The aim of this work is the study of biological resources of the genera Medicago and Trifolium species in Cretaceous South of the Central Russian Upland as the most valuable in genetic and economic term

Bespalova, E. N.

Borodaeva, Z. A.

Cherniavskih, V. I.

Dumacheva, E. V.

Ermakova, L. R.

Gorbacheva, A. A.

Vorobyova, O. V.

English

DSpace at Belgorod State University

International Journal of Green Pharmacy • Apr-Jun 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (2) | S354Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of Russia as a source of starting material for drought-resistance selectionElena V. Dumacheva, Vladimir I. Cherniavskih, Anzhelika A. Gorbacheva, Oksana V. Vorobyova, Zanna A. Borodaeva, N. Elena Bespalova, Larisa R. ErmakovaDepartment of Biology, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, 308015, RussiaAbstractAim: The south of the Central Russian Upland is a region with particular natural landscape-climatic conditions, the large anthropogenic load, and the intensive development of agricultural farming. A feature of the area is the high content of calcium carbonate in the soil, which reduces the total biological productivity of biocenoses in general and of agrophytocenoses in particular. Materials and Methods: The aim of this work is the study of biological resources of the genera Medicago and Trifolium species in Cretaceous South of the Central Russian Upland as the most valuable in genetic and economic terms. They, in most cases, determine the amount of biological capacity of erosion agro-landscapes. Objects of the study are wild cenopopulations alfalfa Medicago varia Mart. and white clover Trifolium repens L. In the midst of reduced interspecific and intraspecific competition on the detrital fans, introgressive hybridization and microevolutionary changes in cenopopulations occur. The founder effect is in evidence; it is the accumulation of recessive genes, forming the reserve for natural selection and processes of intermutations. The adaptation processes in cenopopulations are aimed to the preservation of forms having morphological and biological qualities, similar to the properties of endemic calciphilous vegetation. Results and Discussion: The studying of adaptive microevolutionary processes occurring in gullies and gully complexes allowed the authors to develop the concept of formation on the Cretaceous South of the Central Russian Upland the secondary (anthropogenic) microgene center for the formation of commensal species of these genera, as Medicago, Trifolium, and others. For the selection of valuable forms under natural conditions, a system of integrated biological indicators is developed: Rhizospheric index and iron index are closely correlated with the parameter of seed productivity and resistance (r = 0.871–0.921) selection by which provides drought-resistance progeny and competitive advantages in mixed crops on calcareous soils. The involvement of genetic resources of wild cenopopulations of alfalfa and clover as starting material is advantageously carried out by methods of recurrent selection. This method obtained a number of new varieties of clover and alfalfa, which have a high drought-resistance, stable seed yield, and wide ecological amplitude. Conclusion: Selections with different characteristics of the new varieties of alfalfa and clover are already included in the future schemes of recurrent selection to obtain new, more high-yielding forms. Key words: Alfalfa, biological resources, drought tolerance, Fabaceae genetic resources, mf-mutation, morphological characteristics, productivity, recurrent selection, white cloverAddress for correspondence:  Elena Vladimirovna Dumacheva, Department of Biology, Doctor of Biological Sciences,  Belgorod State University, 85, Pobedy St.,  Belgorod, 308015, Russia.  E-mail: dumacheva@bsu.edu.ruReceived: 07-06-2018 Revised: 19-06-2018 Accepted: 26-06-2018INTRODUCTIONThe south of the Central Russian Upland is a region with particular natural landscape-climatic conditions, the large anthropogenic load, and the intensive development of agricultural farming. A significant place in the territorial structure of agricultural landscapes of the region is occupied by gullies and gully complexes with Cretaceous outcropings that are rich in endemic and epiobiotic species.[1-5]ORIGINAL ARTICLEDumacheva, et al.:  Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of RussiaInternational Journal of Green Pharmacy • Apr-Jun 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (2) | S355A feature of the area is the high content of calcium carbonate in the soil, which leads to a reduction in overall bioproductivity of phytocenoses.