Simulation of changes in energy costs of soil formation during the period of irrigation reclamation in the steppe zone has been performed using Wavelets analysis. A method has been proposed for the evaluation of natural anthropogenic soil forming process with consideration for the contribution of irrigation water to the hydrothermal regime during the growing season and the prediction of soil evolution under the effect of changing climatic conditions for the area of irrigated agricultur

Lisetskii, F. N.

Pichura, V. I.

Russian Agricultural Sciences

DSpace at Belgorod State University

Assessment and Forecast of Soil Formation under Irrigation in the Steppe Zone of UkraineF. N. Lisetskii" and У. I. Pichura*aBelgorod State National Research University, ul. Pobedy 85, Belgorod, 308015 Russiae-mail: liset@bsu.edu.ru bKherson State Agricultural University, ul. Rosa Luxemburg, 23, Kherson, 73006 Ukrainee-mail: pichura @yandex.ru Received O ctober 7, 2015Abstract— Simulation of changes in energy costs of soil formation during the period of irrigation reclamation in the steppe zone has been performed using Wavelets analysis. A method has been proposed for the evalua­tion of natural-anthropogenic soil-forming process with consideration for the contribution of irrigation water to the hydrothermal regime during the growing season and the prediction of soil evolution under the effect of changing climatic conditions for the area of irrigated agriculture.Keywords: irrigation reclamation, steppe zone, soil formation, forecasting DOI: 10.3103/S 1068367416020075INTRODUCTIONSteppe and dry-steppe landscapes were developed under adequate thermal but water-deficient condi­tions. From the generalized meteorological series (1900—2014), the annual precipitation is estimated at 400 mm and the mean annual air temperature is esti­mated at 9.8°C. From the beginning of vegetation to the harvest of cereal crops, the probability of drought is 40% in the Black Sea region of dark chestnut soils and 30% in the chernozemic steppe subzones; the probability of years with intensive and very intensive hot winds is 40—90%. The soil cover of agrolandscapes is diverse: ordinary and southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils in combination with solonetzic soils. The reserves of nutrients and their availability to plants, as well as the reserves of productive moisture, are controlled by the natural-climatic conditions of agrolandscapes (relief, hydrogeology, soil-climatic resources, etc.) [1]. The high degree of plowing of steppe and dry-steppe landscapes (65—75%), the widespread development of irrigation, and the wind and precipitation patterns largely determine the active devel­opment of deflation and water erosion of soils, which results in the deterioration of their agrophysical and agro­chemical statuses; a complex of problems is faced in irri­gation reclamation, and new trends in soil-forming pro­cesses are coming up in the irrigation zone.The development of new approaches to integrated estimates of the soil-forming potential of the climate having a prognostic potential is necessary for assessing the anthropogenic contribution of the irrigation recla­mation of lands in the dry and dry-steppe zones [2].The natural-anthropogenic soil-forming process on irrigated lands is characterized by accelerated and irre­versible manifestations, while the results of the agro- genically controlled evolution of soils in old developed regions of unirrigated farming are revealed after hun­dreds of years [3].The aim of this work was to estimate the dynamics and predict the evolution of pedogenesis in Kherson oblast, where agricultural lands occupy 1971000 ha (69.2%), including 1778000 ha (90.2%) ofplowland. The area includes 20% of the irrigated land in Ukraine, which corresponds to 426800 ha, although only 285 000 ha are in use.EXPERIMENTALWe used the methodology of bioenergetic approach [4], which allows simulating the scenarios of climatic impacts (through heat and moisture supply) expressed in energy equivalents on the evolution of soils in time. Earlier, the procedure of calculating the energy costs of soil formation ( 0  depending on climatic factors was improved at the development of this approach [5], and a model was proposed for the humus horizon thickness as a function of the Q value and the content of the physical clay fraction in the parent rocks [6]. The radiation balance, the energy costs of soil forma­tion (Q, MJ/m2), and the maximum thickness of the humus soil horizon (/ /Пт, mm) as a function of Q and the content of physical clay in the parent rocks (PC, %; <0.01 mm) were calculated according to the reported procedures [5,6]. Data on the air temperature (T, °C) and total precipitation (P, mm) during the vegetationLISETSKII, PICHURA^ ю ^ ю ь м ^ ь ь ь ь ь ь ь о 0  00 00 00 00 00 0000 00 00 0 \ 0 \ 0 \ ^ 0 \ 0 \ 0 \ ^ 0 \ 0 \ 0 0  0  0  0 0  0  0  0 0 ^ ^ г н ^ г н  < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ < ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  !