High resolution melting analysis as a new tool to authenticate plant food supplements: the case of artichoke (Cynara Scolymus)

Abstract

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a medicinal plant mainly used for its antioxidant, diuretic, choleretic and hepatoprotective properties, being frequently included in herbal infusions and plant food supplements (PFS) marketed for weight‐loss (Lattanzio et al, 2009). Both types of products can be adulteration targets, either by the deliberate substitution of other lower‐cost plant species, or by the accidental swap of plants owing to misidentification. Therefore, to ensure consumer’s safety, analytical methods for plant species identification in complex matrices are crucial. For this purpose, DNA‐based methods have been reported as the most adequate tools for plant authentication. Genetic composition of each plant is unique and independent from the part of the plant used (Kazi et al., 2013). Moreover DNA molecules are very stable, not affected by the plant’s age, physical conditions or environmental factors, in opposition to chemical markers. In this work, a molecular approach based on real‐time PCR coupled to high resolution melting (HRM) analysis to discriminate C. scolymus from other Cynara species was developed and applied to the analysis of herbal mixtures and PFS labelled as containing artichoke as ingredient. For this purpose, different Cynara voucher species (C. scolymus, C. cardunculus, C. humilis and C. syriaca) were obtained from germplasm banks, while samples of herbal infusions (6) and PFS (8) were acquired at local herbal and dietetic stores. DNA from plant material and PFS was extracted using the commercial NucleoSpin Plant II kit. For Cynara spp. differentiation, new primers were designed on a microsatellite region of C. cardunculus (GenBank EU744973.1) for the development of qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real‐time PCR assays. Prior to the specific PCR assays, DNA extracts were positively tested targeting a universal eukaryotic sequence (18S rRNA gene). The qualitative PCR results were specific for Cynara genus. Further development of real‐time PCR coupled to HRM analysis showed that the tested Cynara spp. were grouped in three distinct clusters with a level of confidence above 99.4%, thus enabling the discrimination of C. scolymus from the others. The analysis of commercial samples showed that, with the exception of one PFS sample, all samples were positive for the presence of the universal eukaryotic gene. All herbal infusions and three PFS were positive for the presence of Cynara spp. based on the qualitative PCR assay. The application of the proposed method of HRM analysis confirmed the unequivocal presence of C. scolymus with high level of confidence (>98.8%) in the tested samples. To our knowledge, this is the first successful attempt for the rapid discrimination of C. scolymus in PFS.This work was supported by European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project EXPL/DTP‐SAP/1438/2013 and UID/QUI/50006/2013. Telmo J. R. Fernandes and Joana Costa are grateful to FCT grants (SFRH/BD/93711/2013 and SFRH/BPD/102404/2014, respectively) financed by POPH‐QREN (subsidised by FSE and MCTES).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio