Novel nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated from a domestic cat with severe otitis. Contact investigation and carrier study of human and animal contacts yielded 3 additional, identical isolates from cats, although no evidence of zoonotic transmission was identified. Molecular methods distinguished the feline isolates from known C. diphtheriae

Baldwin, Adam

Bernard, Kathryn A.

Bixler, Danae

Bolt, Frances

Cassiday, Pamela K.

Dowson, Christopher G.

Hall, Aron J.

Hinrikson, Hans P.

Iwaki, M.

Komiya, Takako

Pawloski, Lucia C.

Steigerwalt, Arnold G.

Takahashi, Motohide

Tondella, Maria L.

Whitney, Anne M.

Emerging Infectious Diseases

PubMed

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 University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap  This paper is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item and our policy information available from the repository home page for further information.  To see the final version of this paper please visit the publisher’s website. Access to the published version may require a subscription. Author(s):  Aron J. Hall,  Pamela K. Cassiday, Kathryn A. Bernard, Frances Bolt, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, Danae Bixler, Lucia C. Pawloski, Anne M. Whitney, Masaaki Iwaki, Adam Baldwin, Christopher G. Dowson, Takako Komiya, Motohide Takahashi, Hans P. Hinrikson, and Maria L. Tondella Article Title:  Novel Corynebacterium diphtheriae in domestic cats. Year of publication: 2010 Link to published article:  http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3201/eid1604.091107 Publisher statement:   Emerging Infectious Diseases is published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a U.S. Government agency. Therefore, all materials published in Emerging Infectious Diseases are in the public domain and can be used without permission. Proper citation, however, is required        Novel Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Domestic CatsAron J. Hall, Pamela K. Cassiday, Kathryn A. Bernard, Frances Bolt, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, Danae Bixler, Lucia C. Pawloski, Anne M. Whitney, Masaaki Iwaki, Adam Baldwin, Christopher G. Dowson, Takako Komiya, Motohide Takahashi, Hans P. Hinrikson, and Maria L. TondellaNovel nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated from a domestic cat with severe otitis. Contact in-vestigation and carrier study of human and animal contacts yielded 3 additional, identical isolates from cats, although no evidence of zoonotic transmission was identifi ed. Molec-ular methods distinguished the feline isolates from known C. diphtheriae.The clinical relevance of Corynebacterium diphtheriae recovered from a cat with otitis is poorly understood. Historically, humans have been thought to be its sole res-ervoir, and the few human cases reported annually in the United States are generally associated with international travel (1). Therefore, when C. diphtheriae was isolated from the ears of a cat, an investigation was initiated to evaluate potential sources of the cat’s infection and poten-tial public health risks and to preliminarily characterize the C. diphtheriae isolate.The cat, an 8-month-old female domestic shorthair, was examined at a West Virginia veterinary hospital on 5 occasions during January–June 2007. Pertinent fi ndings in-cluded severe bilateral otitis, vestibular signs, mild ataxia, anorexia, and failure to gain weight; the cat had a history of ear, eye, and lung infections. Results of diagnostic tests showed no evidence of systemic disease and were nega-tive for feline immunodefi ciency and leukemia viruses and feline infectious peritonitis. Culture of an otic swab col-lected from the cat in May 2007 yielded 4 organisms: C. diphtheriae, Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, Staphy-lococcus spp., and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. The cat was treated with oral clindamycin, otic enrofl oxacin, and an ear-fl ushing solution.The StudyIn June 2007, investigators visited the veterinary clinic and the household of the index cat and conducted a contact investigation and carrier study. Interviews of 2 household members and 8 veterinary staff members indicated no re-cent respiratory illness, skin infection, or risk factors for diphtheria (e.g., travel to countries to which diphtheria is endemic or contact with known case-patients). Half of these 10 contacts had received diphtheria vaccination within the previous 5 years. Cultures of oropharyngeal swab samples obtained from each person were negative, including cystine tellurite blood agar, which is selective for C. diphtheriae. Household members also were interviewed about medical history of a convenience sample of household animals (4 cats, including the index cat; 2 dogs; and 1 horse). Each animal was briefl y examined, and oropharyngeal, otic, or ocular swab samples were collected. Otitis was observed in all 4 cats and 1 dog. The horse reportedly had had an eye infection ≈5 years earlier. No other abnormal fi ndings were noted. Animal specimens yielded 3 additional isolates of C. diphtheriae: 1 from each ear of the index cat and 1 from the left ear of a 2-year-old domestic medium-hair cat. Both cats had been born on the premises and had remained with the same household since birth.Feline C. diphtheriae and reference isolates used are described in the Table. Tinsdale agar plate growth (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA) gave rise to black colonies with a brown halo, typical of cysteinase-producing C. diphtheriae, C. ul-cerans, or C. pseudotuberculosis. After 24 hours on blood agar, 1–2-mm grey-white or opaque, rounded, convex col-onies with no hemolysis were observed. Microscopically, the bacteria were gram-positive, club-shaped rods, 1 μm in diameter, arranged singly or at angles. Biochemical pro-fi les to determine species and biotype were done by using an API Coryne strip (bioMérieux, Durham, NC, USA, and St-Laurent, Quebec, Canada). Query of API Coryne code 0010304 obtained for all isolates by APIWEB (https://api-web.biomerieux.com) indicated a decreased level of confi -dence of C. diphtheriae biotype mitis or belfanti (89.5%) because of a maltose-negative result. Isolates were further characterized morphologically and biochemically by using tube substrates (2) and were identifi ed by using a standard taxonomic scheme (3). Feline isolates were biochemically identical with each other and phenotypically consistent with C. diphtheriae biotype belfanti, except for the lack DISPATCHES688 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 4, April 2010Author affi liations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (A.J. Hall, P.K. Cassiday, A.G. Steigerwalt, L.C. Pawloski, A.M. Whitney, H.P. Henrikson, M.L. Tondella); West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Charleston, West Virginia, USA (A.J. Hall, D. Bixler); Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (K.A. Bernard); University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (F. Bolt, A. Baldwin, C.G. Dowson); and National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M. Iwaki, T. Komiya, M. Takahashi)DOI: 10.3201/eid1604.091107Figure 1. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates, including 4 feline isolates from West Virginia, 2008 (ATCC BAA-1774, CD 448, CD 449, CD 450). The tree was constructed from a 1,437-bp alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences by using the neighbor-joining method and Kimura 2-parameter substitution model. Bootstrap values (expressed as percentages of 1,000 replicates) >40% are illustrated at branch points. Feline isolates had 100% identity with each other and >99.1% identity with C. diphtheriae biotypes gravis and belfanti. GenBank accession nos. given in parentheses. ATCC, American Type Culture Collection; CD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifi er number; NCTC, National Collection of Type Cultures. Scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site.C. diphtheriae in Domestic Catsof maltose fermentation, which was considered an unusual fi nding (3).Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing was per-formed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute’s recommended methods and interpretative crite-ria (4). All 4 feline isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloram-phenicol, ciprofl oxacin, clindamycin, daptomycin, erythro-mycin, ertapenam, gatifl oxacin, gentamicin, levofl oxacin, linezolid, meropenem, moxifl oxacin, penicillin, quinupris-tin/dalfopristin, rifampin, telithromycin, tetracycline, tige-cycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and vancomycin. Cellular fatty acid composition analysis was performed as described (5) by using the Sherlock system (MIDI, Inc., Newark, DE, USA), except that version 4.5 of the operat-ing software was used. The cellular fatty acid composition profi les were consistent for C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, or C. pseudotuberculosis, including a substantial proportion (28%–30% of total) of C16:1ω7c (5). All feline isolates produced 7–15 meq/L of propionic acid among fermenta-tion products, a feature associated with C. diphtheriae (2).Results from use of the modifi ed Elek test (6) indi-cated that all feline isolates were negative for production of diphtheria toxin; however, an atypical precipitation was observed after 36 h of incubation. Lack of toxin expres-sion was corroborated by negative Vero cell assay results (7) and confi rmed by using Western blot. Real-time PCR selective for the C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans toxin gene (tox) (8) was positive for all feline isolates. However, real-time PCR for A and B subunits of tox (9) amplifi ed subunit A but not subunit B. Sequence analysis of the tox gene was performed as previously outlined (10) and compared with a reference tox gene, GenBank accession no. K01722. The 4 feline tox sequences were identical to each other but con- Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 4, April 2010 689 Table. Feline Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates and reference strains used for comparison, West Virginia, 2008* Strain Culture collection Source Diphtheria toxin GenBank accession no. 16S rRNA rpoB tox gene CD443 ATCC BAA-1774 Cat 1, right ear Nontoxigenic FJ409572 FJ415317 FJ376656 CD448 ND Cat 1, right ear Nontoxigenic FJ409573 ND FJ422272 CD449 ND Cat 1, left ear Nontoxigenic FJ409574 ND FJ422273 CD450 ND Cat 2, left ear Nontoxigenic FJ409575 FJ415318 FJ422274 C. diphtheriae biotype mitis NCTC 10356† Human nose Nontoxigenic GQ118340 GQ409648 ND C. diphtheriae biotype gravis NCTC 10648 Unknown Toxigenic ND ND ND C. diphtheriae biotype gravis NCTC 11397TATCC 27010TUnknown Nontoxigenic GQ118341 GQ409649 ND C. diphtheriae biotype gravis NCTC 13129 ATCC 700971 Human throat Unknown GQ118344 GQ409650 ND C. pseudotuberculosis NCTC 3450T Sheep gland Unknown GQ118342 GQ409651 ND C. ulcerans NCTC 12077 Human throat Unknown GQ118343 ND ND C. ulcerans NCTC 7910 Human throat Unknown GQ118345 ND ND *CD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifier number; ATCC, American Type Culture Collection; ND, not deposited in this study; NCTC, National Collection of Type Cultures, London, UK. Additional strains used as controls for specific assays: toxigenic C. diphtheriae biotype belfanti isolates used for real-time PCR of tox gene were 718, G4182, C59, C60, C75, C76, C77; toxigenic C. diphtheriae ATCC 27012 used as positive control for Elek; C. diphtheriae NCTC 10481 and C. ulcerans CD199 used as positive and negative controls for Vero cell assay. †NCTC 10356 is described in the NCTC catalogue as C. diphtheriae biotype mitis; however, analyses in this study found this strain to be nitrate negative and therefore consistent with C. diphtheriae biotype belfanti. Thus, it was used in this study as a belfanti reference strain. Figure 2. Jukes-Cantor–derived phylogenetic tree based on sequence analysis of a selected region of the rpoB gene of Corynebacterium isolates, including 2 feline isolates from West Virginia, 2008 (ATCC BAA-1774, CD 450). Feline isolates had 100% identity with each other and 97.7% identity with C. diphtheriae biotypes gravis and belfanti. GenBank accession nos. given in parentheses. ATCC, American Type Culture Collection; CD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifi er number; NCTC, National Collection of Type Cultures. Scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site.tained multiple nucleotide substitutions and deletions com-pared with the reference gene. By NCBI BLAST search (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), the feline tox had higher sequence identity (97%–98%) to the tox sequences of C. ulcerans, compared with those from C. diphtheriae (94%–95%). A deletion at nt 55, coupled with a cytosine-to-thymine substitution at nt 74, prematurely terminated the peptide at aa 25.Species characterization was corroborated by using 16S rRNA (11) and partial rpoB (12) gene sequencing. By 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the feline strains had 100% identity with each other and >99.1% identity with various reference sequences for C. diphtheriae biotype gravis and belfanti sequences, including NCTC 11397T. Partial rpoB sequence analyses indicated 100% identity among the fe-line isolates and 97.7% identity with C. diphtheriae NCTC 11397T. