Gelzer, Linda

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Emergency Preparedness for the DeafLinda GelzerTornado This Month• Tornado siren• Resident Advisor• Hallmates• Emergency Texts• EmailsFor the Deaf…GannonMore likely than hearing people to:• Lose property• Be injured• DieMore Vulnerable During EmergenciesNeuhauserTechnology Unusable for Some• Power outages• Other disabilities• Deaf-blind• Other physicalTannenbaum-Baruchi, Off-the-Grid MissionsText-to-911 ServicesPotential Reasons• Diversity• Failure to plan• Insufficient programs• Lack of information distributed• Inadequate trainingDeaf Populationin America• 48 million• 1/20 or 5%• Diverse• Some methods of communication:• American Sign Language• Manually Coded English• Spoken EnglishEngelman, MitchellAmerican Sign Language (ASL)• Definition from the North Carolina Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing: • “A fully developed autonomous, natural language with a unique grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and cultural heritage”• Not based on English• Used by Deaf people in the United States and CanadaState of North Carolina, CampManually Coded English (MCE)CommunicationA category of communication systems that includes several specific varietiesBorrows vocabulary from ASLUses these signs with English grammar Spoken English• Speechreading/lipreading• Under ideal conditions, 30% can be understood• Residual hearing• Hearing aids or Cochlear Implants• Not normal hearing• Dependent on the individualCommunicating• Emphasize this• 55 emergency preparedness plans nationally• 31% mention Deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH)• Inadequate planningFailure to PlanIveyInsufficient ProgramsNumber of emergency preparedness programs in the United States: 15• For the deaf: 7• For emergency responders working with the deaf: 5• For government agencies: 4• For ASL interpreters: 2• For deaf-blind citizens: 1Engelman• No published documents• Organizations for the D/HH• Only 36% gave informationLack of Information DistributedEngelmanEmergency management agencies:• 1 out of 2 offered training about D/HHInadequate TrainingEngelmanImprovements• Apps instead of emergency calls• Training • Other private organizations• RapidSOS• Not designed specifically for D/HH• Mentions equal access for D/HH in blog post• Not helpful for those without a smartphoneApps to Call 911CahnTraining for Law EnforcementPalm Beach, Florida:• ASL signs• Fingerspelling• Videophone use• Picture cardsEllenbogenTraining for the DeafSeattle, Washington• Preparation for emergency situations• Communication during those situationsTraining at Gardner-Webb University• ASL Club• For those who do not know ASL• To communicate with ASL users• Teach emergency signs• 2 this year• 2 next yearOther Private Organizations• International Deaf Emergency• YouTube channels for information in ASLRemaining Problems• No one-size-fits-all solution• Remember the diversity• Access is rarely universal• No system is perfectSpecific Issues• Unequal information through different mediums• Literacy problems• Technology inaccessible for someUnequal Information Through Different MediumsPotential Mediums:• Captioning• Emergency text alerts• Sign Language InterpretationProblems with Mediums:• Delayed• Incomplete• Just summarizing• Unclear/confusing• Not shown on TV screen• Missing altogether• Too small to see• Not evaluated for successTannenbaum-Baruchi, BridgettAnother kind of “access”• Manatee County, Florida• Huricane Irma• Unqualified and unprofessional interpreter• “Pizza want you are. Need be bear monster.”GaulLiteracy problems• Written language• Signed languageInternational Adult Literacy SurveyDeaf Adults in the US:• 60% fluent in ASL but not written English• 30% not fluent in either• 10% fluent in bothNeuhauserReading Level• Average Deaf reading level: 4th grade• Average hearing reading level: 8th grade• Emergency preparedness material: 11thgradeNeuhauser, Friedmann, Snow• Certified Deaf Interpreters• Education level/vocabulary• Other signed communication methodsUse of Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDI’s)BridgettGoal: Redundancy• “Emergency communication systems should be ‘redundant’ – the message should be sent out to as many people and in as many formats as possible.” – The National Association of the DeafWorks Cited• “Access to 911 Emergency Services.” National Association of the Deaf, 27 Aug. 2018, www.nad.org/resources/technology/access-to-911-emergency-services/.