The subject matter of concepts of culture is of great interest and topicality to researchers in the fields of linguoculturology and cognitive linguisticsye

Morel Morel, D. A.

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52 European Applied Sciences: modern approaches in scientific researches« ^ й д е »  баяндауш ы мен кеш пкерлер арасы ндагы  «ара кашыктык» бiрде алы- стай TYcce, бiрде жы мдасып кетедi. Баяндауш ы 03i суреттеп отырган окигалардын куэгер1 ретш де кабылданады . М ысал к ел и р ш  к 0регак: «Ырде Ж 0неш т К0рш1 ауылга бары п кайты п келе ж аты п, ауыл ш етiне iлiге бере дутарды н Yнiн еcтiдi. Ж урт буны н Yйiне дэт кы лы п кiре берм ейтш ; ауылда калган адамнын бэрi y ^  Yйдiн К0ленкеciне ш ыгыпты , казан басында курт кайнатып жYрген катын-калаш  та ж ер ош акка YHiлiп мYлгiп отыр. Бул да кулак салып едр там ы р-тамы ры нды  м уздаты п экетш  бара ж аткан  салкы н саз екен» нем есе «Аттылы-TYЙелi кара куры м  тiзбектiн  кыр соны нда алты туткы н келедi. М ы нау ж ер кайы скан калын ДYрмектiн 0 здерiн кандай КYнге тап кылаты нын бiле алмай, айналага алак-жулак карай  бередi». Баяндауш ы  кейде окигага тiкелей араласса, кейде онын орнын кейiпкердiн 0зi басады, c0Йтiп баяндауш ы мен кейiпкер ойлары араласып кетедi. Ал ш ы гарм а соны нда баяндауш ы  «дауысы» еcтiлмейдi, тек Ж вн еш ттщ  iш кi мо- нологына ерiк бершедьЭдебиет Ti3iMi:1. Обдезулы К. Казак прозасы  жэне ултты к идея: Оку куралы. -  Алматы: Казак универcитетi, 2005.2. Б екниязов Т. К еш пкердщ  адамгерш iлiк проблемасы . -  Алматы: Казак универcитетi, 1997.3. Кекш баев 0 .  Ханш а Д ария хикаясы . Балладалар мен роман. -  Алматы: Атамура, 2003.4. Кiшiбеков Д., Сыдыков Y. Ф илософия. -  Алматы: А тамура-Казакстан, 1994.5. П iрэлиева Г. К0ркем прозадагы  пcихологизмнiн кейбiр мэcелелерi (Tyc к0ру, бейвербалды иш араттар, затты к элем). М онография. -  Аламты: Алаш, 2003.Morel Morel D m itry Alexander, Belgorod National Research University, associate professor, D epartment o f foreign languages and professional communicationExistential concepts in the Russian naive picture of the world: dynamics revealed through diachronic comparative study of associative fieldsThe subject m atter of concepts of culture is of great interest and topicality to research­ers in  the fields o f linguoculturology and cognitive linguistics1 Q. v.: Колесов В. В. Концепт культуры: образ -  понятие -  символ. Вестник СПбУ Сер. 2. История, языкознание, литературоведение. 1992. Вып. 3 (№ 16). С. 30-40. Воркачев С. Г. Лингвокультурная концептология: становление и перспективы. ИРАН СЛЯ. 2007. Т. 66, № 2. С. 13-22. Степанов Ю. С. Константы. Словарь русской культуры. Опыт исследования. М. Языки русской культуры. 1997.Section 5. Philology and linguistics 53According to V. A. Maslova “core (basic) units o f the picture of the world having ex­istential significance bo th  for an individual linguistic identity and com m unity in  whole” can be referred to as key concepts of culture '. M. V. Pinenova specifies that such concepts should “occur in  frequent com m on form s of language — words, collocations, proverbs and sayings, riddles” 2 and gives their classification: 1) universal categories o f culture (categories of philosophy), 2) sociocultural categories, 3) categories o f national culture,4) ethical categories, 5) m ythological categories (including religious ones) 3.We have undertaken our own study of several “constants o f culture” 4 to corroborate the hypothesis that the dynam ics of such concepts can be som ew hat schematically but reliably revealed through the analysis of the alterations in  structure and content of their associative fields over tim e 5. The study has also show n that the above-m entioned clas­sification should be supplem ented with “existential concepts”.Such universal concepts being deeply entrenched in  any m odern  culture m eet the specific ontology of existentials of hum an being conceived as “a new  interpretation of m etaphysics faced hum an, his fear, loneliness, anguish, freedom , despair, boredom , nausea as transcendentalia determ ining the hum an being” 6.The subject o f the p resen t study  is the concept “fear” in  the naive Russian picture o f the w orld, w hereas the scope has been  lim ited  to  associative fields o f stim ulus ‘страх  (fear)’ fixed as o f 1988-1997 ( T0) and  2013-2014 ( T )  The first field is bu ilt upon  the m aterials o f “Russian associative d ic tio n ary ”, while the second  one is re ­trieved  from  the results o f the au thor experim en t rep roducing  the raw  data acquisi­tio n  p rocedure  adop ted  in  the m en tioned  d ic tio n ary  7. T hen  follow ed m o rpho log i­cal and sem antic  clusterization  8 and “com parative analysis o f the associative fields d iffering  in  the tim e o f fixation” 9.1 Маслова В. А. Лингвокультурология. М. Academia. 2001. C. 51.2 Пименова М. В. Коды культуры в пространстве языка. Новые парадигмы в когнитивной лингвистике. Алматы. 2014. C. 66.3 Там же. C. 65-66.4 Степанов Ю. С. Константы. Словарь русской культуры. Опыт исследования. М. Языки русской культуры. 1997. C. 76-77.5 Морель Морель Д. А. Динамика культурных концептов сквозь призму ассоциативного эксперимента. Современные проблемы языкознания, литературоведения, межкультурной коммуникации и лингводидактики. Белгород. ИД «Белгород». 2014. С. 205-209.6 Гагарин А. С. Феноменологическая топика: смысложизненное пространствоэкзистенциалов человеческого бытия. Научный ежегодник Института философии и права Уральского отделения Российской академии наук. 2009. Вып. 9. С. 6.7 Русский ассоциативный словарь. М. Астрель; АСТ. 2002. Т. 1. C. 3-4.8 Морель Морель Д. А. Напитки во французском, английском и русском ассоциативных словарях (стимул реакция). Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики. 2012. № 3 (14). С. 56.9 Алимушкина О. А. Возможности изучения стереотипов в ассоциативных полях. Альманах современной науки и образования. 2010. № 2 (33). Ч. 2. C. 15.54 European Applied Sciences: modern approaches in scientific researchesThus, two samples (being of the same age group: 17-25) represent two different genera­tions born  and form ed under two different social systems — Soviet and post-Soviet — that have antipodal value systems and world outlooks thence divergent pictures of the world.The analysis o f associative m aterials allowed us to reveal 11 clusters in  total, one of which can be subdivided into 12 subclusters. Thus, the fear —1) is its cause, e. g.: a) death, b) darkness, c) height, d) certain psychophysiological state, e) certain  general situation, f) studies, g) animals, h) supernatural creatures, i) enemies, j) police, k) other people, l) films, com puter games;2) is a certain  psychophysiological state sim ilar to the fear (differing by the level of intensity) or related to it;3) has a certain  intensity;4) is instinctive;5) for somebody;6) of God;7) is experienced or not;8) affects or stops stressing;9) is like a living creature;10) is that it causes;11) and hatred.Next follows the overview of obtained results.1. T0-field stateThe field consists o f 72 associations with 100 occurrences (including two refusals). The share of single associations is 81,9%, whereas the share of their occurrences is only 57%. The shares of gender-m utual answers are 11,1% in associations and 28% in their occurrences.The top-frequent associations are ‘ужас (horror)’ (7 occurrences), ‘Бож ий (of G od)’ (5), ‘смерти (of dea th )’ (5), ‘ж ивотны й  (bodily)’ (4), ‘больш ой (great)’ (3), ‘испуг (fright)’ (3).The T0-field includes representatives of all revealed clusters and of 8 subclusters. Its field structure is as follows:— the core is form ed by clusters No. 2 (15% of reactions (occurrences)/8,3%  of as­sociations) and 3 (12%/11,1%);— the close periphery  em braces (sub)clusters No. 4 (7%/5,6%), 5 (6%/8,3%), 1a (6%/2,8%), 1e (5%/7,0%), 7 (5%/5,6%), 1b (5%/5,6%), 6 (5%/1,4%), 8 (4%/5,6%), 10 (4%/5,6%), 1f (4%/4,2%);— the far periphery  includes (sub)clusters No. 9 (3%/4,2%), 1d (2%/2,8%), 1j (2%/2,8%), 1k (2%/2,8%);— the extreme periphery  is presented by m onoclusters No. 11 (1%/1,4%) and 1c (1%/1,4%).Formally, cluster No. 1 dom inates the structure of the field w ith its 30% of reactions and 34,7% of associations, but due to its semantically heterogeneous substructure and different relevance of its subclusters it should be considered piecemeal. It appears from  this that the “core — periphery” d istribution graph has a sm ooth, sloping profile.Section 5. Philology and linguistics 552. T-field stateThe field consists o f 63 associations w ith 100 occurrences (including 5 refusals). The share of single associations is 74,6%, whereas the share of their occurrences is only 46%. The shares of gender-m utual answers are 12,7% in associations and 36% in their occurrences.The top-frequent associations are ‘уж ас (horror)’ (8 occurrences), ‘смерть (death)’ (5), ‘испуг (fright)’ (5), ‘боязнь (phobia)’ (5), ‘сильный (strong)’ (3), ‘ненависть (ha­tred )’ (3), ‘темнота (darkness)’ (3).The Т  -field includes representatives o f 8 clusters and of 10 subclusters. Its field structure is as follows:— the core consists o f cluster No. 2 (26% of reactions/14,3%  of associations);— the close periphery  com prises (sub)clusters No. 1a (7%/4,8%), 1e (7%/9,5%), 1l (6%/9,5%), 1b (6%/4,8%), 9 (4%/6,4%), 1g (4%/4,8%), 10 (4%/4,8%);— the far periphery  is presented by (sub)clusters No. 3 (4%/3,2%), 11 (4%/3,2%), 7 (3%/4,8%), 1c (3%/3,2%), 1d (3%/3,2%), 1h (2%/3,2%), 1i (2%/3,2%);— the extrem e periphery  is m ade up of m onoclusters No. 8 (1%/1,6%) and  1f (1%/1,6%).D om inating “gestalt” cluster No. 1 accounts for 41% of reactions and 47,6% of as­sociations.The structure of the field is notable for the breakaway of the core from  the periphery.3. Field dynamicsThe to tal num ber of associations and  the w eight o f single associations have de­creased, whereas the average frequency of associations and the weight of gender-m utual ones have grown.The set o f top-frequent associations has undergone obvious changes with only three reactions holding the ir own. W hile ‘уж ас’ has kept its leading position, ‘испуг’ has boosted figures. The idea of death has kept the second rank, but we witness a small-scale but im portan t shift: instead of genitive case which makes a collocation out o f stimulus and reaction (“страх смерти (fear o f death)”) we see nom inative one em erging that can result in  a whole sentence with a m eaning of identification: “страх — смерть (fear is death)”. The idea of the “size” of fear has been supplanted by the one of its strength. The num ber of adjectival associations has decreased.In its developm ent the field under study lost representatives of three clusters (No. 4 -6 ) and of two subclusters (No. 1j-1k). So, the ideas of the fear o f God, police and o th e r people, o f the fear fo r som ebody, and  o f the instinctive natu re  o f fear have com pletely lost their relevance for the contem porary  linguistic consciousness, as well as two com binatory  patterns: “страх за  [кого-то] (fear for sm b)” “страх перед [чем- то] (fear o f sm th )”. O n the con tra ry  we w itness the em ergence o f four subclusters (No. 1g-1j, 1l) referring  to anim als, supernatural beings, enem ies, films and com puter gam es