The study presents the options for the estimation of soil assimilation rates with carbon regenerating after an anthropogenic influence in the Central Black Earth region of Russia. The evaluation methodology is based on the use of mathematical models of the trend component processes for the humus horizon and humus accumulation development in Forest-Steppe Black Earth area

Goleusov, P. V.

Kuharuk, N. S.

Martsinevskaya, L. V.

Smirnova, L. G.

DSpace at Belgorod State University

Research Journal o f Applied Sciences 10 (8): 415-418, 2015 ISSN: 1815-932X © M edwell Journals, 2015Evaluation of Carbon Assimilation by Regenerating Soils of the Central Black Earth Region of RussiaP avel V. G oleusov, L id iya G. Sm irnova, L arisa V. M artsinevskaya and N ata liya S. K uharuk  B elgorod  State U niversity , Pobedy S treet 85, B elgorod, R ussiaAbstract: The study presents the options for the estimation o f soil assimilation rates w ith carbon regenerating after an anthropogenic influence in the Central Black Earth region o f Russia. The evaluation methodology is based on the use o f mathematical models o f the trend component processes for the humus horizon and humus accum ulation development in Forest-Steppe Black Earth areas. In postagrogenic soils of Central Black Earth region of Russia the rate of carbon assimilation with regenerating soils varies from 21.00-71.30 g С m “  ^per year, depending on the degree o f violation. The highest rate of carbon fixation in an organic matter is typical for postagrogenic soils w ith severely degraded humus horizon in which the relative content o f humus is in the range of 1 -3.5%.Key words: Black earth areas o f Forest Steppes, postagrogenic soils, reproduction o f soils, the rate of soil ___________ formation, soil carbon, humus accumulation, formation o f soils_______________________________INTRODUCTIONThe generalization o f the study results concerning the carbon emissions from the soils o f the world (Bond-Lamberty and Thomson, 2010) showed that during the last decades there is a growth of this value which is related to global warming. In Russia, the significant losses o f carbon by ecosystems are typical for agricultural regions in particular for the Cenfral Black earth region where they have the following range of values: 60-600 kg ha“ ‘ per year (Moiseev andAlyabina, 2007). However at the economic downturn of 1990-2005 the level o f carbon losses by soils decreased due to the reduction o f cultivation area (Romanov skaya, 2008; Lyuri et a l ,  2010). The emergence o f large areas of wasteland contributed to the deposit of carbon into the soils, leading to the reduction o f its negative balance. According to the estimations (Romanovskaya, 2008), the emission o f carbon by arable soils in cenfral Russia makes about 0.8±0.1 tons С ha“ ‘ per year and the fixation o f carbon on the 4-5 year deposits makes 1.24±0.56 tons С ha“ ‘ per year (Stavropol black earth soils). The significant accumulation o f carbon occurs in posttechnogenic landscapes where the reproduction of soils occurs on exposed man-made substrates. According to the estimates carried out by Am erican scientists (Post and Kwon, 2000) during the early years of soil formation in recultivating ecosystems (at forest recultivation) are fixed by soils at the amount of 33.2-33.8 g С m “  ^ per year. The study summarizing the results of soil formation research in posttechnogenicecosystems of the U nited States (Rhoades e ta l., 200\)  the range of carbon assimilation by soil varies from 30-180 g С m “  ^per year depending on the age, the type of an ecosystem and climatic conditions. The age (ontogenetic status) o f regenerative ecosystems is one of the m ain factors that determine the intensity of carbon fixation in soils. As the studies showed (Goleusov and Lisetsky, 2008), the rate o f humus horizon formation and humus accumulation in the regeneration soils o f different ages may have ten-fold differences.MATERIALS AND M ETHODSThe proposed method o f carbon accumulation rate in the soils o f postagrogenic or posttechnogenic ecosystems o f forest steppe zone (under herbaceous vegetation) takes into account its current ontogenetic state w ithin the trends o f regenerative successions. The calculation is perform ed according to the model of humus stock growth in humus horizon by tim e and the growth of humus relative content in a previously described humus horizon (Goleusov and Lisetsky, 2009). A t that we are guided by the hypothesis of analog development possibility concerning the