Aleksanyan, Gurgen

Arkhipkin, Oleg

Valyaev, Alexander

Varlachev, Valery Aleksandrovich

Electronic archive of Tomsk Polytechnic University

VIII Международная научно-практическая конференция  «Физико-технические проблемы в науке, промышленности и медицине» Секция 6. Актуальные вопросы ядерного нераспространения, безопасность и экология ядерной отрасли   176 In practice, there are concepts like “half reduction layer” and “attenuation coefficient” (streak or mass) in use. The most common absorbent material is aluminium. There exists a significant amount of empirically obtained data on the interaction between this element and β-particles. The present work includes the research of β-particles flux radiated with checking source (90Sr), as well as flux attenuation by aluminium. The set of β-radiation energy spectra was measured for the comparative analysis. There was a simple source spectrum without an absorber, and radiation spectra using absorbing layer of the varied thickness. The absorbing layer was made as a set of aluminium plates, overlaid one to the other. The received data on the attenuation of β-radiation flux correspond to the theory for the given nuclide. The calculated mass attenuation coefficient is according to the table value with an accuracy up to 25 %. The imprecision can be explained by the inhomogeneity of the absorbing layer and inevitable presence of the decay product of 90Sr – 90Y – in the sample. This radionuclide has a different cutoff energy of β-spectrum and, consequently, different attenuation coefficient. REFERENCES 1. Alpha –, beta – and gamma – ray spectroscopy: in 4 vol.: transl. from eng. / ed. by K. Sieghban. (1969). Moscow: Atomizdat. Vol. 1. p.567  2. Measurement technique of radioactive preparation: collection of articles / ed. by V. V. Bochkarev. (1962). Moscow: Gosatomizdat,. 216 p.: il. Bibliography is in the end of articles. 3. Radiation dosimetry and spectrometry of ionizing radiation: collection of articles / Institute of Nuclear Physics; ed. by N. N. Generalov, I. M. Blaunshtein. Tashkent: Fan, p. 239: schemes. – Bibliography is in the end of articles. 4. Beta – decay [Electronic resource]. // Nuclear Physics in the Internet. – Access mode: http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/radioactivity/ract03.htm. – 10.02.16.   RISK ASSESSMENTS AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (NPP)  Alexander Valyaev1, Valeri Varlachev2, Gurgen Aleksanyan3, Oleg Arkhipkin4 1 Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences,  Russia, Moscow, Bolshaya Tulskaya str., 52, 115191,  2   Valery Varlachev,  Tomsk Polytechnical University,  Russia, Tomsk, Lenin Avenue, 30, 634050 3  Yerevan State University,  Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Alek Manukyan St, 1, 0025 E-mail: gurgenal@ysu.am 4   Corporative University "Samruk-Kazyna"  Kazakhstan, Almaty, E-mail: oarkhipkin@gmail.com Today the NPP energy production is constantly and intensively increasing in the world, resulting in the growth of different threats under its exploitation caused by natural and manmade factors, which include possible directed terrorist attacks. It is necessary to use correct assessments of corresponding risk levels during NPP   projecting, building and exploitation under its complex integrated emergency management [1]. In the paper  some possible methods  of  risk assessments and the use of the universal formula for calculating the total vector of limited losses under NPP exploitation for fixed time interval under the following assumptions have been analyzed [2]: (1) at initial state the object is in normal (non accidents) exploitation; (2) the different types of accidents can occur as noticed i =2, 3, …, m, where VIII Международная научно-практическая конференция  «Физико-технические проблемы в науке, промышленности и медицине» Секция 6. Актуальные вопросы ядерного нераспространения, безопасность и экология ядерной отрасли   177 m is a total number of possible accidents (m=1 is corresponded to the normal regime); (3) every accident may create the different kinds of losses; (4) realization of i accident  creates the loss of j kind with Pij probability: minaPа21lim )1(jijaPˆ                      (1) Here j is the kind of loss with aj. value. Then  j  = 1,2, …n, where  n is a total number of possible kinds of losses; where P(1) is the probability of loss formation under normal exploitation; na1 is the vector of limited loss under regular exploitation.  Pijaj value in sum is equal to the loss value of j kind under realization of i kind accident. Under accident absence (normal regime),  limа is determined only by the first part of (1) the formula. The main problem is Pij value assessment.  Usually the representative statistic data for its assessment   are present only for long NPP normal exploitation period. Earlier we predicted the irradiation doses and corresponding risks for population under the implementation of Russian Federal Program “Development of Russian atomic energy industrial complex for the period 2007-2020 at 10 homelands NPP operating during some last decades [3]. Such data are absent for NPP non-prognostic emergencies, when part of the needed information can be obtained only after the disasters. Some NPP, located in dangerous regions, are exposed to negative natural responses (earthquakes, tsunami, etc.), as well as there are manmade ones are in dangerous conflict zones with high terrorism threats. In these situations the use of classic methods for expertise risk of NPP assessments are not correct and often impossible at all.  Some required data can be obtained from primary virtual computer tests of individual NPP with imitation of possible disasters.  It allows planning the actions for NPP operators and special services under serious NPP disasters or may prevent them at all. These thematic problems connected with such NPP, as Fukusima, Seversk in Tomsk region, Armenian, three future NPP in Kazakhstan, and Nuclear terrorism   are also under consideration in this work. REFERENCES: 1. A.N. Valyaev, G.M Aleksanyan,. A.A.  Valyaev. (2014). Integrated Emergency Management and Risks for Mass Casualty Emergencies.  Proc. of the 7th Chaotic Modeling and Simulation International Conference Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 507-522. 2. A.N. Valyaev, S.V. Kazakov, H. D. Passell  et. al .( 2007). Assessments of Risks and Possible   Ecological and Economic Damages from Large-Scale Natural and Man-Induced Catastrophes Ecology-Hazard Regions of Central Asia and the Caucasus.”   in NATO Science for Peace and Security Series -C: Environmental Security, Proc. of NATO Advanced Research Workshop:  “Prevention, Detection and Response to Nuclear and Radiological Threat”, Yerevan, Armenia,  Editors: S. Apikyan et. al. Published House: Springer,   Netherlands, ,  pp. 281-299. 3. A.N. Valyaev, A. L Krylov., V.N Semenov., D.V Nikolisky, Prediction of irradiation doses for population under implementation of Russian Federal Program: Development of Russian atomic energy industrial complex for the period  2007-2020. Ibidem, pp.294- 308. 4. In Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop: “Stimulus for Human and Societal Dynamics in the Prevention of Catastrophes:  NATO Science for Pearce and Security Series. E: Human and Societal Dynamics” vol. 80, pp.172-188, IOS Press –Amsterdam – Berlin – Tokyo –Washington, D.C., Edited by Arman Avagyan, David L. Barry, Wilhelm G. Goldewey, Dieter W.G. Reimer. 2012.   ВОПРОСЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЯДЕРНОГО НЕРАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН Д.М. Абдрахманова Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет Россия, г.Томск, пр. Ленина, 30, 634050 E-mail: diana_ast1994@mail.ru  Политическая реальность на сегодняшний день демонстрирует невозможность игнорирования проблемы ядерной безопасности, которая оказывает все возрастающее влияние на жизнедеятельность как больших, так и малых государств в условиях резкого усиления их глобальной взаимозависимости.  

Risk assessments at nuclear power plant (NPP)

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