Bock, Cathryn H.

Carpten, John

Hsing, Ann W.

Kittles, Rick A.

Powell, Isaac

English

PubMed

Cathryn H. Bock

Isaac Powell

Rick A. Kittles

Ann W. Hsing

John Carpten

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Prostate Cancer

Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer Incidence, Biochemical Recurrence, and Mortality

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Hindawi Publishing CorporationProstate CancerVolume 2011, Article ID 716178, 2 pagesdoi:10.1155/2011/716178EditorialRacial Disparities in Prostate Cancer Incidence,Biochemical Recurrence, and MortalityCathryn H. Bock,1 Isaac Powell,2 Rick A. Kittles,3 Ann W. Hsing,4 and John Carpten51Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA2Department of Urology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA3Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-4067, USA4Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7335, USA5 Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 N. Fifth Street,Phoenix, AZ 85004, USACorrespondence should be addressed to Cathryn H. Bock, bockc@med.wayne.eduReceived 1 November 2011; Accepted 1 November 2011Copyright © 2011 Cathryn H. Bock et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properlycited.Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates vary widelyamong populations, with the highest documented ratesamong American and Caribbean men of African descentand the lowest rates in Asian populations. It is likely thatthese diﬀerences can be attributed to variation in genetics,environmental exposures, access to health care, screeningpatterns, and treatment patterns; however, the reasons forthese diﬀerences have not been fully elucidated.This special issue includes eight original research articlesthat provide details regarding racial diﬀerences in incidencerates andmortality rates and pathological features and whichhelp us to achieve a better understanding of environmentaland clinical reasons for these disparities. Two of the articlesexamine the validity of prognostic indicators and treatmentrecommendations in populations external to those in whichnomograms and treatment protocols were developed.The first research article, “Prostate cancer incidence ratesin Africa,” characterizes incidence rates within Sub-SaharanAfrica populations. Despite diﬀerences in data availabilityand quality across the various locations included, theauthors provide strong evidence that incidence rates varyconsiderably within Africa and that incidence rates arerising in several Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The reportedincidence rates in Africa are much lower than those amongAfrican American men but are similar to incidence rates ofdistant-stage prostate cancer in African American men.The next two articles address issues in prostate cancerrates in Caribbean nations. A. J. M. Hennis et al. describeprostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in Barbadosand compare these with rates among several other popula-tions in “Prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Barbados,West Indies.” In general, rates in Barbados do not diﬀerfrom rates in other Carribbean populations and are lowerthan those reported in African Americans. In “Environmentas a potential key determinant of the continued increase ofprostate cancer incidence in Martinique,” D. Belpomme andP. Irigaray identified higher prostate cancer incidence ratesin Martinique compared with those in France, Sweden, theUSA, and the UK. Reasons for incidence rate diﬀerences wereexamined using an ecological study approach, and evidencefavored genetic, pesticide exposure, or gene-environmentinteraction explanations for rate diﬀerences, with no evi-dence observed for a role of life expectancy or diet ondiﬀerences in incidence rates.Important pathological diﬀerences in disease charac-teristics by race are described in the fourth paper, “Aretrospective study on pathologic features and racial disparitiesin prostate cancer.” S. A. Bigler et al. report diﬀerences inthe prevalence of key histologic and clinical features betweenAfrican American and Caucasian men at times of biopsy,diagnosis, and prostatectomy. These diﬀerences includeyounger age, higher cancer detection rate, higher Gleasonscore, more bilateral prostate involvement, larger prostatesize, and greater tumor volume among African Americanmen compared with Caucasian men. Diﬀerences in tumorevolution described include increased risk of diagnosis of2 Prostate Cancerprostate cancer associated with diagnosis of high-gradeprostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) or atypical smallacinar proliferation (ASAP) among African American menand shorter time from noncancerous biopsy to diagnosticbiopsy among men with HGPIN, with ASAP, or of AfricanAmerican race.In the fifth article, “The metabolic syndrome and biochem-ical recurrence following radical prostatectomy” by J. M. Postet al., hypertension was the most common metabolic featurein both African American and Caucasian prostate cancercases, with a significantly greater presence among AfricanAmerican men with prostate cancer. Metabolic syndromewas associated with a 50% increase in risk of biochemicalrecurrence (BCR), and hypertension was associated witha two-fold increase in risk of BCR among both AfricanAmericans and Caucasians.In the sixth article, “Prostate cancer severity associationswith neighborhood deprivation,” C. M. Ziegler-Johnson etal. report associations between several measures of neigh-borhood and increased prostate cancer severity in neigh-borhoods in Southeastern Pennsylvania, with the greatestevidence for association observed within African Americans.In the seventh article, “Racial/ethnic patterns in prostatecancer outcomes in an active surveillance cohort,” J. Cullenet al. compare secondary treatment and overall survival byrace/ethnicity in a cohort of men followed on an activesurveillance protocol. While black patients were more likelyto undergo secondary treatment, no racial diﬀerences inoverall survival were detected. Given current concerns inthe field regarding the overtreatment of prostate cancer andwhether active surveillance is appropriate in black men,these findings provide reassuring evidence that, at leastwhen secondary treatment availability is equal, there are nodiﬀerences in overall survival by race.In the eighth article, “Development and external valida-tion of a nomogram predicting the probability of significantGleason sum upgrading among Japanese patients with localizedprostate cancer,” T. Imamoto et al. describe a nomogram forpredicting Gleason sum upgrading from biopsy to radicalprostatectomy with better validity in Japanese men thana previous nomogram developed in a Western popula-tion. Given that approximately one-fifth of Japanese mendiagnosed with prostate cancer at biopsy will experienceGleason sum upgrade, this nomogram may aid clinicians inidentifying patients at higher risk of upgrade.Cathryn H. BockIsaac PowellRick A. KittlesAnn W. HsingJohn CarptenSubmit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.comStem CellsInternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014MEDIATORSINFLAMMATIONofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Behavioural NeurologyEndocrinologyInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Disease MarkersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalOncologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014PPAR ResearchThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofObesityJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Computational and  Mathematical Methods in MedicineOphthalmologyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Diabetes ResearchJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Research and TreatmentAIDSHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Gastroenterology Research and PracticeHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Parkinson’s DiseaseEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com

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Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer Incidence, Biochemical Recurrence, and Mortality

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