[6-8]Primarily, it affects perennial legumes - essential sources of food and feed protein, pharmaceuticals, and components of agro-landscape systems that play an adaptive role and improve the environment in the different structures of agroecosystems, etc.[9-11]The aim of the research was to study the biological resources of the genera Medicago and Trifolium species as the most valuable in genetic and economic terms as starting material for ecological selection for drought resistance.MATERIALS AND METHODSResearch methodology is based on the doctrine of centers of origin and cultivated plant diversity, microgene centers (anthropogenic gene centers), discrete centers of education, and “diffuse origin” of cultivated plant areas.[12-14] The basis of our research is the concept of secondary anthropogenic microgene center at forming species of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous South of the Central Russian Upland.[7-9]Objects of studying are wild cenopopulations alfalfa Medicago varia Mart. and white clover Trifolium repens L.Natural communities have been studied in the process of routing research in a variety of natural-territorial complexes in Belgorod region. In the culture, studies were carried out in a selection seed field of Closed JSC “Krasnoyaruzhskayacereal company.” The soil of test plot is typical black soil; humus content is of 5.8. The main method of selection work in the culture of alfalfa and clover was periodic selection or recurrent selection.[15,16]Observations, surveys and statistical data processing were carried out according to standard methods.[7-9]RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe greatest diversity of legume grasses synanthropes that are resistant to the carbonate substrate, growing in the wild, is revealed in the orifice of the hollows and on the detrital fans of the gullies. Here is the silt deposit when it rains and during snowmelt, and the demolition of all the genetic material from the surrounding area.In the midst of reduced interspecific and intraspecific competition on the detrital fans, introgressive hybridization and microevolutionary changes in cenopopulations occur. The founder effect is in evidence; it is the accumulation of recessive genes, forming the reserve for natural selection and processes of intermutations.The adaptation processes in cenopopulations are aimed at the preservation of forms having morphological and biological qualities, similar to the properties of endemic calciphilous vegetation. The studying of adaptive microevolutionary processes occurring in gullies and gully complexes allowed the authors to develop the concept of formation on the Cretaceous South of the Central Russian Upland the secondary (anthropogenic) microgene center for the formation of commensal species of these genera, as Medicago, Trifolium, and others.[7-9]New methodological approaches formed the basis of selection work with perennial grasses. Chosen in the midst of competition and calcareous soils individuals and cenopopulations of perennial herbs of the genera Medicago and Trifolium are used to obtain cost-effective, with high seed productivity and carrying capacity environmentally sustainable agrocenopopulations as the basis for new drought-resistant varieties. In wild cenopopulations of M. varia alfalfa and white clover T. repens in selection for drought-resistance individuals with specific morphological characteristics have been selected [Table 1].Competition and the calcimorphic feature of the soil are the potent ecotope factors of agrocenopopulations differentiation, leading to the survival and preservation of individuals with similar genetic characteristics. In alfalfa, for example, it is evidenced by the appearance in the selection of individuals having the symptom of multifoliolation (mf-mutation).[7-9]The result of longstanding work on attraction of genetic resources of alfalfa and clover wild cenopopulations as starting material for recurrent selection is the new drought-resistant variety populations of these perennial legume grasses.Scientifically substantiated the system of integrated biological indicators (rhizospheric index and the index of iron), closely correlated with the value of seed productivity and resistance (r = 0.871–0.921), selection of which provides a competitive advantages to progeny in mixed crops on calcareous soils. The result was derived synthetic populations of alfalfa changeable, which became the basis of new varieties Krasnoyaruzhskaya 1 and Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2. New