— 1 !— 1 !— 1 !— 1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 !—1 '“H i-H t- h 1-H i-H (N | CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CNFig. 1. Dynamics of the climatic and anthropogenic energy supply of soil formation under irrigation reclam ation in the steppe zone of U kraine (1966—2014): climatic (Qp, M J/m 2), anthropogenic (£?jr, M J/m 2), and total (£?/> + i r ,  M J/m 2) energies.period were borrowed from eight meteorological sta­tions of Kherson oblast. The appraisal period was determined by the duration of irrigated farming (1966—2014). Data of the Kherson Regional Depart­ment of Water Resources were used, which allowed revealing the spatial and temporal distribution features of irrigation water (IR, mm) on the irrigated lands. Radar topographic survey was used to compose a digi­tal relief model and assess the distribution of radiation balance (R, M J/m2) over the area. The expansion of the initial series Q for the determination of the trend (7) and the low-frequency (approximating, A) and high-frequency (D) signals was performed using the Wavelets transform of the Meyer function of the fifth order [7,8], which ensured the conservation of the ini­tial signal energy by 96.17%. For the simulation and prediction of pedogenesis evolution on the irrigated lands, we used a theoretical model including the sum of sinusoids in the formNf ( x ) = ^(tf;Sin(Z>,/+c,)), (1); = 1where x is the value of the studied parameter; a is the amplitude of variation; b is frequency of variation; с is the phase (intercept), which is constant for each sinu­soidal wave in time; t is the discrete time value at moment /; and n is the number of the series members or the retrospective time projection.The adequacy of model (1) was estimated using prediction reliability criteria [9, 10]. Spatial-temporal analysis, simulation, and prediction were performed using Statistica Advanced + QC for Windows v. 10 Ru, MathWorks Matlab 7.9 R2009b, and ArcGIS 10.1 software.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe main climatic parameters determining the energy costs of soil formation (Q) include the sum of air temperatures >10°C and the total precipitation during the vegetation period (April—October). A posi­tive trend in temperature changes during the vegeta­tion was noted for 48 years of observations, an extre­mum of which corresponds to the early 21st century (with a periodicity of 8—9 years). The period of obser­vations (1966—2014) can be subdivided into the periods of air temperature (T, °C) formation under stable (1966—1996): T = 16.54 ± 0.16; V= 5.4%; T =  -0.1681n(0 + 16.96; r=  0.16) and unstable (1997-2014): T = 18.12 ± 0.31; V =  7.4%; T =  16.403e00102'; r =  0.76) condi­tions. The increase of air temperature and radiation balance implies an increase of irrigation rate (IR), but the increase of precipitation according to the trend- cyclic (11 years) scenario determines the development of a positive trend in the energy costs of soil formation (Qp), which resulted, under difficult social-economic conditions (significant increase in the cost of irrigation water) of the last 25 years, in the reduction of energy con­sumption for irrigation reclamation ((?IR) by 2.7 times: from 147.6 (1966-1990) to 55.4 M J/m2 (1991-2014) (Fig. 1).The dynamics of irrigation rate as a function of total precipitation during the vegetation period is described by an exponential equation. The form of the relationship varies among the separate periods: in 1966-1989, IR = 20224P-0-9248; r=  0.795; r2 = 0.632; in 1990-2014, IR = 20379Р-°-9Ш; r = 0.801; r2 =0.652. In 1966—2014, the total precipitation during the vegetation period in Kherson oblast increasedASSESSMENT AND FORECAST OF SOIL FORMATION UNDER IRRIGATION(Ь) H mm-lim, .