Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Hulse, Arthur C.

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Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

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207.1AMPHIBIA: SALIENTIA: BUFONIDAE BUFO RETIFORMIS6N~4\ .: I,.. -. '-"'-"'1!- j. III.......••~crescendoof a singledrawn-outnote,not unlikethe buzzingofan electricalarmclock, witha slighttrill givingthe effectof avibratingpolicewhistle."Stebbins(1966)describedit as"A com-binedbuzzandwhistle,a wheezycalllasting1to31/5sec.,grad-uallyloweringin pitchor remainingconstantandendingsharp-ly." Bogert(1962)analyzedthematingcall:pulsationspersecond184to224;duration1.1to3.2s; emphasizedfrequency3,400to3,800Hz. At similartemperaturesin areasof overlap,Bufo re-tiformis hada call approximately1,000Hz lowerthanBufo kel-loggi. The call is highlyventriloquistic(Stebbins,1966).• ILLUSTRATIONS.SandersandSmith's(1951)descriptionin-cludeda fair photographof thedorsalviewof thepreservedho-lotype.Otherblackandwhitephotographsof dorsalaspectsarein FergusonandLowe(1969)andBogert(1962).For illustrationsin color, see Leviton(1971),Blair (1972a)and Stebbins(1966).Savage(1954)illustratedthe skin patternof B. retiformis andcomparedit withothermembersofthedebilis complex.Theskullwasillustratedby Martin(1972)andFergusonandLowe (1969).FergusonandLowe (1969)figuredtheeggs.Zweifel(1970)pre-sentedlinedrawingsoftadpoles.Soundspectrogramsweregivenby Bogert(1962)andFergusonandLowe(1969).In additionBo-gert(1962)figuredthesoundspectrogramat1,4 normalspeed.Pho-tographsof adulthybrids(Bufo retiformis X B. kelloggi andB.punctatus X B. retiformis) were givenby Fergusonand Lowe(1969).KaryotypesareillustratedbyColeetal. (1968)andBogart(1972)andideogramsof thechromosomesby Bogart(1972).• DISTRIBUTION.Bufo retiformis is restrictedto southernAr-izonaandSonora,Mexico,northof Guaymas.Bogert(1962)andStebbins(1954and1966)providedrespectively,localityandrangemapsofthespecies.Additionalcollectingsincethenhasextend-ed theknownrangeslightlyeastwardin Sonora;slightlyeastinPimaCounty,Arizona;andnorthwardintoPinal County,Arizona(NickersonandMays,1968).Bufo retiformis wouldappeartobemostcommonlyfoundintheopen,rollingmesquite-grasslandbetweenanelevationof 500and 1,500ft. The only regionwhereBufo retiformis entersthePacific CoastalPlain of Mexicois in thevicinityof Hermosillo.Bogert(1962)suggestedthatthisinvasionofthecoastalplainnearMAP. The solidcirclemarksthe type-locality;opencirclesin-dicateotherrecords.1.8 2.0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6TIME IN SECONDS.6.4.2oFIGURE. Audiospectrogramof matingcallofBufo retiformis: 11mi northof Hermosillo,Sonora,Mexico,19August1960,water26°C,air24°C;narrowband(45Hz)left,wideband(300Hz)right;Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. Dept. Herpetologytape, specimenAMNH 65775.Bufo retiformisSandersand SmithSonorangreentoadBufo debilis retiformis SandersandSmith,1951:153.Type-local-ity, "14.4miS. Ajo, PimaCounty,Arizona."Holotype,Univ.Illinois Mus. Natur.Hist. 5847,an adultmale(fideSavage,1954)collectedbyMaxHensleyandW. LeslieBurger1July1948.(Typenotexaminedbyauthor.)Bufo retiformis: Bogert,1962:31.• CONTENT.No subspeciesarerecognized.• DEFINITIONANDDIAGNOSIS.This is the largestspeciesofthe Bufo debilis speciesgroup:adult malesattainsnout-ventlengthsrangingfrom40to47mmandfemalesfrom45to49mm(Savage,1954).The parotoidglandsarelargebutinconspicuous,beingwidestat a pointapproximately1f3 backfromtheanterioredge.Warts on the parotoidsare greatlyreducedand eachistippedwithblack.The cranialcrestsarereducedor absent,thesupraorbitalandpreorbitalcrestsare comprisedof a seriesofsmallblacktippedwarts,thepostorbital,suborbital,andlabialcrestsarecomprisedof onlya fewblacktippedwarts.The wartsof theuppereyelidaretippedwithblack.The dorsumis coveredwith lowblack tippedwarts,thewartsof thesidesof thebodyarelargerthanthoseonthedorsum.Ventrallytheyarecoveredwith smalldark tippedgranules.The dorsalcolorationconsistsof yellowblotchescontaininggreencentralareasandseparatedby relativelynarrowthin black reticulations.The ventralsur-faces,as well as the throatregionin females,are immaculatewhite. In maturemalesthe regionof the vocalsac is greyishblack.2Catalogueof AmericanAmphibiansand Reptiles.HULSE,ARTHURC. 