various stages of soil degradation with their stages o f development. The model o f humus reserves formation by time (t, years) in the humus horizon (Z^ t  ha“ '):= 50 X exp (-ex p  (0.737-0 .0 2 9 t))= 500xexp(-exp(0 .876-0 .000335t))Corresponding Author: Pavel V. Goleusov, Belgorod State University, Pobedy Street 85, Belgorod, Russia415Res. J. Applied Set, 10 (8): 415-418, 2015In  this model, 50 and 500 t ha“ ' is the maximmn reserve o f hmnus in the soils o f different ontogenetic development stages (n><l 0 and n><l 00 years, respectively) (Goleusov and Lisetsky, 2009). The remaining constants are the empirical coefficients in the equation of nonlinear regression. In order to calculate the rate of carbon fixation le t’s perform the following steps: L et’s determine (in the field conditions) the residual capacity o f the soil humus horizon (H, cm) which experienced the erosion (abrasion) o f the profile upper part. L et’s determine an average content o f humus in a humus horizon (G, %). L et’s calculate the stock of humus (Z, th a “ '):Table 1: The calculated values of carbon fixation rate (AS) in the organic matter of newly formed soils, depending on the initial (current)Z = H x G x y (2)Z (th a -‘) Ontogenic status (years) ДС (g m  ^year)30 49 25.7835 61 21.0040 77 15.0145 103 7.9850 177 3.7160 336 3.6370 498 3.5480 664 3.4690 833 3.38100 1007 3.30150 1948 2.88200 3033 2.47250 4317 2.06300 5888 1.65350 7914 1.24400 10770 0.82where, у is the soil consistency density (t m “ )^. Then le t’s conduct the calculation according to the equation of humus accumulation rate for forest steppe black earth areas. A t that two situations are possible: if Z<50 t h a“ ’, we use the calculation o f soil ontogenetic status (t, years) according to the following formula:0.737- I nt =f  r 7 \'\  - In  —V0.029ifZ > 5 0 th a “t =1-500In0.923A J0.000142V J(3)In  this Eq. 6 is the relative (%) humus content in the humus-accumulative horizon o f soil in which its high humus content growth stabilization occurs at the stage of development n x l 0-3,000 years (Goleusov and Lisetsky, 2009). The remaining coefficients are substantiated empirically. The calculation by model is carried out as follows: L et’s determine the humus content in soil (substrate) G (%). Let’s find the ontogenetic status (t) of soil system, according to the formula:rL 1 9 - ln - Int = Vf - TV 6 jy (8)0.1(4) L et’s find the rate of humus fixation (AG, % year):AG = — (^6 x exp(-exp(L 19 -  O.lt^The t values are used to calculate the speed of humus fixation (AZ, t ha“ ‘ year):AZ = — (50x exp(-exp(0.737 -  0.029t))x (t < 131)-dt^500 X exp (-e x p  (0.876 -  0.000335t))x (t > 13l)(5)L et’s calculate the rate o f carbon fixation (AC, g/m^ year), taking into account the carbon content in humus o f about 58%:AC = 58xAZThe model of humus relative content growth (G„ % year“ ') in the humus horizon during the regeneration o f soil formation:Gj = 6x exp (-ex p  (1 .19- 0 . It ^ (7)The rate o f carbon fixation in a humus-accumulative horizon of postagrogenic soil (AS^ g/m^ year) taking into account the formation density (y, g/cm^) is recalculated according to the following formula:AC. =H t(mod)XYxAG: (10)A t that the “m odel” power o f humus horizon mm) is calculated for the age of newly formed soil (t, years) according to the following equation:= 200 X ex p (-ex p (0.769 -  0.028t'RESULTS AND DISCUSSION(11)M ain part: Table 1 shows the results of carbon fixation rate calculation for the discrete levels o f humus stock in the humus horizon, conducted according to Eq. 1.416Res. J. Applied Set, 10 (8): 415-418, 2015Table 2: Calculated speeds of humus accumulation (AG), carbon fixation (ASa) in the newly fomied humus horizon soil for a 10 year old _______ deposit______________________________________________Initial humus content (%) AG (%'peryear) ACa (gm ^year)1.01.5 2.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.50.180.210.220.220.210.190.160.130.090.0549.6557.62 60.8860.6557.62 52.27 44.94 35.8725.2613.26Fig. 1: The dependence o f carbon fixation rate on the initial humus content in the soilThe calculations according to Eq. 1 are relevant for eroded agricultural soils w ith the preserved residual hum us horizon at their transition into the mode of deposit (conservation). In such a degraded soil, the matrix of humus horizon is preserved with the stable organo-mineral complexes (the humus content makes 3-4%), so the humus accumulation occurs mainly due to the gradual (rather slow) assimilation o f underlying poor humous layers by this process.Obviously in anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems the soils w ith a disordered matrix are often involved in the regeneration o f soils or the parent rocks on the surface. In such a situation, it is advisable to use the model of growth (Eq. 7) of the relative humus content in the humus-accumulative horizon o f forest steppe black soils.Table 2 shows the results o f carbon fbcation rate calculation in the soil for a 10 year deposit performed by the Eq. 7.Figure 1 shows that the intensity o f carbon fixation in the newly formed horizon o f regeneration soil is at its maxim um  at its relatively low content in the substrate on which the reproduction o f soils is performed.The use of Eq. 7 is possible at initial humus content in an exposed soil and ground up to 6%. At that a deposit age for which the calculation by this model is possible is estimated in 50 years as during this period of soilreproduction in the zone of maximum humus accumulation (about 20 cm) the balanced humus reserves are reached, after which the growth of humus profile is slowed sharply and the calculations may be carried out according to Eq. 1.CONCLUSIONThe results of the carbon fixation rate calculation (conducted according to the mathematical models of hum us horizon regeneration and humus accumulation processes) in postagrogenic soils showed that this value varies from 21.00-71.30 g С m “  ^ per year which is consistent w ith the available data (Kurganova and Lopes, 1990). Such an intensity of carbon fixation with regeneration soils may compensate to some extent for its specific losses due to the dehumification o f agricultural soils. In absolute terms, the fixation o f carbon by deposit soils (the area o f which makes > 1.2 mln ha) (Smelyansky, 2012) is quite high and may range from 250-856 thousand tons o f carbon per year. However, a sm all share o f deposits in the structure o f agricultural landscapes does not allow to compensate fully for the loss o f carbon in agricultural soils. The solution o f this problem may be the expansion o f arable lands, transferred into conservation and renaturation modes, the reduction o f carbon losses by agricultural soils, the expansion of forest plantation area.REFERENCESBond-Lamberty, B. and A. Thomson, 2010. Tem perature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature, 464: 579-582.Goleusov, P. and F. Lisetsky, 2008. Soil development in anthropogenically disturbed forest-steppe land scapes. Eurasian Soil Sci., 41(13): 1480-1486. Goleusov, P.V. andF.N . Lisetsky, 2009. Reproduction of soils in anthropogenically disturbed forest steppe landscapes. GEOS, Moscow, pp: 210.Kurganova, IN . and V.O. Lopes de Gerenyu, 1990. Assessment and Prediction o f Changes in the Reserves of Organic Carbon in Abandoned Soils of European Russia in 1990-2020. Eurasian Soil Sci., 41 (13): 1371-1377.Lyuri D.I., S.V. Goryachkin, N.A. Karavaeva, E.A. Denisenko and T.G. Nefedova, 2010. Dynamics of agricultural lands in Russia during XXst century and postagrogenic recovery o f vegetation and soils. GEOS, Moscow, pp: 416.Moiseev, B.N. and 1.0. Alyabina, 2007. Assessment and mapping o f components o f carbon and nitrogen balances inm ainbiom es of Russia. Izvestia RAN Ser. Geogr. (Proc. Russian Acad. Sci. Geogr. Ser.), 5: 116-127.417Res. J. Applied Set, 10 (8): 415-418, 2015Post, W.M. and K.C. Kwon, 2000. Soil Carbon Sequestration and Land-Use Change: Processes and Potential. Global Change Biol., 6 : 317-328.Romanovskaya, A. A., 2008. The basis o f anthropogenic emissions and greenhouse gase drains (CO2, N 2O, CH4) in livestock at agricultural land use and the land use change in Russia: Abstract of the thesis written by the Doctor o f biological sciences, Moscow, pp: 40.Rhoades, C.C. et al., 2001. Carbon sequestration on surface mine lands. Proceedings of the National Energy Technology Laboratoiy Conference on Regional Partnerships in Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration. Lexington, KY. Date Views 18.05.2015 W W W . n etl. doe. gov/publications/proc eeding s /0 1 /car bon_s eq_terr/grav es. pdf.Smelyansky, L, 2012. How many deposits are in the steppe region o f Russia? Steppe Bulletin, 36: 4-7.418

Evaluation of Carbon Assimilation by Regenerating Soils of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

http://dspace.bsu.edu.ru/bitstream/123456789/21971/1/Goleusov_Evaluation.pdf

Evaluation of Carbon Assimilation by Regenerating Soils of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

DSpace at Belgorod State University