Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Ernst, Carl H.

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Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyEarth and Planetary Science

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276.1REPTILIA: TESTUDINES: EMYDIDAE RHINOCLEMMYS PUNCTULARIAMAP. The solid circles mark the type-localities;opencirclesindicateotherselectedlocalities.1. Rhinoclemmyspunctularia punctularia(Daudin)TestudopunctulariaDaudin,1802:249.Seespeciessynonymy.EmysdorsualisSpix, 1824:11.Seespeciessynonymy.GeoclemyscallocephalusGray,1863a:254.Seespeciessynonymy.Rhinoclemysbellii Gray, 1863b:I83.Seespeciessynonymy.RhinoclemmyslunataGray,1873:144.Seespeciessynonymy.RhinoclemmysventricosaGray,1873:145.Seespeciessynonymy.Geoemydapunctulariapunctularia:Wettstein,1934:19.Geoemydapunctularialunata:Mertens,1954a:6../.....- '\.:')\!'.""!..., ••.••'\ ... - •.....•\.' )!::;.14~OMI.~800 KM.2~400thehemoglobinelectrophoreticpatterns,andBickhamandBaker(1976)the karyotype.Medem(1962)givesa photographof theegg.• DISTRIBUTION.Rhinoclemmyspunctulariaoccursin south-ern CentralAmericaand northernSouthAmerica.Three sub-speciesoccurwithinthe range.Rhinoclemmysp. melanostemarangesfromthePanamaCanalZonesouthwardthroughwesternColombiato northwesternEcuador; Medem (1962)shows itsrangein Colombia.Rhinoclemmysp. diademataoccursin theAtlantic drainagesof northeasternColombiaand northwesternVenezuela,generallywestof theSierraNevadade Merida;Ni-cHoroMaria(1958)discussedtherangein Colombia.Rhinoclem-mysp. punctulariaoccursfromtheOrinocodrainagein north-easternVenezuelaand Trinidad southeastwardthroughtheGuianastotheAmazondeltain northeasternBrazil.• FOSSILRECORD. None.• PERTINENTLITERATURE. Generalaccountsof the biologyaregivenbyMertens(1954b),NicHoroMaria(1958),andMedem(1962).Otherimportantreferencesarelistedbytopic.Taxonomyandrelationships:BickhamandBaker(1976),Ernst(1978).Bloodstudies:Frair (1963),Sullivanand Riggs (1967).Eggs: Goeldi(1898).Karyotype:BickhamandBaker(1976),Killebrew(1977).Parasites:Hugheset al. (1941),Caballeroet al. (1959),Alho(1964),ErnstandErnst (1977),Schoeneckeret al. (1977).• ETYMOLOGY. The specificnamepunctularia is derivedfromtheLatinpunctulatusforspottedandreferstothepreorbitalspotsof the nominaterace. Subspecificnamesare derivedasfollows:melanostemafromtheGreekwordsmelasforblackandstemonfor chest,referringtotheblackplastron,anddiadematafromtheGreekprefixdia foracrossandtheGreekdemationforband,referringto theheadpatternof thisrace.Testudopunctularia Daudin, 1802:249.Type-locality, "Cay-enne,"French Guiana.Holotype,adultfemale,Mus. Nat.Hist. Natur., Paris 9130,collectedby M. Richard,no date(examinedbyauthor).EmysdorsualisSpix, 1824:11.Type-locality,"juxtaflumenSoli-moens,"Amazonas,Brazil.Holotype,notdesignated.GeoclemmysmelanostemaGray, 1861:205.Type-locality,"Che-runha... Gulfof Darien,"restrictedto"PuntaCharambinidelta del rio San Juan, Choco, Colombia" by Medem(1958:21).Syntypes,adultfemale,BritishMus. (Natur.Hist.)1947.3.4.8.fromRio Buenaventura,collectedbyJ. O. Good-ridge, no date; juvenile, British