The article deals with the fact that false friends can cause difficulty for students learning a foreign language, particularly one that is related to their native language, because students are likely to identify the words wrongly due to linguistic interference. From the etymological point of view, false friends can be created m several ways shared etymology, homonyms, homoglyphs, pseudo-anglicismsye

Platoshina, V. V.

Ruzhenkova, V.

DSpace at Belgorod State University

Orel, 2001 - P  12-142 Choquet, M Adolescents enquete nationale / M Choquet, S Ledoux -  Pans INSERM, 1994 -  346 p ill -  (Analyses et prospective)3 Ellis, J В Adaptive characteristics and suicidal behavior a gender comparison of young adults / J В Ellis, D A Lam is/ / Death Studies -2 0 0 7  -  Vol 31, is 9 - P  845- 8544 Tishler, С L Suicidal behavior m children younger than twelve a diagnostic challenge for emergency department personnel / С L Tishler, N S Reiss, A R Rhodes // Acad Emerg Med -2 0 0 7  -  Vol 14, is 9 - P  810-818К Ruzhenkova, К К PlatoshinaFALSE FRIENDS IN CONVERTING A TEXT FROMONE SCRIPT INTO ANOTHERRussia Belgorod State Universitywootzor(a bLf иThe article deals with the fact that false friends can cause difficulty for students learning a foreign language, particularly one that is related to their native language, because students are likely to identify the words wrongly due to linguistic interference From the etymological point of view, false friends can be created m several ways shared etymology, homonyms, homoglyphs, pseudo-anglicismsFalse friends are pairs of words or phrases in two languages or dialects (or letters in two alphabets) that look or sound similar, but differ in meaning The term should be distinguished from "false cognates", which are similar words in different languages that appear to have a common historical linguistic origin (whatever their current meaning) but actually do not As well as complete false friends, use of loanwords often results in the use of a word in a restricted context, which may then develop new meanings not found in the original language Both false friends and false cognates can cause difficulty for students learning a foreign language, particularly one that is related to their native language, because students are likely to identify the words wrongly due to linguistic interference For this reason, teachers sometimes compile lists of false friends as an aid for their studentsOne kind of false friend can occur when two speakers speak different varieties of the same language Speakers of British English and American English sometimes have this problem, which was alluded to in George Bernard Shaw's statement ’’England and America are two countnes separated by a common language" For example, m the UK, to "table" a motion means to place it on the agenda (to bring it to the table for consideration), while m the US it means exactly the opposite —"to remove it from consideration" (to lay it aside on the table rather than hold it up for consideration) From the etymological point of view, false friends can be created in several ways shared etymology, homonyms, homoglyphs, pseudo-anglicisms1. Shared etymology. If Language A borrowed a word from Language B, orboth borrowed the word from a third language or inherited it from a common ancestor, and later the word shifted in meaning or acquired additional meanings in at least one of these languages, a native speaker of one language will face a false friend when learning the other Sometimes, presumably both senses were present in the common ancestor language, but the cognate words got different restricted senses m Language A and Language ВFor example, the words preservative (English), pruservatif (French), Prdservativ (German), prezervativ (Romanian, Czech, Croatian), preservativ (Slovenian), preservative) (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), prezerwatywa (Polish), презерватив "prezervativ" (Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian), prezervatif (Turkish), proicservativ (Danish), prezervatyvo (Lithuanian), Prezervativs (Latvian) and preservatiu (Catalan) are all derived from the Latin word praeservativum But in all of these languages except English, the predominant meaning of the word is now condomActual, which m English is usually a synonym of "real", has a different meaning in other European languages, in which it means "current" or "up-to-date", and has the logical derivative as a verb, meaning "to make current" or "to update" "Actualise" (or "actualize") m English means "to make a reality of'Demand in English and demande m French or domanda in Italian are representative of a particularly treacherous sort of false friend, in which -  despite a common origin -  the words have differently shaded meanings The French and Italian homologues simply mean "request", not a forceful requirement This led to several historic misunderstandings, such as in Canada, the failing of the Meech Lake Accord where Quebec constitutional requests were interpreted as demands In Spanish demandar may mean "to request", but its normal meaning is "to sue"The word friend  itself has cognates in the other Germanic languages, but the Scandinavian ones (like Swedish frdnde, Danish frotende) predominatly mean "relative" (but may also mean soulmate) The original word had both the meanings "friend" and "relative" but lost various degrees of the "friend" sense in Scandinavian languages, while it mostly lost the sense of "relative" in English (The plural "friends" still but rarely may be used for "kinsfolk", as in the Scottish proverb Friends agree best at a distance, quoted in 1721 )The Italian word magazzino, French magasin, Dutch magazijn, and Russian магазин (magazin), is used for a depot, store, or warehouse In English the word magazine has also the meaning of "periodic publication" The word "magazine" has the same meaning in French In Serbian, there are two similar words magacin, representing the former, and magazin representing the latter meaning To add confusion, there is an extra meaning of magazine (firearms) m several languages (with accordingly different spellings) (Note, however, that the term "powder magazine", a store for gunpowder, as e g in the town of Williamsburg, Virginia, restored to its colonial form, would be well understood by current English speakers, though recognized as an archaicismGift originally had the same meaning in English and German In Old High German and Middle High