Studies show that regular monitoring of feet temperature may limit the incidence of disabling conditions such as foot ulcers and lower-limb amputations. Infrared thermometry and liquid crystal thermography were identified as the leading technologies in use today. In this study, we analysed the maximum temperature and tested some mathematical models for the foot temperature distribution

Bento, David

Monteiro, Fernando C.

Pereira, Ana I.

Annually, wine production is responsible for generating large quantities of residues, which are frequently disposed of and not valorized. So far, different studies have been conducted on grape pomace, yet less attention has been paid to other residues, such as wine lees and diatomaceous earth used in wine filtration. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the phenolic profile of these underexploited winemaking residues and assess their biological potential based on their antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-aging activities (inhibition of tyrosinase and collagenase). Twenty-nine phenolic compounds, including twelve anthocyanins, were tentatively identified in the residues, with red grape pomace showing the highest diversity of compounds. The diatomaceous earth presented the highest content of non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds, being particularly rich in flavan-3-ols and myricetin-O-hexoside, and also presenting two anthocyanins. This sample also showed a high antioxidant activity, evidencing the best result in the reducing power assay. The red wine lees extract, despite showing a low content of phenolic compounds and less antioxidant activity, presented the highest inhibition capacity of bacteria growth. The extracts did not exhibit cytotoxicity against keratinocyte (up to 400 mu g/mL) and fibroblast (up to 100 mu g/mL) skin cell lines. However, the capacity of inhibiting tyrosinase and collagenase was low for the lees and diatomaceous earth, contrary to the grape pomace, seeds, and skins extracts that showed promising results, evidencing its potential as a cosmeceutical. Overall, this study highlights for the first time the potential of diatomaceous earth, an underexploited winemaking waste, in the obtention of added-value extracts and/or ingredients for cosmetic industry

Duarte, Cristina Nogueira

Taofiq, Oludemi

Dias, Maria Inês

Heleno, Sandrina A.

Santos-Buelga, Celestino

Barros, Lillian

Amaral, Joana S.

