UNIFACSBiodiesel is a mixture of alkyl esters derived from vegetable oils or animal fat,
formed by triglycerides that can be converted into biofuels by different forms, being
transesterification the most common used method. In the transesterification
process, the most used alcohol is methanol and the byproduct of this reaction is
glycerol.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Brito, Paulo

Lima, Renata

Lobato, A.K.C.L.

Queiroz, A.M.

Ribeiro, António E.

English

Queiroz, Ana

Biblioteca Digital do IPB

XXV ENCONTROGALEGOPORTUGUÉSDE QUÍMICAProduction and characterization of biodiesel obtained bytransesterification catalyzed by the ionic liquid cholinehydroxideR. Lima1,2,*, A.K.C. Lobato2, A. Queiroz1, A. Ribeiro1, P. Brito11 Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal2 Salvador University, School of Architecture, Engineering and IT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil* renatalima1306@gmail.comBACKGROUNDBIODIESELBiodiesel is a mixture of alkyl esters derived from vegetable oils or animal fat,formed by triglycerides that can be converted into biofuels by different forms, beingtransesterification the most common used method. In the transesterificationprocess, the most used alcohol is methanol and the byproduct of this reaction isglycerol.IONIC LIQUIDSThe use of ionic liquids (ILs) in catalytic processes has been studied mainly in the ecologicalfield, as it allows a high recycling efficiency. Choline cation-based IL (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) has been studied mainly for its biocompatibility characteristic andpotential for various industrial applications, mainly choline hydroxide (ChOH) which showsgood catalytic performance due to its basicity in methanol solution as well as its successfulreuse.METHODOLOGYBiodiesel SynthesisCholine Hydroxide SynthesisCholine Chloride + EtanolPotassium Hydroxide + EthanolThermal BathCholine HydroxideVacuum EvaporatorVacuum OvenVacuum FiltrationPotassium ChlorideFigure 1a. Choline Hydroxide after vacuum evaporator. Biodiesel + impuritiesSeparation funnelMethanolCentrifugeCholine HydroxideDryingOven 110˚COilThermal BathChOH + GlycerolCentrifugeDrying Oven 110˚CBiodieselEXPERIMENTAL RESULTSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES[1] X. Lang, A.K. Dalai, N.N. Bakhshi, M.J. Reany, P.B. Hertz, Preparationand characterization of bio-diesels from various bio-oils. BioresourceTechnology, 80, pp. 53-62, 2001.[2] J.D. Rocha, Use of Ionic Liquides in Biodiesel Productions – a review.Brazillian J. Chem. Eng., 29(1), pp. 1-13, 2012.ChOH + Glycerol + Methanol exc.Figures 1b. Choline Hydroxide after vacuum evaporator.Figure 2. Separation of biodiesel and aqueous phase.Figure 4. Organic phase obtained using as raw material oils with different acidity.Figure 5. FTIR of synthesized Choline Hydroxide.Acidity of waste oil:6,14mg/gAcidity of old sunflower oil:5,22mg/gAcidity of new sunflower oil:0,41mg/gFigure 3. Aqueous phase obtained using as raw material oils with different acidity.Acidity of waste oil:6,14mg/gAcidity of old sunflower oil:5,22mg/gAcidity of new sunflower oil:0,41mg/gSynthesis of Choline Hydroxide Figure 1c. Choline Hydroxide after vacuum oven.REACTIONREACTION4000 4503500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500101414550556065707580859095cm-1%TFigure 6. Chromatograms of biodiesel obtained with oils with diferent aciditys.05000001000000150000012,00000 13,00000 14,00000 15,00000 16,00000 17,00000Acid oil: 6,14mg KOH/g Acid oil: 5,22mg KOH/g Acid oil: 0,41mg KOH/g123 45 67Table 2. Esters characterization of biodiesel samples from GC-FID analysis.ABCDEFGTime 4hTemperature 60°Coil/methanol 1:10% of catalyst 10%Table 1. Reaction conditions of Biodiesel. In this work, ChOH was synthesized and characterized byFTIR showing the characteristic bands: 1, representing theOH (hydroxyl) group, bands 2 and 3, groups -CH2 and -CH3, bands 4, 5 and 6, amines and band 7, Cl- (chloride).Used as catalyst in the production of biodiesel, thepreliminary results using the reaction conditions from Table1 and a waste cooking oil (acid oil: 0,41 mgKOH/g) sampleand two types of sunflower oil (acid oil: 6,41mgKOH/g and5,22mgKOH/g), exhibited the occurrence of thetransesterification reaction with the synthesis of fatty acidmethyl esters (FAME), which was confirmed by GasChromatography (GC-FID) as can be seen in Table 2.Reference Compound Name Structure37 FAME MIX Acid Oil 6,14mg KOH/gAcid Oil 5,22mg KOH/gAcid Oil 0,41mg KOH/gTime (min)A Palmitic acid methyl ester C16:0 12,172 12,181 12,181 12,202B Palmitoleic acid methyl ester C16:1 12,514 12,605 12,605 12,629C Heptadecanoic acid methyl ester C17:0 13,413 13,587 13,600 13,630D Stearic acid methyl ester C18:0 14,872 14,945 14,939 14,970E Oleic acid methyl ester, Elaidic acid methyl ester C18:1 (c+t) 15,232 15,365 15,351 15,380F Linoleic acid methyl ester, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester C18:2 (c+t) 15,987 15,905 15,907 15,943G Gamma-Linolenic acid methyl ester C18:3n6 16,521 16,662 16,654 16,687