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees based on both 16S rRNA (Figure 1) and partial rpoB gene sequencing (Figure 2) positioned the feline isolate sequences within the C. diphtheriae clade but clearly distinguished them from the other C. diphtheriae isolates. Comprehensive molecu-lar analyses to characterize differences between biotype belfanti strains, including these feline isolates, with other C. diphtheriae biotypes, are the subject of a separate publi-cation (C.G. Dowson, pers. comm.).ConclusionsWe identifi ed a potentially novel biotype of C. diph-theriae recovered from domestic cats in West Virginia but found no evidence of zoonotic transmission. Although rare, isolation of C. diphtheriae from animals has been reported, including C. diphtheriae biotype belfanti from a skin lesion of a cow (13) and toxigenic C. diphtheriae biotype gravis from a wound of a horse (14). C. ulcerans is a known ani-mal pathogen, and zoonotic transmission of toxigenic C. ulcerans from companion animals has been reported, often associated with predisposing concurrent illnesses (15).The feline strains isolated during this investigation dif-fered phenotypically from previously described biotypes but were otherwise regarded as typical of C. diphtheriae. However, isolates were nontoxigenic and harbored a modi-fi ed tox gene with sequence differences from Corynebac-terium spp. capable of expressing diphtheria toxin. On the basis of published criteria (11), the feline strain might represent a novel subspecies of C. diphtheriae because it shares <98% sequence homology to the type strain within the rpoB gene. Potential for zoonotic transmission of this novel, cat-associated C. diphtheriae and associated public health implications are unknown. Additional studies are needed to further characterize these isolates and determine their appropriate taxonomy. Large-scale screening of do-mestic cat populations is recommended to determine the prevalence of C. diphtheriae and its pathogenic potential and to identify additional isolates for more formal descrip-tion and classifi cation.AcknowledgmentsWe gratefully recognize Amy Isaac, Gary Kinder, and Ka-trina Kretsinger for collaborative assistance in the epidemiologic investigation and Tamara Burdz, Christi Clark, Tiffany Jackson, Brenda Keavey, Betty Ng, Chris Paddock, and Deborah Wiebe for laboratory assistance.Work performed at University of Warwick was funded in part by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Micropathology Ltd, and the Medical Research Fund.Dr Hall is a public health veterinarian who completed this study while serving as an Epidemic Intelligence Service Offi cer of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), assigned to the state of West Virginia. Currently he is an epidemiologist on the CDC Viral Gastroenteritis Team. His research interests focus on public health issues involving interactions between humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and the environment.References  1.  Vitek CR, Wharton M. Diphtheria toxoid. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offi t PA, editors. Vaccines. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsiever; 2008. p. 139–56.  2.  Bernard KA, Munro C, Wiebe D, Ongsansoy E. Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in Canada. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:4375–81. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.11.4375-4381.2002DISPATCHES690 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 4, April 2010C. diphtheriae in Domestic Cats  3.  Funke G, Bernard KA. Coryneform gram-positive rods. In: Mur-ray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 9th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2007. p. 485–514.  4.  Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. M45-A. Methods for anti-microbial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently iso-lated or fastidious bacteria. Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2006.  5.  Bernard KA, Bellefeuille M, Ewan EP. Cellular fatty acid compo-sition as an adjunct to the identifi cation of asporogenous, aerobic gram-positive rods. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:83–9.  6.  Engler KH, Glushkevich T, Mazurova IK, George RC, Efstratiou A. A modifi ed Elek test for detection of toxigenic corynebacteria in the diagnostic laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:495–8.  7.  Miyamura K, Nishio S, Ito A, Murata R, Kono R. Micro cell culture method for determination of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin titres us-ing VERO cells. I. Studies on factors affecting the toxin and anti-toxin titration. J Biol Stand. 1974;2:189–201. DOI: 10.1016/0092-1157(74)90015-8  8.  Schuhegger R, Lindermayer M, Kugler R, Heesemann J, Busch U, Sing A. 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Corboz L, Thoma R, Braun U, Zbinden R. Isolation of Corynebac-terium diphtheriae subsp. belfanti from a cow with chronic active dermatitis [in German]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1996;138:596–9.14.  Henricson B, Segarra M, Garvin J, Burns J, Jenkins S, Kim C, et al. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae associated with an equine wound infection. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12:253–7.15.  Bonmarin I, Guiso N, Le Fleche-Mateos A, Patey O, Patrick AD, Levy-Bruhl D. Diphtheria: a zoonotic disease in France? Vaccine. 2009;27:4196–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.048Address for correspondence: Aron J. Hall, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop A47, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; email: ajhall@cdc.gov Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 4, April 2010 691 

