The paper deals with the issues of the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI), which describes buildings in terms of their intelligent systems. In first part, the principles of SRI and the processes of a building’s assessment are explained. The second part contains a case study of four buildings in the Czech Republic with different technical systems and the Smart Readiness Indicator is calculated for them

Horák O.

Kabele K.

English

Digital Library of the Czech Technical University in Prague

Heat ing, Vent i lat ion, Sani tat ion 6/2019 331Energy Performance of  Bui ld ings        Testing of Pilot Buildings by the SRI MethodTestování pilotních budov metodou SRIThe paper deals with the issues of the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI), which describes buildings in terms of their intelligent systems. In first part, the principles of SRI and the processes of a building’s assessment are explained. The second part contains a case study of four buildings in the Czech Republic with different technical systems and the Smart Readiness Indicator is calculated for them. Keywords: Smart Readiness Indicator, Intelligent BuildingsČlánek se zabývá tzv. Indikátorem připravenosti budov na chytrá řešení (Smart Readiness Indicator, SRI), který popisuje úroveň inteligence budov a jejich systémů. V úvodní části článku jsou popsány principy SRI a procesy, jak budovy hodnotit. Druhou částí článku je případová studie 4 budov v České republice s růz-nými technickými systémy, pro které je proveden výpočet indikátoru.Klíčová slova: Smart Readiness Indicator, inteligentní budovyIng. Ondřej HoRák,  prof. Ing. karel kaBele, CSc.Department of Indoor Environmental and Building Services Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in PragueInTRoducTIon The revised European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) supports smart building technologies, but the question, how to describe the “smartness”, has arisen. The European Commission has assembled a consortium of experts accordingly. This consortium put together a so-called Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) which describes how the building is prepared for smart systems, which can ensure the indoor environmen-tal quality, energy performance, convenience and other parameters of a building’s operation. The SRI is a percentage of the real level of smart systems according to the maximal achievable conditions in an assessed building. The total SRI score is calculated from the impact scores and domain scores by weighting each impact/domain. The term impact score means how the fields of a building’s use are equipped by smart ready technologies, the domain scores are focused on a building’s technical systems and their “smartness”.The PRoceSS of a BuIldIng’S aSSeSSMenTAt first, the general information of an assessed building is defined:q	Building type (residential, non-residential),q	Building usage (for residential building, e.g. Single-family house, large multi-family house etc., for another type, e.g. Educational, of-fice building, etc.)q	Location in climate zone (European Union is divided into five zones)q	Net-floor areaq	Year of constructionq	Building state (original, renovated)q	Building domains (technical systems) present (heating, domestic hot water, cooling system, controlled ventilation, lighting, dynamic enve-lope, electricity: renewables and storage, electric vehicle charging, Monitoring & Control)Then, for each building domain, the type of technical system is defined. For example, each heating service has its own emission type (TABS, hy-dronic or non-hydronic system), production type (district, central, de-central heating, heat pump), presence of energy storage and number of heat generators. Thereafter, each domain has its services. The maximum number of services is 52, but the real number depends on presence of the domains and their type.Each service has its own impact and domain weighting according to the functionality level, climate zone and building usage. The functionality level is a description of the service and marked by a number. The num-ber 0 means a simple system with nothing smart and a higher number means a smarter service. Some services have their maximum at func-tionality level 2 (for example detecting faults of the technical systems and their diagnostics), or the maximal functionality level is 4 (for example heat control on the demand side).The final SRI score is calculated from these parameters and their im-pacts. The score for a single impact parameter is a percentage of the real score versus the maximum which can be achieved. The total SRI score is a percentage of the sums of the scores for each impact to the maximal achievable score.The impact scores which make up the total SRI score together, are:q	Energy savings on siteq	Flexibility