Mus. (Natur. Hist.)1947.3.5.51fromChirambini,Gulf of Darien,collectoranddateunknown(examinedbyauthor).GeoclemyscallocephalusGray, 1863a:254.Type-locality,"Un-known,perhapsChina," restrictedto SouthAmerica(Wer-muthandMertens,1961:94).Holotype,adultfemale,BritishMus. (Natur.Hist.) 1947.3.5.50,collectoranddateunknown(examinedbyauthor).Rhinoclemysbellii Gray, 1863b:183.Type-locality, "tropicalAmerica."Holotype,notdesignated.Rhinoclemmyslunata Gray, 1873:144.Type-locality,Surinam.Syntypes,juveniles,BritishMus. (Natur.Hist.)1946.1.22.69-70,collectoranddateunknown(examinedby author).RhinoclemmysventricosaGray,1873:145.Type-locality,"Tropi-calAmerica,"Surinam.Holotype,femaleshell,BritishMus.(Natur.Hist.) 1947.3.5.49,collectoranddateunknown(ex-aminedbyauthor).• CONTENT. Three subspeciesare recognized:Rhinoclem-myspunctulariapunctularia,R. p. melanostema,andR. p. dia-demata.Rhinoclemmyspunctularia (Daudin)Spotted-leggedterrapinERNST,CARLH. 1981. Rhinoclemmyspunctularia.Catalogueof AmericlinAmphibiansand Reptiles.• DEFINITION. Adults growto 290mmin carapacelength.The domedcarapaceis smoothto lightlyrugose,mid-dorsallykeeled,posteriorlyserrated,notchedposteriorly,and usuallywidestandhighestjust behindthemiddle.The carapaceis uni-coloreddarkbrownor blackin adults;juvenilesmayshowyellowto bronzeradiationson eachpleural.The unhingedplastroniswell developed,upturnedanteriorly,andnotchedposteriorly;itis red-browntoblackwitha yellowborderandseams.Thebridgeis yellowwithtwolargedarkblotches.The headis smallwithaslightlyprojectingsnout,anda notchedupperjaw. Dorsalheadpatternvariesfrom two longitudinaldorsalstripesto a broadhorseshoe-likemark behindthe orbits (seesubspeciesdefini-tions).Thesemarkingsareusuallyredoryellow,butmaybepalegreen.The eyelidshavea light-coloredbar and stripesusuallyrun betweentheorbitandtympanumandfromthe snoutalongtheupperjaw to thetympanum.The iris rangesfrombronzetobrightyellowor white.The feetarestronglywebbed.The fore-limbshavelargeyellowor red, blackspottedscales.The hind-limbsaregraylaterallyandyellowwithblackspottingmedially.Maleshaveconcaveplastronsandlongtailswiththeventbeyondthecarapacialmargin;femalesarelarger,withflatplastronsandshortertailswiththeventbeneaththecarapace.• DESCRIPTIONS.Generaldescriptionsof adultsaregivenbyBoulenger(1889),Siebenrock(1909),NicHoroMaria(1958),Wer-muthandMertens(1961),Medem(1962),Pritchard(1967),andErnst (1978).Anatomicaldescriptionsinclude:hyoidapparatus(Siebenrock,1899);cervicalvertebrae(Williams,1950);choanalstructure(Parsons,1960.1968);rostralporesandmentalglands(Winokurand Legler, 1974,1975).Goeldi(1898)describedtheeggs,andBickhamandBaker(1976)thekaryotype.• ILLUSTRATIONS.Pritchard(1967)showscolorphotographsofadults;blackandwhitephotographsanddrawingsofadultsarein Mertens(1954b),NicHoroMaria(1958),WermuthandMertens(1961),andMedem(1962).Headpatternsareillustratedin Mer-tens(1954a),NicHoroMaria(1958),WermuthandMertens(1961),Medem(1962)and Ernst (1978).Siebenrock(1899)presentsadrawingof thehyoidapparatus.SullivanandRiggs(1967)show• DEFINITION. The dorsalheadpatternoneachsideconsistsof anobliqueyellowor red striperunningposteriorlyfromabovetheorbitto abovethetympanum(thisstripemayormaynotjoinitsmateofoppositesidejustbehindtheorbits),twolightblotchesonthenape,anda lightspotonthesnoutin frontof eachorbit.This iris is bronze.