varieties nick in characteristics such as high carrying capacity and stable seed productivity. It makes promising their wide use not only in the Central Black Soil region but also in other regions of Russia. As a result, recurrent selection of the selecting varieties Belgorodskaya 86, Belgorodskaya 7, Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2, as well as individual selectings from local Alfalfa cenopopulations selected in Alekseevsky district of Belgorod region, a new variety population of alfalfa PPL 3/12 is received.Variety population PPL 3/12 exceeds standard – selecting Belgorodskaya 86 as to the yield of green mass by 21.0 %, hay by 20.8 %, and as to protein content in forage mass Dumacheva, et al.:  Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of RussiaInternational Journal of Green Pharmacy • Apr-Jun 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (2) | S356Table 1: Morphological characteristics of wild cenopopulations of M. varia and T. repens L.Elements of the morphological descriptionDescription of the individual featuresM. varia T. repens L.Form of autumn or spring after growing rosetteErect CreepingForm of the bush Erect CreepingNumber of internodes, pcs. 16‑19 9‑16Bushiness Average AverageCaulesHeight, cm 110–140 10–12 to 20Roughness Low MediumDowniness Weak LackColor of knots From green to slightly violet VioletBranchiness High From medium to highLeaf coverage, % 55–60 46–50Leaves of middle canopyDimension, cm Length 2.8–3.6Width 1.7–2.0 0.9–1.5Form Obovate, broadly lanceolate, and lenghthened ellipticalRoundedDowniness Very weak, the hairs pressed from the underside of the leafSmoothColoring Green GreenWax coating Mild MildLeaves softness degree Medium soft Medium softStipules of middle canopyForm Wedge‑like Middle roundedDowniness Weak LackColoring Green Pale greenInflorescenceForm Raceme CapitateLength (raceme, capitate, spike, or anthela), cm3.0–5.1 1.5–2.0 Degree of looseness Coriaceous MediumColoring Blue, violet of different shades, including mixedWhite‑pinkBeans: Size, form, coloring, number of curlsLength: 0.5–1.1 cm, width 0.3–0.5 cm, strombuliform with 1.5–4 curls, brownSmall; 0.5–0.8 сm; straight, chestnut‑brown coloringSeedsDimension Length 1.6–3.0 mm, width 1.0–2.0 mm SmallForm Reniform, less often angular oval RoundColor Light‑brown with a yellowish tint Yellow predominates, less often brown% of solid seeds 15–60 8–26Root systemVigor development Well developed, weakly‑branched WeakManifestation of the main root Well developed Poorly developedPresence of nodules A great number A great numberM. varia: Medicago varia, T. repens: Trifolium repensDumacheva, et al.:  Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of RussiaInternational Journal of Green Pharmacy • Apr-Jun 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (2) | S357by 15.5 %, while the yield of seeds is above the standard [Table 2].A new variety of white clover Krasnoyaruzhsky is also obtained by the method of recurrent selection based on selectings from local populations, growing both on Cretaceous outcrops and on intensively pastured pastures in the floodplain of the Korocha and Oskol rivers.The purpose of selection work with clover was to create a low-grown variety with high decorative qualities for terraces, which at the same time has high seed productivity and technological effectiveness when cultivated for seeds. The general decorativeness of the new variety when cultivated on terraces is better than the variety of Rivendale taken as the standard; the new variety surpasses the seed yield standard by 40% when cultivating seed crops in culture that provides a more guaranteed seed production [Table 3].The most important biological features of the variety are increased seed productivity of grass stands during cultivation for seeds, the possibility of cultivation on soils with a high content of carbonates (burial of construction debris in urban environments, melioration of technogenically disturbed landscapes, etc.), high resistance to trampling. The variety has wide ecological amplitude and is suitable for creating terrace grass stands in different soil and climatic conditions.Selections with different characteristics from new varieties of alfalfa and clover are already included in further schemes of recurrent selection to obtain new, even more high-yielding forms.CONCLUSIONIt is established that for the selection of valuable drought-resistant forms of legume grasses in natural conditions; it is necessary to use a system of complex biological indicators: The rhizospheric index and the iron index. Selection on the basis of these