Umbilical cord blood gas analysis can provide important information about conditions of the newborn and its use is common in human medicine for diagnosis of perinatal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood gas levels and acid-base status in newborn foals after normal and assisted delivery.

Fifteen foals were included and were divided into 2 groups: 12 healthy foals (Group 1) with gestational age ≥320 days, normal delivery, and APGAR score ≥8 five minutes after birth and 3 foals (Group 2) with gestational age ≥320 days, assisted delivery and APGAR score <8. Blood samples were drawn from an umbilical artery (Group 1) and from jugular vein (Group 2). The pH, pCO2, pO2, SO2%, HCO-3 and base excess were assessed using a standard laboratory blood gas analysis. Blood lactate concentration was also evaluated in 6 foals of Group 1 and in all foals of Group 2 with a hand-held analyzer. Mares’ age and parity, gestational age, and length of stage II labor were also recorded. Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied. Whitney test for unpaired data and Student’s t test were used for statistical analysis.

Statistical differences were obtained for pH (Group 1: 7.4±0.1; Group 2: 7.3±0.0), HCO-3 (Group 1: 31.5±6.2 mmol/L; Group 2: 30.1±2.1 mmol/L), lactate (Group 1: 5.4±1.9 mmol/L; Group 2:13.0±8.0 mmol/L), and base excess (Group 1: 5.7±6.2; Group 2: 3.3±1.3), while no differences were obtained for the other data collected.

Our results showed acidosis in foals born after assisted delivery, as reported in human neonatology

Bonelli, Francesca

Castagnetti, C

Freccero, F

Lanci, A

Mariella, J

Marmorini, Paola

Sgorbini, Micaela

Umbilical cord blood gas analysis can provide important information about conditions of the newborn and its use is common in human medicine for diagnosis of perinatal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood gas levels and acid-base status in newborn foals after normal and assisted delivery.
Fifteen foals were included and were divided into 2 groups: 12 healthy foals (Group 1) with gestational age ≥320 days, normal delivery, and APGAR score ≥8 five minutes after birth and 3 foals (Group 2) with gestational age ≥320 days, assisted delivery and APGAR score &lt;8. Blood samples were drawn from an umbilical artery (Group 1) and from jugular vein (Group 2). The pH, pCO2, pO2, SO2%, HCO-3 and base excess were assessed using a standard laboratory blood gas analysis. Blood lactate concentration was also evaluated in 6 foals of Group 1 and in all foals of Group 2 with a hand-held analyzer. Mares’ age and parity, gestational age, and length of stage II labor were also recorded. Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied. Whitney test for unpaired data and Student’s t test were used for statistical analysis.
Statistical differences were obtained for pH (Group 1: 7.4±0.1; Group 2: 7.3±0.0), HCO-3 (Group 1: 31.5±6.2 mmol/L; Group 2: 30.1±2.1 mmol/L), lactate (Group 1: 5.4±1.9 mmol/L; Group 2:13.0±8.0 mmol/L), and base excess (Group 1: 5.7±6.2; Group 2: 3.3±1.3), while no differences were obtained for the other data collected.
Our results showed acidosis in foals born after assisted delivery, as reported in human neonatology