• REMARKS. Ernst(1978)synonymizedRhinoclemmyslunataGray, 1873with Rhinoclemysbellii Gray, 1863owingto theirsimilarheadpatterns,andthenshowedbothpatternstofallwith-in the normalvariationof Rhinoclemmysp. punctularia.Thebellii-lunatatypeheadpatternoccurscommonlythroughouthenorthernrangeof R. p. punctularia.2. Rhinoclemmyspunctulariamelanoster-na (Gray)GeoclemmysmelanosternaGray, 1861:205.See speciessynony-my.Nicoriapunctulariavar. melanosterna:Boulenger,1889:124.• DEFINITION. The dorsalheadpatternhas an obliquepalegreen,orangeor redstripeoneachsiderunningposteriorlyfromin front of the orbit to abovethe tympanum(theseare nevertransversallyunited)andno light spotson thesnoutin frontoftheorbitsor onthenape.The iris is brightyellowor white.• REMARKS. In Colombia,R. p. melanosternafrom fresh-waterhabitatshaveredheadstripes,whereasthosefrombrack-ish waterhavegreenishstripes.Populationsintermediatebe-tweenthetwopossessorangestripes.3. Rhinoclemmyspunctularia diademata(Mertens)GeoemydapunctulariadiademataMertens,1954a:4.Type-local-ity, "Maracay,Venezuela."Holotype,adultfemale,Senck-enbergMus., Frankfurt48141,from"HamburgAquarium,"April 1954(examinedby author).• DEFINITION. The dorsalheadpatternconsistsof a largeyellowhorseshoe-shapedfigurelocatedmediallyjust behindtheorbit with an anteriorapexand posteriorlyenclosinga centraldarkspot,a lightblotchon thesnoutin frontof eachorbit,anda unicolorednape.The iris is greenishto bronze.LITERATURECITEDAlho, C. J. R. 1964. DoisnovashospedadoresdeNematophilagrande (Diesing, 1839)(Trematoda,Paramphistomoidea).Bo!'Mus. ParaenseEmilioGoeldiNovaSer. Zoo!.(52):1-4.Bickham,John W., andRobertJ. Baker. 1976. Karyotypesofsomeneotropicalturtles.Copeia1976(4):703-708.Boulenger,GeorgeAlbert. 1889. Catalogueof thechelonians,rhynchocephalians,and crocodilesin the British Museum(NaturalHistory).London.311p.Caballeroy Caballero,Edwardo,D. M. C. Zereceroy Diaz,andR. G. Grocott. 1959. Helmintosde la Republicade Pan-ama,XXI. Algunostrematodosde queloniosde aquadulce2"parte.Ann. Inst. Bio!'Univ.Mexico29:181-202.Daudin,F. M. 1802. Histoirenaturelle,generaleetparticulieredesreptiles,Vo!.2. F. DuFart,Paris. 432p.Ernst,Carl H. 1978. A revisionof theneotropicalturtlegenusCallopsis(Testudines:Emydidae:Batagurinae).Herpetolog-ica34(2):1l3-134.-, andEvelynM. Ernst. 1977. Ectoparasitesassociatedwithneotropicalturtlesof thegenusCallopsis(Testudines,Emy-didae,Batagurinae).Biotropica9(2):139-142.Frair, Wayne. 1963. Bloodgroupstudieswithturtles.Science140(3574):1412-1414.Goeldi,EmilA. 1898. DieEiervon13brasilianischenReptiliennebst Bemerkungeniiber Lebens-und Fortpflanzunys-weiseletzterer.BeobachtungenausdenJahren 1884-1887.Zoo!.Jahrb. Syst.,Jena 1O:640-{j76.276.2Gray,John Edward. 