characteristics ensures the drought resistance of progeny and its competitive advantages in mixed crops on carbonate soils.Attracting genetic resources of wildly growing cenopopulations of M. varia and T. repens as a starting material is expedient to carry out by recurrent selection methods.New varieties of legumes M. varia and T. repens, obtained by genetic resources of wild cenopopulations, have high drought resistance, stable seed productivity, and wide ecological amplitude.Selectings with different characteristics from new varieties of alfalfa and clover are already included in further schemes of recurrent selection to obtain new, even higher yielding varieties.REFERENCES1. Kotlyarova EG, Cherniavskih VI, Dumacheva EV. Ecologically safe architecture of agrolandscape is basis for sustainable development. Sustain Agric Res 2013;2:11-24.2. Degtyar OV, Chernyavskikh VI. About steppe communities state of the South-East of Belgorod region. Herald of Nizhniy Novgorod University Named after Lobachevsky. Biology 2004;2:254.3. Degtyar OV, Chernyavskikh VI. The environment-forming role of endemic species in calciphilous communities of the Southern central Russian upland. Russian J Ecol 2006;37:143-5.4. Kurskoy АJ, Tokhtar VK, Cherniavskih VI. Floristic finds of adventive and rare plant species in the Southwest of the Central Russian Upland. Int J Appl Fundament Res 2014;9:78-82.5. Vishnevskaya E, Klimova T, Dumacheva E, Bogomazova I. Current issues in the development of modern guide using GIS technologies. Adv Environ Biol 2014;8:305-8.6. Lisetskii FN, Chernyavskikh VI, Degtyar OV. Pastures in the Zone of Temperate Climate: Trends of Development, Dynamics, Ecological Fundamentals of Rational Use. In: Pastures: Dynamics, Economics and Management. USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2011. p. 51-85.7. Dumacheva EV, Chernyavskikh VI. Biological potential of legume grasses in the natural cenoses on eroded agricultural lands of the Central Chernozem Zone. Kormoproizvodstvo 2014;4:8-12.Table 2: Yield and quality of green mass of alfalfa variety population PPL 3/12 (2012–2014)Indicators Belgorodskaya 86 PPL 3/12Yield of green mass, c/ha354.5±89.2 428.8±11.6Yield of hay, c/ha 80.5±2.9 97.2±3.7Seed productivity, c/ha2.16±0.31 3.20±0.63Leaf coverage, % 52.3±0.36 55.6±0.43Protein, % 20.9±0.14 18.1±0.15Fiber, % 23.2±0.35 24.5±0.66Table 3: Productivity and quality of Krasnoyaruzh sky variety (2012–2014)Indicators Variety RivendaleVariety KrasnoyaruzhskyGeneral decorative effect of terrace grass standmedium HighProjective coverage, % 85 100Seed yield, c/ha 4.7±0.3 2.9±0.4Dumacheva, et al.:  Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of RussiaInternational Journal of Green Pharmacy • Apr-Jun 2018 (Suppl) • 12 (2) | S3588. Dumacheva EV, Cherniavskih VI, Markova EI, Klimova TB, Vishnevskaya EV. Spatial pattern and age range of ceno populations Medicago L. in the conditions of gullying of the southern part of the central Russian upland. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2015;6:1425-9.9. Dumacheva EV, Cheriavskih VI. Particular qualities of micro evolutionary adaptation processes in cenopopulations Medicago L. on carbonate forest-steppe soils in European Russia. Middle East J Sci Res 2013;10:1438-42.10. Kurkina YN, Lan Huong NT, Dumacheva EV, Cherniavskich VI, Lazarev AV. Features of morphology and biology of broad bean samples in the South of the central black Earth region (Russia). Int J Green Pharm 2017;11:494-7.11. Rybtsov SA, Dumacheva EV, Dumachev DV, Mustafin IG, Kagansky AM, Rybtsova NN, et al. Ethical and scientific aspects of human embryonic material research: The UK experience. Genes Cells 2016;11:82-9.12. Vavilov NI. Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.13. Chandra A. Studies on morphological and genetically similarities in Medicago murves and M. doliata to M. scutellata. J Environ Biol 2010;31:803-8.14. Diamond J. Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 2002;418:700-7.15. Allard RW. Principles of Plant Breeding. New York: Wiley; 2010.16. Shelton AC, Tracy WF. Recurrent selection and participatory plant breeding for improvement of two organic open-pollinated sweet corn (Zea mays L.) populations. Sustainability 2015;7:5139-52.Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of Russia as a source of starting material for drought-resistance selection

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Biological resources of the Fabaceae family in the Cretaceous south of Russia as a source of starting material for drought-resistance selection

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