И  <50 Ш Ж  400-450 И  50-100 Ш  450-500 m  100-150 г а  500-550 Ш  150-200 ШШИ 550-600 Я  200-250 ш ш  600-650 И  250-300 В Я  650-700 I I 300-350 ■ ■  >700 ШИЛ) .'5и 400Fig. 2. Distribution of water supply conditions during the vegetation period and the soil-formation potential on irrigated and unir­rigated lands of Kherson oblast: (a) total water supply: sum of precipitation (P, mm) and irrigation rate (IR, mm); (b) calculated maximum thickness of the humus soil horizon (H\\m, mm).from 155 to 330 mm when going from south to north. The total water supply (P + IR ) on the irrigated lands was 345—410 mm (Fig. la), which ensured the increase in the energy costs of soil formation (QP+IR) during the vegeta­tion period by 335 MJ/m2 (to 850 MJ/m2) on average. The total energy costs of soil formation in the area during the vegetation are differentiated: 790—910 MJ/m2 on the irrigated lands and 265—765 M J/m2 on the nonirri­gated lands.Earlier [6], a relationship of the maximum thick­ness of the humus soil horizon (/ /Nm) with the energy costs of soil formation (Q) and the proportion of phys­ical clay (<0.01 mm, PC, %) was derived in the formн  = 3914.6РСГ019 2l i m  ^  ( 5 . 3 4 6  - 0 . 0 0 5 2 3 0 ) '  ^  'The estimation of changes in hydrothermal condi­tions from Eq. (2) makes it possible to obtain the potential thickness of the humus soil horizon (/ /Пт). This value varies in a wide range (Fig. 2b) from anaverage of 238 mm (45—430 mm) on the nonirrigated lands to 605 mm (410—800 mm) on the irrigated lands. At the northern distribution limit of low-humus ordi­nary and southern chernozems (humus content G = 2.60—3.85%), the value of / /Nm can reach 250—430 mm on the nonirrigated lands and 630—800 mm on the irrigated lands; the corresponding values are 110—250 and 480—630 mm in the southern chernozem zone (G = 2.00—3.30%), as well as 100—160 and 430—550 mm, respectively, in the zone of dark-chestnut soils (G = 1.75—3.00%). The southern part of the area is occu­pied by chestnut and meadow-chestnut solonetzic soils (G = 1.00—2.6%) with a predicted Hlim value of 410—550 mm.According to the spatial distribution models for the Q and // |im values, the most favorable conditions for soil formation are created in the zone of ordinary and southern chernozems. However, the intensive devel­opment of irrigation (1970—1989) resulted in the leaching of humus to the lower horizons and the decrease of its content (G, %) in the 0—40 cm layer158 LISETSKII, PICHURA(a) (b)4 0  4 0  t '-' t ' - ' t ' - ' t ' - ' t ' - '  00  00 00 00 00 G \ G \ G \ G \ G \  СHCS|C<I(N(N(N(N(N(NVOOOOCS^VOXOM^VOOOOCS^VOOOOCN^VOXOM^-V D^D M M ^M ^OOXOOXXONONONONaNOOOOO^^^C\C\C\C\C\C\C\C\C\C\C\C\C\0 \ 0 \ 0 \C \ o o o o o o o o^h ^h^h^h ^h^h ^h^h ^h^h^h ^h^h ^h^h^h ^hcSK-SK-SK-SK-SK-SK-SK-S)D (c) (d) 100.00ЧО 4 0  t '-' t ' - ' t ' - ' t ' - ' t ' - '  00  00 00 00 00 G \ G \  On On G \  СHCS|C<I(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(N(NFig. 3. D ecomposition, dynamics, and prediction o f the energy costs of soil formation during the vegetation period up to  2040: (a) trend com ponent (7); (b) low-frequency com ponent (A); (c) high-frequency com ponent (D, white noise); (d) Wavelets tree for the initial signal energy conservation; (e) dynamics and prognosis of energy сов18Д0 = Д  T) +  ДА) (left axis, Qp, Qp + IR; right axis, GIR).from 2.56 to 2.20%. The period of 1990—2014 was characterized by a stable irrigation reclamation load and the manifestation of dehumification with time (t) (■G =  —0.0061? + 2.2914) with an insignificant varia­tion (Cv = 0.03%). Therefore, the stabilization of soil degradation processes, primarily on the irrigatedlands, can be ensured by the adequate input of harvest residues and organic fertilizers into the plow horizon; the decrease in the share of row crops; the increase in proportions of perennial grasses and field crop rota­tions; the reduction of unbalanced mineral fertiliza­tion (especially the application of physiologically acidASSESSMENT AND FORECAST OF SOIL FORMATION UNDER IRRIGATION 159fertilizers); the complete use of plant residues as fertil­izers; the reduction of water erosion, including the sci­entifically based optimization of irrigation rates; etc.To predict the evolution of pedogenesis under irri­gation reclamation, the Wavelets transform of the ini­tial series of climatic energy costs (QP) was performed. The decomposition of harmonic variations of different levels separated the trend (TP, Fig. 3a), low-frequency(AP, Fig. 3b), and high-frequency ( l),„ Fig. 3c) com­ponents. The function of the five-level decomposition of the time series has the following form :Д<2Р) =ATP) + f (AP) + f(DP). The Wavelets tree of the five-level decomposition coefficients and the stepwise preserva­tion of the initial signal time series is presented in Fig. 3d. The functions of the separate components are pre­sented as sums of sinusoids in system (3).