1861. On a newspeciesof water-tortoise(Geoclemmysmelanosterna)from Darien.Proc. Zoo!.Soc.London1861:204-205.1863a. Descriptionof a newGeoclemyslatelylivingin theGardensof theZoologicalSociety.Ibid. 1863:254-255.1863b. NotesonAmericanEmydidae,andProfessorAgas-siz'sobservationson mycatalogueof them.Ann. Mag.Nat-ur. Hist. (London)ser.3, 12:176-183.1873. Notesontortoises.Ibid. ser.4, ll: 143-149.Hughes,R. C., J. W. Higginbotham,andJ. W. Clary. 1941.The trematodesof reptiles.Part H. Host catalogue.Proc.OklahomaAcad. Sci. 4:35-43.Killebrew,FlaviusC. 1977. Mitotic chromosomesof turtles.IV. The Emydidae.TexasJ. Sci. 29(3-4):245-253.Medem,Fred. 1958. InformesobrereptilesColombianos(H).EI conocimientoactualsobrela distribuciongeograficadelasTestudinataenColombia.Bo!'Mus.Cienc.Nat.,Caracas2-3(1-4):13-45.1962. La distribuciongeograficay ecologiade los Crocod-yliay Testudinataenel departmentodelChoco.Rev.Acad.Colombiano1l(44):279-303.Mertens,Robert. 1954a. Zur Kenntnisder SchildkrotenfaunaVenezuelas.Senck,Bio!.35(1-2):3-7.- 1954b. Bemerkenswerte.SchildkrotenausSud-undZentral-amerika.Aquar.Terr. 7(9):239-242.NicHoroMaria,Hermano. 1958. Contribucionalestudiodelostestudineosde Colombia.(I). FamiliaEmydidae.GeoemydapunctulariadiademataMertens.Bo!' Cult. Co!. San Jose,Medellin,Colombia(23):31-37.Parsons,ThomasS. 1960. The structureof thechoanaeof theEmydinae(Testudines,Testudinidae).Bull. Mus. CompoZoo!.123(4):1l3-127.1968. Variationin thechoanalstructureof Recentturtles.CanadianJ. Zoo!.46(6):1235-1263.Pritchard,PeterC. H. 1967. Livingturtlesof theworld.T. F.H. Pub!., Inc., JerseyCity, NewJersey.288p.Schoenecker,StevenA., GeraldD. Schmidtand C. O. R. Ev-erard. 1977. Spironoura tikasinghi sp.n. (Nematoda:Kathlaniidae)from a turtlein Trinidad,W. I. J. Parasito!.63(2):341-343.Siebenrock,Friedrich. 1899. UeberdenBauunddieEntwick-lung desZungenbein-Apparatesder Schildkroten.Ann. K.K. Naturhist.Hofmus.13(4):423-437.- 1909. SynopsisderrezentenSchildkroten... Zoo!.Jahrb.Supp!.(10,part3):427-{j18.Spix,J. B. de. 1824. Animalianova,speciesnovaeTestudin-urn et ranarumquasin itinereper Brasiliamannis 1817-1820jussuetauspiciisMaximilianaJosephiZ., 39pis. Leip-zig.Sullivan,Bolling,andAustenRiggs. 1967. Structure,functionandevolutionof turtlehemoglobins.I Distributionof heavyhemoglobins.H. Electrophoreticstudies.HI. Oxygenatedproperties.CompoBiochem.Physio!.23:437-474.Wermuth,H., andR. Mertens. 1961. Schildkroten,Krokodile,Briichenechsen.G. Fischer,Jena. 422p.Wettstein,Otto. 1934. Ergebnisseder osterreichischenbiolo-gischenCosta Rica-Expedition1930.Die AmphibienundReptilien.Sitzungsb.Acad. Wiss. Wien, Mathem.-Naturw.Kl. Abt. I, 143(1-2):1-39.Williams,ErnestE. 1950. Variationandselectionin thecer-vicalcentralarticulationsof livingturtles.Bull. Amer.Mus.Natur.Hist. 94(9):507-561.Winokur,RobertM., andJohn M. Legler. 1974. Rostralporesin turtles.J. Morpho!.143(1):107-119.-, and- 1975. Chelonianmentalglands.Ibid. 147(3):275-292.C. H. ERNST,GEORGEMASONUNIVERSITY,FAIRFAX,VIRGINIA22030.Primaryeditorfor thisaccount,GeorgeR. Zug.Published27 October1981andCopyright1981by theSOCIETYFORTHESTUDYOFAMPHIBIANSANDREPTILES.

Rhinoclemmys punctularia

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Rhinoclemmys punctularia

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