairie and sorghum. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 93(2): 121-139. Edwards NT. 1982. The use of soda-lime for measuring respiration rates in terrestrial systems. Pedobiologia, 23: 321-330. Ewel KC, Cropper WC, Gholz HL. 1987. 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Plant Soil, 229: 117-124.  تأثير استخدامات التربة المتعددة على تنفس التربة فى فصل الشتاءMehmet  Cuneyt  UNVER,  Mehmet  KUCUK** ,  Aydin  TUFEKCIOGLU** ,  Yunus DOGAN***  *Faculty of Education, Artvin Coruh University, 08000 Artvin, Turkey **Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Coruh University, 08000 Artvin, Turkey ***Buca Faculty of Education, Dokuz Eylul University, 35150 Buca-Izmir, Turkey تنفس التربة، رطوبة التربة ودرجة الفروق غير معنوية فى وهذه . حرارة التربة فى المناطق المختلفة تحت الدراسةالنتائج تدل على أن نبات الخرنوب يتميز بنشاط بيولوجى   .للتربة إذا ما قورن بالمناطق األخرى  :المحكمون  أحمد آامل حجازي         قسم النبات، علوم القاهرة. د.أ قسم النبات، علوم طنطا     عبد الحقمحمود أبو اليزيد. د.أتم دراسة تأثير االستخدامات المتعددة للتربة على التنفس فى فصل الشتاء فى مزارع نبات الخرنوب، األرض لية ، مزارع التفاح ومزارع عين الجمل فى قرية النجيتم قياس التنفس فى . سيتلر بمقاطعة أرتفن بترآياالتربة فى ديسمبر بواسطة تقنية هيدروآسيد الصوديوم وهيدروآسيد البوتاسيوم وقد تراوح معدل تنفس التربة وآان معدل تنفس . gm-2d 1.26 إلى 0.29اليومى بين وب أآبر من المناطق األخرى وآانت التربة فى مزارع الخرن

Effect of different land use on soil respiration in winter

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Effect of different land use on soil respiration in winter

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