Purpose: Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that causes inactivation of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MAO-A gene can change transcriptional activity and the amount of MAO-A produced, leading to alterations in available dopamine levels. MAO-A polymorphisms have been associated with physical activity level. This study examined whether motivation to exercise, and levels of voluntary physical activity are associated with MAO-A gene polymorphisms.
Methods: Seventy-one participants (18-24 years, 13 males & 58 females) completed the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionaire-2 (BREQ-2) to assess their motivation to exercise and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess their level of physical activity. DNA was isolated from a cheek cell sample. MAO-A 3/3 and 4/4 genotype individuals were used for analysis.
Results: External motivation to exercise was significantly higher (p \u3c 0.01) in the high transcription 4/4 genotype (ave 1.17 ± 0.7) compared to the low transcription 3/3 genotype (ave 0.42 ± 0.5). Internal motivation to exercise, body mass index, and weekly MET minutes were comparable between genotypes.
Conclusion: The results suggest a polymorphism in this monoamine pathway may play a role in increasing sensitivity to external factors that motivate individuals to exercise

Coste, Sarah

Kinney, Erin M.

Reinke, Catherine

English

DigitalCommons@Linfield

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Title, Authors, and Affiliations Start designing your poster by adding the title, the names of the authors, and the affiliated institutions. You can type or paste text into the provided boxes. The template will automatically adjust the size of your text to fit the title box. You can manually override this feature and change the size of your text.   TIP: The font size of your title should be bigger than your name(s) and institution name(s).     Adding Logos / Seals Most often, logos are added on each side of the title. You can insert a logo by dragging and dropping it from your desktop, copy and paste or by going to INSERT > PICTURES. Logos taken from web sites are likely to be low quality when printed. Zoom it at 100% to see what the logo will look like on the final poster and make any necessary adjustments.    TIP:  See if your school’s logo is available on our free poster templates page.  Photographs / Graphics You can add images by dragging and dropping from your desktop, copy and paste, or by going to INSERT > PICTURES. Resize images proportionally by holding down the SHIFT key and dragging one of the corner handles. For a professional-looking poster, do not distort your images by enlarging them disproportionally.        Image Quality Check Zoom in and look at your images at 100% magnification. If they look good they will print well.  ORIGINAL	 DISTORTED	Corner	handles	Good	prin/ng	quality	Bad	prin/ng	quality	PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the genetic basis underlying voluntary exercise.  Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that acts on monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, to cause inactivation.  There are several polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MAO-A gene and these variations change transcriptional activity and the amount of MAO-A produced, leading to alterations in available dopamine levels.  Interestingly, polymorphisms in MAO-A have been associated recently with physical activity level.  This study sought to determine whether there is an association between motivation to exercise, levels of voluntary physical activity and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene polymorphisms.  METHODS: Seventy-one participants (age 18-24 years, 13 males & 58 females) completed the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionaire-2 (BREQ-2) to assess their motivation to exercise and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess their level of physical activity.  DNA was collected and isolated from a cheek cell sample.  The MAO-A genotype was identified using PCR with gene specific primers.  MAO-A 3/3 and 4/4 genotype individuals were used for analysis.  RESULTS: External motivation to exercise was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the high transcription 4/4 genotype (ave 1.11 ± 0.8) compared to the low transcription 3/3 genotype (ave 0.39 ± 0.6).  Internal motivation to exercise was not different between genotypes.  Body mass index and weekly MET minutes estimated by IPAQ were also comparable between genotypes.  CONCLUSION: The results suggest a polymorphism in this monoamine pathway may play a role in increasing sensitivity to external factors that motivate individuals to exercise.   Abstract Purpose Materials and Methods Summary and Conclusion •  Our  results show that individuals with the high transcriptional 4/4 VNTR genotype report significantly higher scores in external motivation compared to the low transcriptional 3/3 VNTR genotype. Internal motivation scores were similar between the two genotypes. This suggests that the polymorphisms in the MAO-A gene promoter may increase sensitivity to external factors that motivate individuals to exercise. •  Physical activity levels and total MET minutes per week as assessed by IPAQ were similar between genotypes.  •  Further research would be beneficial to investigate variations between males and females as well as investigate other genetic variations in the MAO-A pathway.  Limitations •  Our sample size was small with few males compared to females. •  Athletes who were in season were included. This is a limitation because these participants are required to exercise on a daily basis as a part of their sports practice, and cannot necessarily be considered voluntary exercise. •  Several participants (n=11) were excluded because they did not complete or fill out the surveys correctly.   