• Bridgett, Tiffany. Emergency Management Systems Neglect Deaf Citizens. YouTube, Lydia Callis, 6 Nov. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_Cwc5E9bDk.• Cahn, Michelle. “Spotlight Partner Edition: CHC.” RapidSOS, 3 Aug. 2016, info.rapidsos.com/blog/spotlight-partner-edition-chc.• Camp, Cindy. “Modes of Communication.” Jacksonville State University, www.jsu.edu/depart/dss/resource-vr/communication.html.• “Communication Options for a Child Who Is Deaf or Hard of Hearing.” California Department of Social Services, www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/entres/pdf/ODA/CommunicationOptionsDHOH_Child.pdf.• “Communicating With Deaf Individuals.” National Deaf Center on Postsecondary Outcomes, 2019, www.nationaldeafcenter.org/sites/default/files/Communicating%20with%20Deaf%20Individuals.pdf.• Ellenbogen, Romy. "When Words Fail: Police Try to Bridge Gap with county’s Deaf Residents."ProQuest, May 24, 2018, http://ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2063650284?accountid=11041. • “Emergency Preparedness.” National Association of the Deaf, 2018, www.nad.org/resources/emergency-preparedness/.• Engelman, Alina, et al. "Responding to the Deaf in Disasters: Establishing the Need for Systematic Training for State-Level Emergency Management Agencies and Community Organizations." BMC Health Services Research, vol. 13, 2013, pp. 84. ProQuest, http://ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1347003493?accountid=11041, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-84.• Friedmann, Daniela, et al. “Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Volume 23 (2008) Author and Subject Index.” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, vol. 23, no. 06, 30 Oct. 2008, pp. 438–446., doi:10.1017/s1049023x00006427.• Gaul, Kaileen. “Florida Sign Language Interpreter Called out for Gibberish.” Daily Mail Online, 15 Sept. 2017, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4890014/Sign-language-interpreter-called-gibberish.html.• Gannon, Jack R, et al. Deaf Heritage : A Narrative History of Deaf America. National Association of the Deaf, 1981.• Ivey, Susan L et al. “Assessment of state- and territorial-level preparedness capacity for serving deaf and hard-of-hearing populations in disasters” Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) vol. 129,2 (2014): 148-55.• Mitchell, Ross E. “How Many Deaf People Are There in the United States? Estimates From the Survey of Income and Program Participation.” Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, vol. 11, no. 1, 21 Sept. 2005, pp. 112–119., doi:10.1093/deafed/enj004.• Neuhauser, Linda et al. “Availability and readability of emergency preparedness materials for deaf and hard-of-hearing and older adult populations: issues and assessments” PloS one vol. 8,2 (2013): e55614.• Off-the-Grid Missions. Deaf & Hard-of-Hearing in PUERTO RICO Need Help. YouTube, AngelamariaOTG, 11 Oct. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwtsMkgt5Nw.• Snow, Shane. “This Surprising Reading Level Analysis Will Change the Way You Write.” Contently, 28 Jan. 2015, contently.com/2015/01/28/this-surprising-reading-level-analysis-will-change-the-way-you-write/.• State of North Carolina. “Communication Methods Used by Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.” N.C. Division of Services for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Apr. 2015, files.nc.gov/ncdhhs/documents/files/Communication%20Methods%20Used%20by%20Individuals%20Who%20are%20Deaf%20or%20Hard%20of%20Hearing.pdf.• Tannenbaum-Baruchi, Carolina et al. “Emergency situations and deaf people in Israel: Communication obstacles and recommendations” Disaster health vol. 2,2 106-111. 31 Dec. 2014, doi:10.4161/21665044.2014.989131

I D Psychology and Deaf Studies Presentation 3: Emergency Preparedness for the Deaf

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I D Psychology and Deaf Studies Presentation 3: Emergency Preparedness for the Deaf

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