BONELLI, FRANCESCA

MARMORINI, PAOLA

SGORBINI, MICAELA

Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa

morphological and immunohistochemical properties of leukemia inhorses. Review of medical and laboratory records over 17 yearsidentified 16 horses diagnosed with leukemia. Horses included 9males and 7 females ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years (median 6.5)in age. All horses with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) werebelow 4 years, and all horses with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) were above 13 years of age. Fifteen horses (93%) hadthrombocytopenia (7–68 9 109/L), eleven (69%) had anemia (he-matocrit 0.08–0.27 L/L), and all had atypical leukocytes on bloodfilms. Six cases were classified as ALL based on immunohisto-chemical detection of CD3, CD20 and/or CD79a antigens; six asacute myeloid leukemia (AML; 4 myelomonocytic, one basophilic,one eosinophilic) by >20% blast cells with expression of Iab anti-gen and partial leukocyte differentiation; and four cases as MDSwith refractory thrombocytopenia (n = 3) or neutropenia (n = 1)with excess blasts based on ineffective hematopoiesis and dyspla-sia. Postmortem examination identified leukemia involving lymphnodes (n = 8), liver (n = 8), lung (n = 4), gastrointestinal tract(n = 4) and kidney (n = 3) in addition to hematopoietic tissue.Horses with ALL or AML survived <42 days while two horseswith MDS had historical cytopenia exceeding one year, and twoare alive 342 and 80 days after diagnosis. These findings indicatevariable features and prognosis of leukemia in horses.THE INFLUENCE OF CLEANING, DISINFECTION ANDDRYING METHODS ON ENDOSCOPE HYGIENE INEQUINE MEDICINE. A.K. Barton1, N. Roschanski2, R. Merle3,U. R€osler2, H. Gehlen1. 1Equine Clinic, Berlin, 2Institute for Ani-mal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Berlin, 3Institute forVeterinary Epidemiology & Biostatistics3, Department of Veteri-nary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, BerlinIn times of increasing numbers of infections caused by multire-sistant bacteria, sufficient, but feasible cleaning and disinfection ofveterinary endoscopes is of great importance. In the here describedstudy, two cleaning- and disinfection methods (manual vs. autom-atized) as well as two different drying techniques (air-drying vs.pressurized air) were compared. Therefore, 4 groups of 40 endo-scopic examinations were investigated by sampling of workingchannel, endoscope tip and shaft at 3 time-points. Microbiologicswab results were evaluated for total bacteria counts, successfulcleaning and disinfection was defined as total bacteria of 0 or atleast 4 log reduction. Overall, the percentage of successful clean-ing, disinfection and drying over the different groups varied from74 to 82%. A significant influence of the method of drying andthe examined organ system was found for the working channel,while no significant factors were found for tip and shaft. Disinfec-tion was most successful after examinations of the lower airways(P = 0.003), while odds ratios for the gastrointestinal tract andupper airways were 0.073 and 0.115, respectively. There was also atrend towards a positive effect of pressurized air drying, but thisremained insignificant (P = 0.095). Overall, modern methods ofdisinfection and drying were found to be superior for the localiza-tions working channel and endoscope tip (P < 0.05), but not forthe shaft. In conclusion, careful cleaning and disinfection is essen-tial in particular after endoscopic examinations of the upper air-ways and the gastrointestinal tract. Pressurized air drying seemspreferable.CHRONIC PYLORIC DISORDERS IN HORSES: 47 CASES.B. Bezdekova1, P. Wohlsein2, M. Skoric3, M. Venner4. 1EquineMedical, Skalice nad Svitavou, Czech Republic, 2Department forPathology, School of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover, Han-nover, Germany, 3Department of Pathology and Parasitology,University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno,Czech Republic, 4Equine Clinic Destedt, Destedt, GermanyPyloric pathologies in horses have little evidence in scientific lit-erature. Forty seven cases of chronic pyloric disorder were identi-fied from retrospective analysis (1996–2015; CZE, GER). Meanand median ages were 4 years  3.3 and 3 years (0.8–16 years)respectively. Five geldings, 22 mares and 17 stallions were pre-sented with the majority being Warmbloods. Most of the horsespresented clinical signs of a chronic disorder including poor bodycondition (40; 