1978.Bufo retiformis.• DESCRIPTIONS.SandersandSmith(1951)supplieda gooddescriptionoftheholotype.Savage(1954)gaveadditionaldetaileddescriptionsof theadult,includingdetaileddiagnosticmeasure-mentsfor bothmalesandfemales,anda descriptionof intraspe-cific variation.FergusonandLowe (1969)describedcoloration,cranial osteology,cranial crests and paratoidglands.Martin(1972)gavea brief descriptionof the osteologyof the speciesgroup,placingmajoremphasisoncranialcharacters.Eggsof thespecieshavebeendescribedby FergusonandLowe (1969)andbyZweifel(1970).Zweifel(1970)discussedeggsize,generaltad-polemorphology,andcoloration.Tadpolemorphologyis similarforall membersofthespeciesgroup.Tadpolesofthegroupdifferin severalwaysfromall otherBufo, thusfar studied.Theyareuniquein possessingtworowsof lowerlabialteethandin havinga dextralanalopeningas opposedto oneor threerowsof lowerlabialteethanda medialanalopeningin otherspecies.In addi-tion theyhatchat a later stagethando mostBufo, stage19asopposedto 16or 17.Bufo retiformis eggsbeforepreservationareabout1.15mmin diameterandareyellowwithonlya bandof melanin.Hatchl-ingsare3.1to3.4mmin lengthasin all membersof thedebilisgroup.Zweifel(1970)notedsomedifferencesin colorationof thetadpoleswithinthegroup.Savage(1954)describedthecallofBufo retiformis as"a risingHermosillomightbe dueto anincreasein well drillingandirri-gation,thusmakingthehabitatmoresuitablefor B. retiformis.It is quitepossiblethatthenorthwardextensionof therangeofB. retiformis intosouthernPinal County,Arizonamayalsobearesultof increasedagriculturalactivityand the concommitantirrigationof thearea.If thisis true,Bufo retiformis maycontinueto extendits rangenorthwardfollowingtheirrigatedlandsoftheSantaRosaandGilavalleys.• FOSSILRECORD.None.• PERTINENTLITERATURE.Bogert(1962)discusseddispersalanddistributionofBufo retiformis, includingitszoneof sympatrywithBufo kelloggi, andconcludedthatdueto habitatmanipula-tionfor agriculturalusesit appearedto bereplacingB. kelloggito the southand west of Hermosillo.Habitatis discussedbyBogert(1962)andcall site selectionby Bogert(1962),FergusonandLowe(1969),andStebbins(1966).Bufo retiformis callsfromclumpsof grass,usuallythreefeetor lessfromthewater'sedge.Zweifel (1970)suggestedthat the eggswere not laid in longstrandsas is commonin manyspeciesof Bufo. FergusonandLowe (1969)placedBufo punctatus in thesamespeciesassem-blageasB. retiformis.Bogert(1962)andFergusonandLowe(1969)analyzedmatingcallsinB. retiformis andnoteddifferencesin pulserate,duration,andemphasizedfrequencyfromtheothermembersofthespeciesgroup.Effectsof temperatureon callingactivitywerediscussedbyFergusonandLowe(1969).FergusonandLowe (1969)discussedintra-grouphybridiza-tionwithBufo kelloggi andB. debilis andinter-grouphybridiza-tion withBufo punctatus. Blair (1972b)alsoexaminedintraandinter-grouphybridization.Riemer(1955)discussedwhathecon-sideredto be naturalhybridsbetweenBufo retiformis and B.kelloggi, butBogert(1962)statedthattheywereBufo kelloggi.Bogart(1972)andColeetal. (1968)reportedonchromosomenumber(n =22)andconfiguration.Blair (1972c)gavecharacter-isticsofthetestesandBachman(1970)discusses pecificnuclearDNA amounts.Altig (1970)includedretiformis in a key to thetadpolesofthecontinentalUnitedStatesandCanada.JaegerandHailman(1972)reportedoneffectsoflightintensityonphototacticresponsesandLutz (1972)discussedparotoidglandtoxins.DistributionalrecordsandmiscellaneousnotesarefoundinChrapliwyandWilliams(1957);Lowe(1964);NickersonandMays(1968);Riemer(1955);SmithandChrapliwy(1958);andWilliamsandChrapliwy(1958).• REMARKS. Somediscussionhas arisenas to the speciesgroupingof B. retiformis. Bogert(1962),Sandersand Smith(1951),Savage(1954),andZweifel(1970)allconsiderB. retiformistobea memberof thesmalldebilis groupofBufo alongwithtwootherspecies:Bufo debilis andB. kelloggi. FergusonandLowe(1969)afterexaminingseveralaspectsof the biologiesof theabovespeciesandBufo punctatus contendthatall four speciesforma naturalspeciesassemblagewithBufo punctatus beingthemostprimitive.• ETYMOLOGY.The specificnameretiformis referstothenet-like patternof blacklinesonthedorsum.LITERATURECITEDAltig, Ronald. 1970.A key to the tadpolesof the continentalUnitedStatesandCanada.Herpetologica26(2):180-207.Bachmann,Konrad. 1970.SpecificnuclearDNA amountsintoadsof the genusBufo. Chromosoma(Berl.) 29:365-374.Blair, W. Frank. 1972a.Bufo of NorthandCentralAmerica,p.93-101. In W. FrankBlair (ed.),Evolutionin thegenusBufo.Universityof TexasPress,Austinviii +459p.1972b. Evidencefrom hybridization,p. 196-232.In W.Frank Blair (ed.)op. cit.1972c.Characteristicsofthetestes,p.324-328.In W. FrankBlair (ed.),op. cit.207.2Bogart,James P. 1972.Karyotypes,p. 171-195.In W. FrankBlair (ed.),Evolutionin thegenusBufo. Universityof TexasPress,Austinviii +459p.Bogert,CharlesM. 1960.Theinfluenceof soundonthebehaviorof amphibiansand reptiles,p. 137-320.In W. E. LanyonandW. N. Tavolga(eds.),Animalsoundsandcommunica-tion,Amer. Inst. BioI. Sci. Publ. (7):xiii +443p.1962. Isolatingmechanismsin toadsof the Bufo debilisgroupin ArizonaandwesternMexico.Amer.Mus. Novitates(2100):1-37.Chrapliwy,PeteS., andKenneth1.Williams. 1957.A speciesof frog newto the faunaof theUnitedStates:Pternohylafodiens Boulenger.ChicagoAcad. Sci. Natur. Hist. Misc.(160):1-2.Cole, CharlesJ., CharlesH. Lowe,andJohn W. Wright. 1968.Karyotypesof eightspeciesof toads(genusBufo) in NorthAmerica.Copeia1968(1):96-100.Ferguson,J. Homer,andCharlesH. Lowe. 1969.Evolutionaryrelationshipsof theBufo punctatus group.Amer. MidlandNatur.81(2):435-446.Jaeger,RobertG., andJack P. Hailman. 1973.Effectsof inten-sityonthephototacticresponsesofadultanuranamphibians:a comparativestudy.Z. Tierpsychol.33:352-407.Leviton,AlanE. 1971.Reptilesandamphibiansof NorthAmer-ica. DoubledayandCo., NewYork. 250p.Lowe, CharlesH. 1964.An annotatedchecklistof theamphib-iansandreptilesofArizona,p. 153-174.In CharlesH. Lowe(ed.),The vertebratesof Arizona.Univ.ArizonaPress,Tuc-son.x +259p.Lutz, Bertha. 1971.Venomoustoadsandfrogs,p. 423-473.InBucherl,WolfgangandEleanorE. Buckley(eds.),Venomousanimalsandtheir venoms.Vol. 1, VenomousVertebrates.AcademicPress,NewYork. xxiii + 707p.Martin,RobertF. 1972.Evidencefromosteology,p. 37-70.InW. Frank Blair (ed.), Evolutionin the genusBufo. Univ.TexasPress,Austin.viii +459p.Nickerson,Max Allen, and CharlesEdwin Mays. 1968.Buforetiformis SandersandSmithfromtheSantaRosa Valley,Pima County,Arizona.J. Herpetol.1(1-4):103.Riemer,WilliamJ. 1955.Commentson thedistributionof cer-tainMexicantoads.Herptologica11(1):17-23.Sanders,Ottys,andHobartM. Smith. 1951.Geographicvaria-tion in toadsof the debilis groupof Bufo. Field andLab.19(4):141-160.Savage,Jay M. 1954.A revisionof thetoadsof theBufo debiliscomplex.TexasJ. Sci. 6(1):83-112.Smith,HobartM., andPeteS. Chrapliwy.1958.Newandnote-worthyMexicanherptilesfromtheLidicker collection.Her-petologica13(4):267-271.Stebbins,RobertC. 1954.Amphibiansandreptilesof westernNorthAmerica.McGrawHill Book Co., New York. xxii +528p.1966.A field guideto westernreptilesand amphibians.HoughtonMifflin Co., Boston.xiv +279.Williams,Kenneth1.,andPete S. Chrapliwy. 1958.Selectedrecordsof amphibiansand reptilesfrom Arizona. Trans.KansasAcad.Sci. 61(3):299-301.Zweifel,RichardG. 1970.Descriptivenoteson the larvaeoftoadsofthedebilis group,genusBufo. Amer.Mus.Novitates(2407):1-13.ARTHURC. HULSE,BIOLOGYDEPARTMENT,INDIANAUNIVERSITYOF PENNSYLVANIA,INDIANA,PENNSYLVANIA15701,USA.Primaryeditorfor thisaccount,RichardG. Zweifel.Published6 October1978by the SOCIETYFORTHE STUDYOFAMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES.

Bufo retiformis

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Bufo retiformis

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