Production and characterization of biodiesel obtained by transesterification catalyzed by the ionic liquid Choline Hydroxide

UNIFACSBiodiesel is a mixture of alkyl esters derived from vegetable oils or animal fat. It is a biodegradable and renewable fuel and does not contribute to the emission of polluting gases into the atmosphere, but its major disadvantage is its relative high cost usually regarding to production and raw materials costs. 
Crude oils and fats extracted from plant and animal sources are alternatives to the use of highly polluting fossil fuels. They are composed of triglycerides which can be converted into biofuels through three different paths, cracking, esterification and transesterification, being the last one, the most common method. In transesterification processes, the alcohol most used is methanol due to its low cost and physicochemical properties. The transesterification reaction has glycerol as a byproduct which adds some value to the technology since it shows several potential applications in the industry. The literature describes the alcoholysis of vegetable oils or animal fats in various ways using different types of catalysts: acids, bases and enzymes. Acid catalysis is used when the oil has a high concentration of free fatty acids, but it requires large amounts of alcohol and has a slow reaction velocity. Basic catalysis is about 4000 times faster than acid catalysis and does not require large amounts of alcohol. The most commonly used basic catalysts are sodium or potassium hydroxide. The use of ionic liquids (IL) in catalytic processes has been studied mainly in the ecological field, as it allows a high recycling efficiency. IL based on the choline's cation (2-hydroxyethyl trimethylammonium) have received much attention in recent years. This fact is due, mainly to its biocompatibility characteristics and potential for various industrial applications, mainly choline hydroxide (ChOH) because of its good catalytic performance due to its good basicity in methanol solution, in addition to its successful reuse. 
The parameters selected for the study of biodiesel production catalyzed by choline hydroxide IL were: reaction time, reaction temperature, molar ratio oil/methanol, catalyst charge, and catalyst recyclability. In this work, ChOH was synthesized, characterized and used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel. The preliminary results showed that for a reaction time of 4 h, using a temperature of 60ºC, a molar ratio oil/methanol of 1:10 and 10wt% of catalyst, using a waste cooking oil sample, it occurred the transesterification reaction with the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which was confirmed by gas chromatography (GC-FID).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

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Production and characterization of biodiesel obtained by transesterification catalyzed by the ionic liquid Choline Hydroxide

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