87%), slow eating (39; 83%), recurrent colic (35;74%), selective appetite (30; 64%) and frequent recumbency (27;57%). The most consistent laboratory abnormality was hypoalbu-minemia (10; 36%). Slow gastric emptying was confirmed in 29individuals during gastroscopy and/or ultrasonography. Endo-scopy revealed distal esophagitis in 9/47 horses, severe secondaryESGD in 47/47 cases and chronic disorder was seen in 45/45pyloruses. Depressed, flat or raised fibrinosuppurative pyloriculcer/ulcers were presented. Pyloric motility was absent or severelyaltered in all but one case. Treatment was applied in 32 cases, with28 responding well. All treated cases received antiulcer medicationand four underwent surgical therapy. The clinical signs recurredafter the end of medical treatment in at least 11 cases. The out-come was known in 44 cases from which 18 (41%) survived longterm (observation period 6 month – 6 years). Horses diagnosed upto three years of age were significantly less likely to survive(P = 0.0007). This study extends the evidence on equine chronicpyloric disorders and supports the suggestion of a poor prognosisfor young individuals.DETERMINATION OF SALIVARY CORTISOL IN DONKEYSTALLIONS. F. Bonelli1, A. Rota1, C. Aurich2, N. Ille2, P. Bara-gli1, D. Panzani1, F. Camillo1, D. Gatta1, V. Meucci1, M Sgor-bini1. 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, SanPiero a Grado PI, Italy, 2Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, AustriaThe aim was to validate a commercial enzyme immunoassay forthe determination of salivary cortisol in donkeys. Seven stallionswere included. Saliva samples were collected at 8:30 AM on thir-teen not consecutive days by a cotton-based swab (Salivette,Germany). The swab was grasped with a clamp, inserted at theangle of the lips into the mouth of the donkey and placed gentlyunder the tongue for 1 minute and afterwards returned into apolypropylene tube. Tubes were then centrifuged for 10 min at700 g and the obtained saliva was frozen at 20°C until analysis.A commercial enzyme immunoassay without extraction (Demedi-tec Diagnostics, Kiel-Wellsee, Germany) was used for cortisol sal-iva determination. The assay was validated for donkey saliva bymeasuring recovery of cortisol standard, serial dilution curve par-allelism, intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation andlimit of detection. Cortisol mean levels and standard deviationwere calculated for each day of sampling. One-way ANOVA forrepeated measures and Tukey’s test were performed. The ELISAmethod was found to be sensitive and reproducible for cortisolconcentration determination in donkey saliva. Recovery of cortisolstandard to donkey saliva was 107.9% and serial dilution of salivasamples with assay buffer resulted in changes in optical densityparallel to the standard curve. The intra-assay coefficient of varia-tion was 10.7%, the inter-assay variation was 8.0% and the mini-mal detectable concentration was 0.01 ng/mL. No statisticalsignificant differences were found among cortisol levels in eachanimal on the 13 different days of collection.BLOOD GAS LEVELS IN NEWBORN FOALS AFTER NOR-MAL AND ASSISTED DELIVERY. F. Bonelli1, A. Lanci2, J.Mariella2, F. Freccero2, C. Castagnetti2, P. Marmorini1, M. Sgor-bini1. 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary TeachingHospital “Mario Modenato”, Pisa, Italy, 2Department of Veteri-nary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, ItalyUmbilical cord blood gas analysis can provide important infor-mation about conditions of the newborn and its use is common inhuman medicine for diagnosis of perinatal diseases. The aim ofthis study was to evaluate the blood gas levels and acid-base statusin newborn foals after normal and assisted delivery. Fifteen foalswere included and were divided into 2 groups: 12 healthy foals(Group 1) with gestational age ≥320 days, normal delivery, andAPGAR score ≥8 five minutes after birth and 3 foals (Group 2)with gestational age ≥320 days, assisted delivery and APGARscore <8. Blood samples were drawn from an umbilical artery(Group 1) and from jugular vein (Group 2). The pH, pCO2, pO2,SO2%, HCO-3 and base excess were assessed using a standardlaboratory blood gas analysis. Blood lactate concentration wasalso evaluated in 6 foals of Group 1 and in all foals of Group 2with a hand-held analyzer. Mares’ age and parity, gestational age,and length of stage II labor were also recorded. Shapiro-Wilk nor-mality test was applied. Whitney test for unpaired data and Stu-dent’s t test were used for statistical analysis. Statistical differenceswere obtained for pH (Group 1: 7.4  0.1; Group 2: 7.3  0.0),HCO-3 (Group 1: 31.5  6.2 mmol/L; Group 2:30.1  2.1 mmol/L), lactate (Group 1: 5.4  1.9 mmol/L; Group2:13.0  8.0 mmol/L), and base excess (Group 1: 5.7  6.2;616 ECEIM Congress 2016 AbstractsGroup 2: 3.3  1.3), while no differences were obtained for theother data collected. Our results showed acidosis in foals bornafter assisted delivery, as reported in human neonatology.USE OF A COMMERCIAL HIGH-FIBRE EQUINE LIQUIDDIET FOR ENTERAL TUBE FEEDING IN HORSES: CLINI-CAL EXPERIENCE IN 9 CASES. C. Cesarini, S. Cerri, A.A.Leroux, L. Lecoq, S. Grulke, A. Salciccia, H. Amory. Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animals andHorses, University of Liege, Liege, BelgiumEnteral tube-feeding of hypophagic/dysphagic horses can bechallenging due to the limited availability of liquid diets formu-lated for the equine species. Human products are expensive andlack fibre, whereas slurries made from pelleted horse feedstuffs aredifficult to pass through nasogastric tubes. Enteral recipes forhorses combining specific components have been described butthey are cumbersome and time-consuming to prepare. The aim ofthis retrospective study is to describe the use of a commercialhigh-fibre equine liquid diet (EquidgelTM) to provide nutritionalsupport to 9 hospitalized adult horses. The diet was prepared fol-lowing the manufacturer’s recommendations and administeredthrough a nasogastric tube by gravity flow. An oesophagostomywas performed in 2 horses to facilitate long term tube-feeding.Reasons justifying tube-feeding included dysphagia (5/9), oesopha-geal rupture (1/9), temporo-mandibular fracture (1/9) and hyper-lipidemia and weight loss secondary to prolonged fasting (2/9).Duration of tube-feeding ranged from 36 h to 56 days. The vol-ume administered ranged from 3–6 L/meal given in 6–12 meals/day. Despite an abrupt introduction, the new diet was well toler-ated by all horses. The production of faeces was reduced but con-sistency was normal, and no detrimental behavioural effects werenoted. Three horses presented minor complications that were tran-sient and associated to prolonged nasogastric tubing (purulentrhinitis (2/9), pharyngeal ulcers (2/9), gastric reflux and ulcers (1/9)) or non-related to diet. In conclusion, the commercial liquid dietEquidgelTM is a user-friendly product, well tolerated and easy toadminister by gravity flow through large-medium nasogastrictubes, providing a useful alternative for enteral tube-feeding inhorses.ENDOTHELIN-1 PLASMA CONCENTRATION IN HORSESWITH CARDIAC DISEASE AT REST AND AFTER EXER-CISE. H. Gehlen, I. Hofheinz. Clinic for Horses, Freie Universit€atBerlin, BerlinCardiac biomarkers simplify diagnosis and staging of cardiacdisease, can provide prognostic information and help in monitor-ing therapy in humans and small animals. In horses with cardiacdisease plasma ET-1 concentration has not been evaluated. Influ-ence of physical exercise on ET-1 plasma concentration has beenstudied in healthy horses but not in horses with cardiac disease.The objective of this study was to evaluate plasma ET-1 concen-tration for its value as a possible diagnostic and prognostic bio-marker in horses with cardiac disease before and after exercise.Fifty-four equine patients from the Equine Clinic of Free Univer-sity of Berlin including 15 horses with no evidence of cardiac dis-ease, 22 horses with evidence of cardiac disease and normal heartdimensions and 17 horses with evidence of cardiac disease andaltered heart dimensions. Diagnosis was based on history, clinicalexamination, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Plasmasamples were collected at rest and after longing exercise and storedat 80°C. Analysis were performed by using a commercialendothelin-1 ELISA kit. Plasma levels of endothelin-1 in horseswith cardiac disease were not significantly higher than plasmalevels in horses without cardiac disease. But a significant correla-tion could be observed between the plasma levels of endothelin-1in horses with cardiac disease and the left atrial diameter at rest aswell as post exercise. This suggests a relation between the severityof disease and the ET-1 plasma levels. Therefore ET-1 may be use-ful for detecting horses with left trial enlargement, but furtherstudies are necessary to improve this hypothesis.TARGETED HYGIENE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: RAPIDBENEFICIAL EFFECTS. K.-S. Klein1, B. Walther2, A. L€ubke-Becker2, H. Gehlen1. 1Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, FreieUniversit€at Berlin, Germany, 2Department of Microbiology andEpizootics, Freie Universit€at Berlin, GermanyTo achieve an effective hygiene management within equine clini-cal environments, an objective assessment of given hygiene struc-tures, work flows and patient-associated risk factors is imperativetogether with a continuing surveillance of multi-drug resistant(MDR) pathogens frequently associated with nosocomial infec-tions. In the first part of this interventional study, critical hygieneareas and procedures were identified and assessed with respect totheir distinct risks for both, the equine patients and the veterinarypersonnel during an observation period of six months. In addition,a continuing surveillance of site infections (SI) associated withMDR pathogens was implemented for two important distinct med-ical indications (colic surgery, open injuries). Then, the interven-tion process started with practical hygiene education of thepersonnel including a strong focus on hand hygiene compliance. Abundle of further actions was implemented, including standardoperation procedures (SOPs) for bandage change, wound- andcatheter management and application of drugs. Horse owners wereinformed about correct behavior in the stables, regular roomcleaning plans were accomplished and an appropriate mandatoryhygiene instruction for students, residents and guests was intro-duced. An increase of 190% was documented for consumption ofalcoholic hand disinfection in the second study phase, while theoverall rate of recorded SI in colic- and injury patients decreasedby 12.1 and 6.6%, respectively. Noted cases of MDR pathogens inSI decreased by 9.5%. Here we provide strong evidence for thenecessity of continuing surveillance of defined site infections andthe beneficial effects of a targeted hygiene management imple-mented and evaluated in a large equine clinic, given that all struc-tural measures and responsible authorities act in concert.UTILITY OF HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THEBRONCHIAL MUCOSA IN DIAGNOSTICS OF RECURRENTAIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (RAO) IN HORSES. A. Niedźwiedź1,Z. Jaworski2, H. Borowicz1. 1Department of Internal Diseases withClinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats; Wroclaw University of Environ-mental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland, 2Department of HorseBreeding and Riding, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn,PolandEquine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is one of the mostcommon respiratory problems in older horses. It is characterizedby airway obstruction, excessive mucus accumulation and influx ofneutrophils into the bronchial tree. History, clinical examinationand result of bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) cytological assess-ment has been recognized as a “gold standard” in RAO diagnos-tics. However, pathological features of the bronchial mucosa andits utility in diagnostics of equine RAO is poorly characterized. Atotal of 40 horses were evaluated: 30 horses with RAO and 10healthy animals. An acute crisis of RAO was induced by placingall horses in a poorly ventilated stable, bedding them on straw andfeeding them hay with a visible mold growth for 48 hours prior tothe examination. At each bronchoscopy, at least three or morebiopsies were obtained from both right and left first segmentalbronchi. The samples were fixed by perfusion with 10% formolsaline and then stained hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Samples werescored in respect to surface epithelium, lamina propria, smoothmuscle, glands, inflammation type, hyperemia and additional find-ings. Statistical differences in means were determined by one wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s test. Materialobtained from 6 horses (1 control and 5 RAO-affected) has beenevaluated as non-diagnostic. The statistical analysis revealed nostatistical differences for any of the assessed variables in the twogroups. In conclusion, abnormalities found in biopsy samples frombronchial mucosa do not seem to help in diagnostics of RAO inhorses.ECEIM Congress 2016 Abstracts 617

English

Blood gas levels in newborn foals after normal and assisted delivery

BLOOD GAS LEVELS IN NEWBORN FOALS AFTER NORMAL AND ASSISTED DELIVERY

BLOOD GAS LEVELS IN NEWBORN FOALS AFTER NORMAL AND ASSISTED DELIVERY

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Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa