Fisk, D.

North,R.

Noye,S.

OAKTrust Digital Repository (Texas A&M Univ)

ICEBO, 15-16 Sept 2014Development of a Portable Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Post-Occupancy CommissioningSarah Noye – s.noye11@imperail.ac.ukDr Robin North Prof David FiskLaing O’Rourke Centre for System Engineering and InnovationImperial College LondonESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 2Content overview1. Research motivation and post occupancy commissioning (PO-Cx)2. Pop-up monitoring™ system requirements3. Initial experimental validation4. Conclusions and further workESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 3RESEARCH MOTIVATION AND PO-CXESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 4There is a performance gap between as designed and as operated energy consumptionBuilding energy consumption in useDesign Predicted CO2emissionsIn-use CO2emissions from utility bills Source: www.carbonbuzz.orgESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 5Commissioning scope Source: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013DesignConstructionDoes it work?Level 2Is it there?Level 1Is it connected?Level 3Does it deliver?Level 4Is it optimised? Level 5CommissioningDesign complianceIn-use performanceQuestion: Could commissioning for energy performance contribute to close the performance gap?ESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 6Post occupancy CxCommissioningDesign Construction Handover OccupancyState of practiceProblem: There is often not enough time during on site Cx for performance evaluationInitial commissioningOngoing commissioningOne-off commissioningOptimum energy performanceESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 7Systems deliver flow rates and temperaturesPost occupancy commissioning (POCx)On-site Commissioning• Balancing• Setting to work• Compliance• Health and safetyESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 8Systems deliver comfort at low energy costPost occupancy commissioning (POCx)• Improved comfort • Reduced energy wastage• Client’s brief compliance• Better referencing for the contractor ESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 9POP-UP MONITORING™ REQUIREMENTSESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 10Building dataBMSEnergy (sub-) metering? ?All those data need to be available to evaluate building performanceESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 11Wireless sensor network• Affordable• Wireless• Self powered• Easily deployable• Scalable and flexible• Non disruptiveSource: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013Pop-up monitoring™ systemNode NodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeGatewayWeb portalTabletZigBeeBMS BEMS BACnetESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 12Wireless sensor networkCost~ $150 x number of nodes (reusable on several projects)+ installation + removalSource: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013Pop-up monitoring™ systemNode NodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeGatewayWeb portalTabletZigBeeBMS BEMS BACnetESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 13Wireless sensor networkBattery life• Up to 3 years depending on acquisition frequency • Future: self harvesting sensor nodesSource: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013Pop-up monitoring™ systemNode NodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeNodeGatewayWeb portalTabletZigBeeBMS BEMS BACnetESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 14Ventilation feasibility studyESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 15Ventilation feasibility studySensors Parameter Location 1 Temperature Temperature Room2 CO2TemperatureHumidityCO2 levelTemperatureHumidityRoom3 Radiant temp. Radiant temp.Room4 Passive infra-red Occupancy Room5 TemperatureCO2Humidity Air flowAir temp.In/out CO2Air humidity Air flowSystem6 CurrentVoltageElectric power System7 Pipe temp. Temperature SystemOff the shelf sensors complemented with self developed sensorsESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 16Ventilation feasibility studySensors Parameter Location 1 Temperature Temperature Room2 CO2TemperatureHumidityCO2 levelTemperatureHumidityRoom3 Radiant temp. Radiant temp. Room4 Passive infra-red Occupancy Room5 TemperatureCO2Humidity Air flowAir temp.In/out CO2Air humidity Air flowSystem6 CurrentVoltageElectric powerSystem7 Pipe temp. Temperature SystemOff the shelf sensors complemented with self developed sensorsESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 17Ventilation feasibility studyTemp.T/H/CO2Rad. TempPIRAir flow/CO2/T/HPipe temperaturePowerESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 18INITIAL EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATIONESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 19Sensors characterisation - TemperatureThermocouple CapacitiveRangeResolutionAccuracyPower consumption-40 to 70 °C6 10-6 °C0.5 °C-40 to 125 °C0.04 °C± 0.3 to 0.8 °C3.5 mWESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 20Sensors characterisation - TemperatureVariability of sensor readings at a set temperature in a controlled environmentESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 21Sensors characterisation - Temperature25 ºC set pointMedian2σ25 °CESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 22Office monitoring set upESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 23Controlled activityControlled human activities related to thermal comfortWindow openRadiator onFan onESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 24Office monitoringCO2 levels and occupancy are closely relatedESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 25Further steps• Fault simulation• E.g.: FCUs fighting each other• Real case deployments• E.g.: Teaching and research building• Strategies for PO-Cx using pop-up monitoring™ESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 26Conclusion• Truncated commissioning may contribute to the energy performance gap• BMS might not have sufficient data for PO-Cx• Rapid development of wireless sensor network technologies can provide low-cost data for pop-up monitoring™• Initial characterisation test on low power sensors show suitable accuracy and the ability to detect relevant building properties for commissioning • Deployment on major project this autumnThank you for your attentionSarah Noye – s.noye11@imperial.ac.ukESL-IC-14-09-22a Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 

Development of a Portable Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Post-Occupancy Commissioning

Texas A&M University

ICEBO, 15-16 Sept 2014
Development of a Portable Wireless 
Sensor Network to Enhance 
Post-Occupancy Commissioning
Sarah Noye – s.noye11@imperail.ac.uk
Dr Robin North 
Prof David Fisk
Laing O’Rourke Centre for System Engineering and Innovation
Imperial College London
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
2Content overview
1. Research motivation and post occupancy 
commissioning (PO-Cx)
2. Pop-up monitoring™ system requirements
3. Initial experimental validation
4. Conclusions and further work
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
3RESEARCH MOTIVATION AND PO-CX
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
4There is a performance gap between as 
designed and as operated energy consumption
Building energy consumption in use
Design 
Predicted 
CO2
emissions
In-use 
CO2
emissions 
from utility 
bills 
Source: www.carbonbuzz.org
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
5Commissioning scope 
Source: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013
Design
Construction
Does it work?
Level 2
Is it there?
Level 1
Is it connected?
Level 3
Does it deliver?
Level 4
Is it optimised? 
Level 5
Commissioning
Design 
compliance
In-use 
performance
Question: Could 
commissioning for 
energy performance 
contribute to close 
the performance 
gap?
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
6Post 
occupancy Cx
Commissioning
Design Construction Handover Occupancy
State of practice
Problem: There is often not enough time 
during on site Cx for performance 
evaluation
Initial commissioning
Ongoing 
commissioning
One-off 
commissioning
Optimum energy performance
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
7Systems deliver flow rates 
and temperatures
Post occupancy commissioning (POCx)
On-site Commissioning
• Balancing
• Setting to work
• Compliance
• Health and safety
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
8Systems deliver comfort at 
low energy cost
Post occupancy commissioning (POCx)
• Improved 
comfort 
• Reduced 
energy 
wastage
• Client’s 
brief 
compliance
• Better 
referencing 
for the 
contractor 
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
9POP-UP MONITORING™ REQUIREMENTS
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
10
Building data
BMS
Energy 
(sub-) 
metering
? ?
All those data need to be available to evaluate 
building performance
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
11
Wireless sensor network
• Affordable
• Wireless
• Self powered
• Easily deployable
• Scalable and flexible
• Non disruptive
Source: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013
Pop-up monitoring™ 
system
Node Node
NodeNode
NodeNode
NodeNode
NodeNodeNodeNode
Gateway
Web 
portal
Tablet
ZigBee
BMS 
BEMS 
BACnet
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
12
Wireless sensor network
Cost
~ $150 x number of 
nodes (reusable on 
several projects)
+ installation 
+ removal
Source: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013
Pop-up monitoring™ 
system
Node Node
NodeNode
NodeNode
NodeNode
NodeNodeNodeNode
Gateway
Web 
portal
Tablet
ZigBee
BMS 
BEMS 
BACnet
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
13
Wireless sensor network
Battery life
• Up to 3 years 
depending on 
acquisition 
frequency 
• Future: self 
harvesting sensor 
nodes
Source: Noye et al., CIBSE technical symposium, 2013
Pop-up monitoring™ 
system
Node Node
NodeNode
NodeNode
NodeNode
NodeNodeNodeNode
Gateway
Web 
portal
Tablet
ZigBee
BMS 
BEMS 
BACnet
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
14
Ventilation feasibility study
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
15
Ventilation feasibility study
Sensors Parameter Location 
1 Temperature Temperature Room
2 CO2
Temperature
Humidity
CO2 level
Temperature
Humidity
Room
3 Radiant temp. Radiant 
temp.
Room
4 Passive infra-
red 
Occupancy Room
5 Temperature
CO2
Humidity 
Air flow
Air temp.
In/out CO2
Air humidity 
Air flow
System
6 Current
Voltage
Electric power System
7 Pipe temp. Temperature System
Off the shelf sensors 
complemented with self 
developed sensors
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
16
Ventilation feasibility study
Sensors Parameter Location 
1 Temperature Temperature Room
2 CO2
Temperature
Humidity
CO2 level
Temperature
Humidity
Room
3 Radiant temp. Radiant temp. Room
4 Passive infra-red Occupancy Room
5 Temperature
CO2
Humidity 
Air flow
Air temp.
In/out CO2
Air humidity 
Air flow
System
6 Current
Voltage
Electric 
power
System
7 Pipe temp. Temperature System
Off the shelf sensors 
complemented with self 
developed sensors
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
17
Ventilation feasibility study
Temp.
T/H/CO2
Rad. Temp
PIR
Air flow/CO2/T/H
Pipe temperature
Power
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
18
INITIAL EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
19
Sensors characterisation - Temperature
Thermocouple Capacitive
Range
Resolution
Accuracy
Power consumption
-40 to 70 °C
6 10-6 °C
0.5 °C
-40 to 125 °C
0.04 °C
± 0.3 to 0.8 °C
3.5 mW
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
20
Sensors characterisation - Temperature
Variability of sensor 
readings at a set 
temperature in a 
controlled 
environment
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
21
Sensors characterisation - Temperature
25 ºC set point
Median
2σ
25 °C
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
22
Office monitoring set up
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
23
Controlled activity
Controlled human 
activities related to 
thermal comfort
Window open
Radiator on
Fan on
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
24
Office monitoring
CO2 levels and 
occupancy are 
closely related
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
25
Further steps
• Fault simulation
• E.g.: FCUs fighting each other
• Real case deployments
• E.g.: Teaching and research 
building
• Strategies for PO-Cx using 
pop-up monitoring™
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 
26
Conclusion
• Truncated commissioning may contribute to the 
energy performance gap
• BMS might not have sufficient data for PO-Cx
• Rapid development of wireless sensor network 
technologies can provide low-cost data for pop-up 
monitoring™
• Initial characterisation test on low power sensors 
show suitable accuracy and the ability to detect 
relevant building properties for commissioning 
• Deployment on major project this autumn
Thank you for your attention
Sarah Noye – s.noye11@imperial.ac.uk
ESL-IC-14-09-22a 
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Beijing, China, September 14-17, 2014 


English

https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/1969.1/152322/2/ESL-IC-14-09-22a.pdf

Development of a Portable Wireless Sensor Network to Enhance Post-Occupancy Commissioning

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