Д Т )  = 1453 sin(0.02291?+ 81.96) + 869.lsin(0.03151?+ 200.1), r = 0.99, r2 = 0.98, ДА)  = 674.5sin(0.1892? + 143.4) + 73.31sin(0.5141? + 17.21) + 644.5 sin (0.1754?- 89.85) < + 63.26sin(0.6238? + 61.68) + 60.47 sin(0.3115? + 158), r = 0.97, r = 0.94, f (D) = 1113sin(2.912?- 63.02) + 1110sin(2.918? + 185.8) + 94.87sin(2.075?+ 41.05)+ 85.39sin(1.933?+ 60.24) + 67.27sin(2.662?- 88.16) + 113.4sin(2.496?- 20.4)+ 67.1sin(0.9913?+114.7), r = 0.79, r2 = 0.63.The system of functions (3) provides a practical opportunity for the long-term (from the trend compo­nent f(T)),  medium-term (with account for the low- frequency component f(T)  + f(A)), and short-term (with account for the high-frequency componentДТ)  +Д А ) + J'( I))) prognoses of the energy costs of soil for­mation with a high degree of certainty if the current trends of climatic changes in the steppe zone will con­tinue.The reliability of temporal simulation with account for the standard error of the input data was 94.97% for the trend component, 84.07% for the low-frequency component, and 59.02% for the high-frequency com­ponent. The long-term prognosis for 26 years (2015— 2040) was performed from the trend and low-fre- quency components (j\Q) =f(T) + ДА)); the reliability of simulation was estimated at 90% (Fig. 3e).The results of prediction suggest an increase in the natural energy costs of soil formation (QP) to 2040 by 80 M J/m2 at the established trends of climate changes in the steppe zone. Given an average decrease in the irrigation energy (QIR) by 1.4 times, this value will ensure a stable increase in the total energy of natural- anthropogenic soil formation (Qp+ir) by 38 M J/m2 on average. This can slow down the development of soil degradations revealed to the present.REFERENCES1. Pichura, V.I., Larchenko, O.V, Domaratsky, A., and Breus, D.S., Spatial assessment of the suitability of agricultural lands for growing and design of grain har­vest using GIS technologies, Uch. Zap. Orlov. Gos.Univ., Ser. Estestv. Tekh. Med. Nauki, 2013, no. 3, pp. 357-362.2. Pichura, V.I. and Breus, D.S., The basin approach in the study of spatial distribution anthropogenic pressure with irrigation land reclamation of the dry steppe zone, Biogeosyst. Tech., 2015, vol. 3, pp. 89—100.3. Lisetskii, F., Stolba, V., and Marinina, O., Indicators of agricultural soil genesis under varying conditions of land use, Steppe Crimea, Geoderma, 2015, vol. 239— 240, pp. 304-316.4. \blobuev, V.R., Vvedenie v energetiku pochvoobrazo- vaniya (Introduction to Soil Formation Energetics), Moscow: Nauka, 1974.5. Lisetskii, F. and Chepelev, O.A., Climatic conditional­ity of soil formation in the Central Black Earth Region, Vestn. VGU, Ser. Geogr. Geoekol., 2003, no. 2, pp. 15— 23.6. Lisetskii, F. and Chepelev, O., Quantitative substantia­tion of pedogenesis model key components, Adv. Envi­ron. Biol., 2014, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 996—1000.7. Mayer, Y, Wavelets, generalized white noise and frac­tional: The synthesis of fractional brownian motion, /. Fourier Anal. Appl., 1995, no. 5 (5), pp. 465—494.8. Yakovlev, A.N., Vvedenie v veivlet-preobrazovaniya (Introduction to Wavelet Transformation), Novosi­birsk: Izd. NGTU, 2003.9. Pichura, V.I., The space-time forecasting of changes in the parameters of agrochemical indicators of reclaimed soils using GIS and neurotechnologies, Agrokhim. Gruntoznavstvo, 2012, no. 78, pp. 87—95.10. Pichura, V.I., Pilipenko, Yu.V., Lisetskiy, F.N., and Dovbysh, O.E., Forecasting of hydrochemichal regime of the Lower Dnieper section using neurotechnologies, Hydrobiol. J., 2015, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 100—110.Translated by K. Pankratova

Assessment and forecast of soil formation under irrigation in the steppe zone of Ukraine

F. N. Lisetskii

V. I. Pichura

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Assessment and forecast of soil formation under irrigation in the steppe zone of Ukraine

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