English

16S ribosomal DNA ampliﬁ cation for phylogenetic study.

A modiﬁ ed Elek test for detection of toxigenic corynebacteria in the diagnostic laboratory.

Analysis of toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans strains revealing potential for false-negative real-time PCR results.

Cellular fatty acid composition as an adjunct to the identiﬁ cation of asporogenous, aerobic gram-positive rods.

Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in Canada.

Coryneform gram-positive rods. In:

Detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans strains by a novel real-time PCR.

Development of a real-time ﬂ uorescence PCR assay for rapid detection of the diphtheria toxin gene.

Diphtheria toxoid.

Diphtheria: a zoonotic disease in France?

Isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae subsp. belfanti from a cow with chronic active dermatitis [in German]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd.

Micro cell culture method for determination of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin titres using VERO cells. I. Studies on factors affecting the toxin and antitoxin titration.

rpoB gene sequencing for identiﬁ -cation of Corynebacterium species.

Standards Institute. M45-A. Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria.

Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae associated with an equine wound infection.

Novel Corynebacterium diphtheriae in domestic cats

In a cooperative broadcast scenario, a group of nodes in a network aims to reconstruct a common message. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for distributed consensus-based estimation in such scenarios. Possible applications comprise mobile communication systems and sensor networks. Starting with a least squares estimation problem, the algorithm is developed using techniques from optimization theory. The required communication effort for parallel implementation in a resource-constrained network is estimated and compared to existing approaches. We show that the proposed algorithm requires fewer iterations and a reduced communication overhead per iteration while keeping the estimation accuracy. A modification of the algorithm based on an approximation is presented, which reduces the communication effort even further. All results are corroborated by computer simulations considering different system parameters

In-network-processing: distributed consensus-based linear estimation

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