German Gift was the term for an "object that is given'Although it had always included a euphemistic meaning for "poison” ("being given"), over the following centuries it gradually suffered a full semantic change to the sole present German meaning "poison" It is still reflected in the German term for the English word dowry = Mitgift, das Mitgegebene, "that which is given" (with the wedding)In Swedish, Norwegian and Danish, gift means "poison" but also "married" In Dutch, "gift" means a gift, but "gif' and "giftig" mean poison and poisonous respectively The latter two meanings also apply for the Afrikaans language, spoken in Southern Africa, which originated from Old Dutch amongst othersCafeteria means "dining hall" in English, but cafeterna means "coffeehouse" m Spanish and Portuguese, whereas cafetuna means "fringe benefit" m Hungarian and cofetarie means "sweetshop" in RomanianNormal in French implies technical conformance (to technical standards), it means "It is as it’s supposed to be", while normal in English implies social conformance (to social norms) This is why the now-archaic normal school (from the French ucole normale) is so confusing to present-day English speakers, it was a place where people received standardized training in how to teach children, not an institution where social deviants learned how to behave normally The same divergence also presented a problem for the International Organization for Standardization (Organisation Internationale de normalisation) at its founding in 1947, it settled on the short name ISO as a compromise between IOS and OIN2. Homonyms. In certain cases, false friends evolved separately m the different languages Words usually change by small shifts in pronunciation accumulated over long periods and sometimes converge by chance on the same pronunciation or look despite having come from different rootsFor example, German Rat (pronounced with a long "a") (= "council") is cognate with English "read" and German and Dutch Rede (= "speech", often religious m nature) (hence >Kthelred the ’Unready’ would not heed the speech of his advisors, and the word ’unready' is cognate with the Dutch word "onraad" meaning trouble, danger), while English and Dutch "rat" for the rodent has its German cognate RatteIn another example, the word bra in the Swedish language means "good", as m "a good song " Bra has the same meaning m Norwegian, where Ha det bra (Good bye) and Bare bra (response to "How are you9") are extremely common In English, bra is short for the French brassiure, which is an undergarment that supports the breasts The full English spelling, brassiere, is now a false friend in and of itself (the modem French term for brassiere is soutien-gorge)3. Homoglyphs. For example, Latin P came to be written like Greek rho (written P but pronounced [r]), so the Roman letter equivalent to rho was modified to R to keep it distinctAn Old and Middle English letter has become a false friend m modemEnglish the letters thorn (ю) and eth (p) were used interchangeably to representvoiced and voiceless dental fricatives now written in English as th (as in "thick" and "the")Though the thorn character (whose appearance was usually similar to the modern "p") was most common, the eth could equally be used Due to its similarity to an oblique minuscule "yu, an actual "Y" is substituted in modern pseudo-old- fashioned usage as m "Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe", the first word means and should be pronounced "the”, not "ye" (archaic form of "you")Homoglyphs occur also by coincidence For example, Finnish tie means "road", the pronunciation is [tie], unlike English [tai], which in turn means "or" in Finnish4. Pseudo-anglicisms Pseudo-anglicisms are new words formed from English morphemes independently from an analogous English construct and with a different intended meaning For example, in German Oldtimer refers to an old car (or antique aircraft) rather than an old person, while Handy refers to a mobile phone Japanese is replete with pseudo-anglicisms, known as wasei-eigo ("Japan-made English")In the SeSotho group of languages spoken m South Africa pushback refers to a combed back hair style, commonly worn by black women with chemically straightened hair, and stop-nonsense refers to pre-fabricated concrete slabs used as fencingIn bilingual situations, false friends often result m a semantic change—a real new meaning that is then commonly used m a language For example, the Portuguese humoroso ("capricious") changed its referent m American Portuguese to "humorous", owing to the English surface-cognate "humorous" "Corn" was originally the dominant type of gram in a region (indeed "com" and "grain" are themselves cognates from the same Indo-European root) It came to mean usually wheat in the British Isles, but maize m North America The American Italian fattoria lost its original meaning "farm" m favour of "factory" owing to the phonetically similar surface-cognate English "factory" (cf Standard Italian fabbrica "factory") Instead of the original fattoria, the phonetic adaptation American Italian farma became the new sigmfier for "farm" -  see "one-to-one correlation between signifiers and referents"Discussing the false friends m English we should remember that a competent translator should have the following qualities a very good knowledge of the language, written and spoken, from which he is translating (the source language), familiarity with the subject matter of the text being translated, a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the languages, and a finely tuned sense of when to metaphrase ("translate literally") and when to paraphrase, so as to assure true rather than spurious equivalents between the source- and target-language textsREFERENCES1 Geoff Parkes, Alan Cornell, 1992, "NTC’s Dictionary o f German False Cognates”, National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group -  685 p2 Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003) Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew Houndmills Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History a n d  Language Change, Series editor Charles Jones) - p  102

False friends in converting a text from one script into another

http://dspace.bsu.edu.ru/bitstream/123456789/7513/1/Ruzhenkova_False.pdf

False friends in converting a text from one script into another

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

DSpace at Belgorod State University