Selected References Coyle, C. A., Jing, E., Hosmer, T., Powers, J. B., Wade, G., & Good, D. J. (2002). Reduced             voluntary activity precedes adult-onset obesity in Nhlh2 knockout mice.             Physiology & Behavior, 77(2), 387-402. Good, D. J., Li, M., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2015). A genetic basis for motivated exercise.             Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 43(4), 231-237.  Libert, S., Pointer, K., Bell, E. L., Das, A., Cohen, D. E., Asara, J. M., … & Guarente, L.                                              (2011). SIRT1 activates MAO-A in the brain to mediate anxiety and exploratory                drive. Cell,      147(7), 1459–1472. **More references are available upon request.  Acknowledgments 1Department of Health, Human Performance & Athletics, 2Department of Biology  Linfield College – McMinnville, OR E. Kinney1, S. Coste1, C. Reinke2 Examination of the Monoamine Oxidase A Gene Promoter on Motivation  to Exercise and Levels of Voluntary Physical Activity  Table 1. Demographics We would like to thank the following individuals for making this research project possible:  Heather Long, Melanie Oord, Participants, & Linfield College Institutional Review Board  Seventy-one participants were recruited from the Linfield student body (13 males & 58 females). Each participant completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to determine their level of physical activity and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionaire-2 (BREQ-2) to assess their motivation to exercise. DNA was collected and isolated from a cheek cell sample. PCR and gene specific primers were used to identify the MAO-A genotype of each participant. Only MAO-A 3/3 and 4/4 genotype individuals were used for analysis. An one way ANOVA  compared physical activity level, MET minutes per week, BREQ-2 score, internal motivation score and external motivation score between genotypes. Results Introduction Genotype N 3/3 VNTR 16 4/4 VNTR 22 3/4 VNTR 27 Figure 3A. External motivation to exercise scores were significantly higher in the high transcription 4/4 VNTR genotype compared to the low transcription 3/3 VNTR genotype. *p<0.01 B. Internal motivation to exercise scores were not significantly different between genotypes.  N Minimum Maximum Mean Standard Deviation Age (years) 72 18 24 19.5 1.4 Height (m) 72 1.44 1.88 1.68 0.09 Weight (kg) 72 46.2 139.3 70.5 14.7 BMI (kg/m2) 72 19.1 49.1 24.9 4.7 Figure 2. Gel showing a 3/4 VNTR genotype with three bands between 300 and 400 bp, a 3/3 VNTR genotype band at 324 bp, and a 4/4 VNTR genotype band at 354 bp Table 3. IPAQ physical activity category frequencies  	0	1	2	3	4	3/3	VNTR	 4/4	VNTR	BREQ-2	Score	0	1	2	3	4	3/3	VNTR	 4/4	VNTR	BREQ-2	Score	A. External Motivation B. Internal Motivation Table 2. Genotype Frequencies  Individuals with the 4/4 VNTR genotype have high external motivation to exercise scores compared to the 3/3 VNTR genotype, no difference between genotypes in internal motivation to exercise Genotype Mean METs IPAQ fitness category 1 (Low) 2 (Moderate) 3 (High) 3 VNTR 4017 1 7 7 4 VNTR 5666 1 4 16 There are a number of factors that may explain low physical activity levels including, inadequate time, insufficient resources or negative affect toward exercise. Extrinsic motivators such as peer pressure can be used to initiate exercise programs, however, intrinsic motivators are needed to continue daily exercise protocols (Good, Li & Deater-Deckard, 2015). Intrinsic motivation is thought to involve dopamine transmission in the brain (Goldfield et al., 2013). Several studies have shown that genetic variations in components of brain dopaminergic pathways affect the amount of voluntary exercise in mouse models. However, few studies have examined human genetic variations in this pathway that may impact exercise levels and motivation to exercise. Monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) are enzymes that act on monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, to cause inactivation of the neurotransmitter. There are several variations or polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MAO-A gene and these variations change transcriptional activity and the amount of MAO-A produced. The 3-repeat variable nucleotide tandem repeat (3/3 VNTR) polymorphism results in low transcription of MAO-A while the 4-repeat variable nucleotide tandem repeat (4/4 VNTR) has high transcriptional activity. The 4/4 VNTR polymorphism may lead to increased MAO-A activity and thus reduced dopamine available for signaling. Lower dopaminergic signaling may correlate with reduced motivation to exercise and/or overall levels of voluntary exercise.   The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity levels and/or motivation to exercise is associated with a genetic polymorphism or variation in the promoter region of a gene that regulates transcription of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). This enzyme regulates dopamine levels in the brain and thus can alter dopaminergic transmission pathways of motivation. * Mean MET minutes per week IPAQ physical activity category 1(Low) 2 (Moderate) 3 (High) 3/3 VNTR 4017 ± 3564 1 7 7 4/4 VNTR 5666 ± 3272 1 4 16 500 bp 400 bp 300 bp 200 bp 100 bp 4/4	 3/3	3/4		Figure 1. Low transcriptional 3/3 VNTR leads to low levels of MAO-A (hexagon shape) and a higher concentration of dopamine (diamond shape). The high transcriptional 4/4 VNTR leads to high levels of MAO-A and therefore lower concentration of dopamine. 3/3 VNTR 4/4 VNTR MAO-A MAO-A MAO-A MAO-A MAO-A MAO-A MAO-A 