for the grid and storageq	Comfortq	Convenienceq	Wellbeing and healthq	Maintenance and fault predictionq	Information to occupantsThe domain scores are calculated for each domain (technical system) which is installed in the assessed building.caSe STudYThe case study contains the SRI assessment of four different buildings in the Czech Republic. Each building has a different level of smart services.Building 1 – a family house in VšenoryThe first case is a small renovated family house located in the Central Bohemian region. It is a stone-structure, combined with a newer ex-tension of aerated concrete. It is a traditional non-smart family house built in the early 19th century and only equipped by electrical heating (accumulation stoves) and electrical hot water preparation in a water tank. The lighting is a classic system as well (on/off switches). The charging of the stoves has a timetable connected to the switching to a cheaper tariff (8 hours per day).  The renovation took place in the 2000s and 2010s. 332 Heat ing, Vent i lat ion, Sani tat ion 6/2019 Energy Performance of  Bui ld ingsBuilding 2 – an apartment block in Praha-SuchdolAnother residential building is an apartment block located in the outskirts of Prague. It is a large multi-family house of a prefab concrete structure built in the 1980s and renovated in the 2000s. As in the previous case, the building has heating, domestic hot water preparation and lighting. The heat source is a gas boiler, which prepares the domestic hot water as well. The heating system is a hydronic system with radiators and is controlled by the outside temperature (equithermal regulation). The DHW (domestic hot water) has its own schedule of charging the water tank. The lighting is similar, the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system is simple with the indication of detected faults and alarms.Building 3 – The faculty of civil engineering, cTu in Prague, Block aIt is the only non-residential building in this case study. The building is a 15-storey building located in Prague-Dejvice, built in the 1970s and renovated in the 2010s. This building is supplied by district heating as the only heat source for both the heating and DHW preparation. Part of the building is equipped by controlled ventilation (air-handling units). The exposed south/west facade has movable motorised shades reacting to the solar irradiation. Each room has its own heat control, the distribution of the heat is in accordance with the outside temperature. The heating system is hydronic. Some parts (corridors) have the occupancy control for lighting. Tab. 1 The description of the buildings and their technical systems  Building Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4geneRal InfoRMaTIonBuilding type Residential Residential Non-Residential ResidentialBuilding usage Single-family house Large multi-family house Educational Single-family houseNet-floor area (m2) <200 1.000-10.000 >25.000 <200Year of construction <1960 1960-1990 1960-1990 >2010heaTIngemission type Non-hydronic Hydronic (radiators) Hydronic (radiators) Hydronic (radiators)Production type Decentral Central District DecentralThermal energy Storage Yes No No NoMultiple heat generators No No No YesdoMeSTIc hoT WaTeRProduction type Electric Non-electric Non-electric CombinationStorage present Yes Yes Yes YesSolar collector No No No YesconTRolled VenTIlaTIon System type No NoControlled natural ventilation (10% of the building)NodYnaMIc enVeloPe Movable shades No No Yes NoFig. 1 Building 1 – the family house in Všenory (source: www.mapy.cz)Fig. 2 Building 2 – the apartment block in Praha-Suchdol (source: www.mapy.cz)Fig. 3 Building 3 – Building A of the Faculty of Civil Engineering  (source: cs.wikipedia.org)Heat ing, Vent i lat ion, Sani tat ion 6/2019 333Energy Performance of  Bui ld ings        Building 4 – A family house in RýmařovThe fourth case is a family house located in the Moravian-Silesian region in the Jeseníky mountains. It is a newly built wooden one-storey struc-ture with a currently non-occupied attic. The main heat source is a stove where pieces of wood are burnt. The stove is connected to the hydronic heating system. There is also an electrical boiler as a backup source, which is connected to the heating system as well. The DHW is prepared in a water tank, whose main heat source is the above-mentioned heat-ing system, heat is tranfered by heat exchanger inside the tank. There is another heat exchanger connected to a circuit with solar collectors. Third back-up source is an electric heat cartridge. The heat emission is con-trolled room by room, the DHW is controlled in accordance with the solar energy supply. All energy flows are measured and the data are collected for the indication of any changes. So, the HVAC system has a central re-porting of the technical