as causes of fear.Four (sub)clusters (No. 3, 7, 8, 1f) have fallen into a decline losing bo th  in  frequency and in  representativity, two (sub)clusters (No. 1b, 10) stagnate; 8 (sub)clusters (No. 11, 1c, 2, 1d, 1e, 1a, 1 (in general), 9) dem onstrate m ore or less stable growth.56 European Applied Sciences: modern approaches in scientific researches(Sub)clusters No. 2, 1a 1b, 1e rem ain highly relevant for the linguistic conscious­ness at bo th  stages (Т0 and T ) ,  whereas No. 1c, 1d, and 11 are of low relevance over the whole period.Considerable increm ent o f refusals should be noticed, as well as reduction in  adjec­tival and verbal associations.t t e  undertaken study lets us come to the following conclusions.1. ^ e  system  of associations u n d er study m anifests a certain  consolidation and reduction over the time. It shows up bo th  in  general figures and in  structure details.2. Analysis o f associative m aterials also helps to reveal the relations between exis­tential concepts (“fear ^  death” par excellence).3. In spite of the m oderate num ber of given associations the findings the close ex­am ination of the system provides us with are enough to make up conclusions about the concept’s structure with a sufficient level o f details.4. t t e  structure of the concept “fear” revealed upon its associative field’s structure has not undergone any crucial changes. t t e  m ain differences lie at the quantitative level of relevance.As of T0 the concept core refers to different states sim ilar to fear (the core of the concept’s nom inative field is m ade up of synonyms of the world ‘страх’), while the lin ­guistic consciousness is firmly fixed on causes of fear. Due to their variety and different relevancy they form  the whole “cognitive sector” 1 in  the concept structure.Both of these peculiarities just kept reinforcing in  case of T  concept state. But the cognitive characteristic of intensity  having been  highly relevant as o f T0 has alm ost fallen into oblivion. t t e  contem porary state of the concept is also characterized by loos­ening of relations between fear and hum ans (both fo r  and of) and slackening of activity aspect o f fear in  the cognitive structure. It should be noted  that a certain  reduction in share of adjectival and verbal representatives of different concepts is rather com m on for ^ -resp o n d en ts  picture of the world 2.5. Really surprising is that the fear o f G od was rem em bered only by Soviet epoch respondents (thought to be atheists), but completely forgotten by Tj-ones.A tru ly  novelty in  the concept structure is the slot referring to films and com puter games as causes of fear. Its emergence is consonant with the spirit o f the tim es reflecting the drastic changes in  m ass-cultural practices and attitudes.Pulling ahead of refusals into the top-frequent associations group can be evidence of respondents’ attem pt to avoid a vexatious m atter playing ostrich, not to relive such existential memories.1 Рудакова А. В. Когнитология и когнитивная лингвистика. Воронеж. Истоки, 2004. C. 52.2 Q. v.: Morel Morel D. A. Medium-term dynamics of the naive picture of the world through the prism of associative experiment. Applied and Fundamental Studies: Proceedings of the 5th International Academic Conference. St. Louis. Publishing House “Science and Innovation Center”. 2014. P. 236.

Existential concepts in the Russian naïve picture of the world: dynamics revealed through diachronic comparative study of associative fields

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Existential concepts in the Russian naïve picture of the world: dynamics revealed through diachronic comparative study of associative fields

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