Examination of the Monoamine Oxidase a Gene Promoter on Motivation to Exercise and Levels of Voluntary Physical Activity

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the genetic basis underlying voluntary exercise.  Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that acts on monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, to cause inactivation.  There are several polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MAO-A gene and these variations change transcriptional activity and the amount of MAO-A produced, leading to alterations in available dopamine levels.  Interestingly, polymorphisms in MAO-A have been associated recently with physical activity level.  This study sought to determine whether there is an association between motivation to exercise, levels of voluntary physical activity and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene polymorphisms.  METHODS: Seventy-one participants (age 18-24 years, 13 males & 58 females) completed the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionaire-2 (BREQ-2) to assess their motivation to exercise and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess their level of physical activity.  DNA was collected and isolated from a cheek cell sample.  The MAO-A genotype was identified using PCR with gene specific primers.  MAO-A 3/3 and 4/4 genotype individuals were used for analysis.  A random subsample will be re-genotyped in order to confirm our results.  RESULTS: External motivation to exercise was significantly higher (p \u3c 0.01) in the high transcription 4/4 genotype (ave 1.17 ± 0.7) compared to the low transcription 3/3 genotype (ave 0.42 ± 0.5).  Internal motivation to exercise was not different between genotypes.  Body mass index and weekly MET minutes estimated by IPAQ were also comparable between genotypes.  CONCLUSION: The results suggest a polymorphism in this monoamine pathway may play a role in increasing sensitivity to external factors that motivate individuals to exercise

Kinney, E.

Coste, S.

Reinke, C.

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EXAMINATION OF THE MONOAMINE OXIDASE A GENE PROMOTER ON MOTIVATION TO EXERCISE AND LEVELS OF VOLUNTARY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Purpose: Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme that causes inactivation of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MAO-A gene can change transcriptional activity and the amount of MAO-A produced, leading to alterations in available dopamine levels. MAO-A polymorphisms have been associated with physical activity level. This study examined whether motivation to exercise, and levels of voluntary physical activity are associated with MAO-A gene polymorphisms.
Methods: Seventy-one participants (18-24 years, 13 males \u26 58 females) completed the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionaire-2 (BREQ-2) to assess their motivation to exercise and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to assess their level of physical activity. DNA was isolated from a cheek cell sample. MAO-A 3/3 and 4/4 genotype individuals were used for analysis.
Results: External motivation to exercise was significantly higher (p \u3c 0.01) in the high transcription 4/4 genotype (ave 1.17 ± 0.7) compared to the low transcription 3/3 genotype (ave 0.42 ± 0.5). Internal motivation to exercise, body mass index, and weekly MET minutes were comparable between genotypes.
Conclusion: The results suggest a polymorphism in this monoamine pathway may play a role in increasing sensitivity to external factors that motivate individuals to exercise

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https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1231&amp;context=symposium

Examination of the Monoamine Oxidase a Gene Promoter on Motivation to Exercise and Levels of Voluntary Physical Activity

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