building system performance and the energy use. Tab. 1 above describes all the different input parameters of the buildings. All the buildings are in the Czech Republic, so the climate zone for the SRI assessment is North-East Europe. In the field of technical systems, no assessed building is equipped by cooling, renewable electricity source or electric vehicle charging. SRI calculaTIonThis chapter includes the results of the SRI calculation for all four build-ings. The total SRI score and the single impact scores are shown in Tab. 2. Tab. 3 describes the domain SRI score. Tab. 2 The total SRI score and the impact SRI score assessmentBuilding Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4Total SRI score 14% 28% 35% 37%energy savings on site 17% 31% 43% 52%flexibility for the grid and storage 31% 35% 36% 12%comfort 9% 34% 39% 51%convenience 5% 29% 30% 39%Wellbeing and health 0% 100% 31% 100%Maintenance & fault prediction 0% 12% 25% 32%Information to occupants 0% 13% 18% 31%The results shown in Tab. 2 say that Building 4 has the best total SRI score. Building 1 has the worst score, which is as expected, as it is equipped by a classic technical system only. The number is increased partly thanks to the flexibility of the heating system to the grid. Building 2 is a common apartment block type. In can be estimated that many apartment blocks in the Czech Republic can reach a similar SRI score. Building 3 is strong in the energy savings because of the shading control. The shading increases the comfort of the building. Building 4 is designed as a low-energy house, so the energy savings on site have the highest score, but there is low flexibility to the grid.In Table 2, one peculiarity can be observed: The 100% impact score of the Wellbeing and health. The reason is that only the two HVAC services have influence on the Wellbeing and health assessment. The maximal score is reached in the case of the presence of any functionality, not in the case of the functionality level.Tab. 3 The domain SRI scoreBuilding Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4heating system 26% 36% 55% 39%domestic hot water 29% 12% 34% 57%cooling system -  - - -controlled ventilation - - 4% -lighting 0% 0% 10% 0%dynamic envelope - - 38% -electricity: renewables & storage - - - -electric Vehicle charging - - - -Monitoring & control 0% 25% 27% 32%The most interesting, in terms of the domain score, is Building 3, which is equipped by more technical systems than the other buildings. As only a part of the building has controlled ventilation, only a 4% score of the Controlled Ventilation domain was reached. The dynamic envelope only contains an automatic shading system, not the control of a window’s opening or performance information reporting, so the score is “window opening” 36%. Building 4 has the highest DHW score because of the renewable energy source present.concluSIonThe Smart Readiness Indicator provides simplified, but good informa-tion about the technical building systems in terms of their smartness. The calculation has some shortcomings. For example, it is impossible to define two different heat sources (e.g. hydronic heat systems combined with a fireplace). Some impact score calculations are insufficient, so the Wellbeing score can easily reach 100 % because there are a small num-ber of services which have an impact on this score.It is difficult to reach 100 % of the total SRI score because such build-ings would have very sophisticated intelligent systems, which can be expensive and sometimes be non-user friendly. On the other side, the assessed buildings have a big potential to improve their parameters in terms of smart readiness. Contact: ondrej.horak.1@fsv.cvut.cz, kabele@fsv.cvut.cz, This work was supported by grant project SGS 161 – 1611811A125Fig. 4 Building 4 – The family house in Rýmařov (source: Kabele, Urban: Grant no: te02000077 Smart Regions – buildings and settlements information modelling, technology and infrastructure for sustainable development)334 Heat ing, Vent i lat ion, Sani tat ion 6/2019 Energy Performance of  Bui ld ingsReferences[1]  Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of The Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU of the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency [online]. Copyright © [cit. 14.11.2019]. Avilable from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0844&from=EN[2]  Smart Readiness Indicator for Buildings | Smart Readiness Indicator for Buildings. Smart Readiness Indicator for Buildings | Smart Readiness Indica-tor for Buildings [online].  Avilable from: https://smartreadinessindicator.eu/

Testing of Pilot Buildings by the SRI Method

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Testing of Pilot Buildings by the SRI Method

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