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.Joao ======~~ R.m. na,tal!~lnli"na"'=~:===; EDlTDR5 69 73 79 85 89 93 97 101 107 111 117 123 131 137 143 149 ISS 161 • 167 173 Comparing difTercnt filtcring and enhancemcllt methods to evaluate the impact 011 the geometry reconstruction for medical images 179 A.1 locio. A. M. Galllbarllfo & A . SeqIleira Fast identification af individuais based 00 iris characteristics for biometric systems 183 J. G Rogeri, M .A. POllte,l; A.S. Pereira, N. Marrangllelfo, A.F. Araujo &.1. Nf.R.S. Tavares Monitoring reet temperature using thermography 189 D. Eelllo, F. C. AlolIteiro & A.l Pereira Identification af faliar diseases in cottoo crop 193 A.A. Bemordes, J.G Rogeri, N. Alarrallghello, A.S. Pereira, A.F. Araujo & 1M.R.S. Tavares A local invariant features approach for c1assifying acrosome integrity in boar spermatozoa 199 L.F. Robles, V. GOII:úfe:-Castro, o. Garcia-O/alia. M. T. Gan:Éa-Ordás & E. Alegre Analysis of mixing of a c1othoid based passive micromixer: A numerical study 205 F. PelIlIel/a, S. Ripandelli, L. Ridolji, F Mastrangelo, Al.A. Deriu, FM. MOlllevecchi, U Morbidllcci, M. Rasponi, }.tI. Rossi & CI Kiihler Flow visualization of trace partic1es and Rcd Blood Cells in a microchannel with a diverging and converging bifurcation 209 f-: Leble, C Fernandes, R Dias, R. Lima, T. fshikall'a, Y. filiai & T. Yamagllchi Docs tluid shear stress represent lhe degree of a Rcd Blood Cell deformation? 213 AI. Nakal11l1ra & s. Wada Flow of Rcd Blood CelIs through a microfluidic extensional device: An image ana1ysis assessment 217 T Yllgilll/lIla, A.l. Pereira, P..I. Rodriguej~ R. Lillla. lvf.S.N. Olil'eira, T. fshikml'{l & T. Yalllagllclli An automatic method to track Red Blood Cells in microchanne1s 221 D. Pinho, F GaYllbo, A. Isabel & R. Lillla Speech articulation assessment llsing dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques 225 S. R. Ventura, M.I M. Vasconcelos, D.R. Freitas, f. /111. Ramos & 1M. R. S. Tavares The breast lesions characterization by b values variation in the DW-Magnetic Rcsonance Imaging 233 A.A. Ferna1/de.~~ M.R. Ribeiro, IC. JaJlardo, S.D. JaguegiI'Glle & lvl.E. Pereira Efficient lesion segmentation using Support Vcctor Machines 239 l-E. Fiol, L.D. Cohen, P. Ralliga & I Fripp Multirnodality irnaging population ana1ysis llsing manifold learning 245 l-E. Fiot, L.D. CoheJl, P. Bourgeat, P. Ralliga, o. Acosta. f-: VillelllagJle, o. Salmdo & 1 Fripp 2D MRI brain segmentation by using feasibility constraints 251 V. Pedoia, E. Binagbi, S. Balbi, A. De Benediclis, E. Nlami & R. l\1inotto Stochastic bone remodeling process: From isotropy to anisotropy 257 N. Mel/oI/li & A. Ricvrdeal/ Carotid artery atherosclerosis plaque analysis using CT and histology 261 F. SallfV.\; A . .llmlsen. 1 Saleniu.l" & H Eskola Levei set framework for dctccting arterial lumen in llltrasound images 267 A. R Abdel-Dayelll ' Micromovement measuremcnts of endosseous dental implants with 3D Digital Image Correlation (DI e) method 273 A.T Rodrigues. B.A. Ne/o & c.P. Nicolall Monte Carlo simlllation of PET images for injcction dose optimization 279 J. Boldy.i:, I DJlorúk. o. BélohlúJlek & "'I. Skopalol'lÍ Thc use of medicai thcrmal imaging in obstetrics 285 R. S imões & C. Nogueira-Silva vii Compulaliona' Vision and MedicaI Image Processing - Tavares & Natal Jorge (eds) ~ 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-68395-1 Monitoring reet temperature using thermography D_ Bento & F.c. Monteiro Pol)'/eclrnic Ins/iw/c oi Bragança, ESTiGIlPB. C. S/a. Apolollia. Bnlgun(IJ . l'orw gnl A.I. Pereira Poly/cclm/c IIISlitlllc of Bragança, ESTiGflPB, C. Sw. Apolmria, Bragallça, Porlllgal ALGORlT,\f/, Mil/Ira UI/il'(!rsil)', Compus de A:urcm, Guiman1r,r. Portugal ABSTRACf: Studies show Ihal regular moniloring of reeI lempcrnlurc may li mil lhe incidence or disabling condilions sueh as root u1ccrs and lower-limb amputulions. Inrran.:d thcrmometry and liquid erystal thermography were identified as the leading teehnologies in use today. In this study, we analyscd lhe maximum lempcralUrc and Icstcd some muthemalical models ror the rool tcmperature dislribution. INTROD UCTION Diabctic root (DF) u1cers are one ar the major complications in diabetics, scriously affecting lhe quality of Iheir livcs. Thc possibility 10 measure lhe diffcrent aspeelS or DF and ils ulcerative palhol-ogy givcs to clinicians lhe chance la both cva1ualc and weigh up lhe difTcrent components contribut-ing 10 lhe scnesis aml cvolulion or lhe cases and 10 monitor Iheir clinical course as a consequcnce of lhe Iherapeutic intervcntions. Thcrcforc. it is nec-essary lo cstablish mcthods of prcvention or eurly diagnosis ror diabctic rool complications (Nishide el al., 2009). The DF Icsions are a combination or several risk faclors aCling simultaneollsly and cun be tris-gercd by pcripheral diabetic neuropalhy, pcripheral vascular discases and biomcchanical changes. The decreasc in sensory funclion in lhe f 001 uno limitn-tion ar joint mobilily are some early signs for lhe uppearance of fool ulcers, meanins high risk of deve10ping innammations or o thcr complicalions. TIlese changcs cun be usscsscd using various lech-niques, thus prevcnting the appcarance or ulcers and rcducing lhe risk or root amputation. The usc of Ihermal techniques la evaluate dia-belic rool has largcly remained a rescnrch topie (Lavery ct al., 2004, Sun et al., 2006. Armslrong ct aL, 2007, Nagnse el al ., 2011). Thc authors belicve thal thermal tcchniques can bc significanlly userul in diabctic fool asscssmcnt, wi th the intenl or dctermining risk or fool ulccration. Recent udvances ar physiologieill imaging tech-niques have prompted us to use Ihermography for sereening skin tcmpcralUrc, dcep tissue edema or fluid collcction due lo innammalion (Nishide et al., 2009). Infrared lhcrmography is one of lhe 189 Icadins technologies in use today. This Icchnology i~ fcasible ror temperature moniloring or lhe rool and can be used as a complcment to current prac-tices ror rOa! cxaminalions in diabetes. In Ihis study, wc used lhermal plantar imagcs in palients withoul diabetes lo suppor! a mathemalical model ror roa! normal !emperalure dislributioD. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 SlIbjecls This study includes healthy volunlecrs, rccruited from Polylechnic Institule or Bragança , represem-ing a reet hcalthy population who were belwecn 21 to 43 yenrs old. This preliminary sludy includcs a seI or fifteen Ihermographic images. 1.1 Pr%col The subjecIs were guided lo keep resling supine position without shoes or socks for 10 min-utes, bcfore mcasuremenl, to stabilizc the fcel lemperaturc. The images were collccleu by a thcrmal cam-era (FLlR 365) positioncd at a I1xcd distante or I mctre or subject's feel. A plale or rigiu roam was placed over the ank les 10 isolale lhe lemperature or reet rrom the rcsl or lhe body. The lotai dura-lion of data acquisition proccss did nol cxcced 15 minules. 2.3 Image procc.uing Inrrarcd thermography is a real-time lempcra!ure measuremen! technique used lo producca coloured visualizution of tbermal cncrgy cmiued by skin. However, ternpcralure discrimination threshold, on lhe f 001, eould be a diffieult proecss due to lhe Inrge lemperature variation bclwccn lhe feel and lhe backgraund. As \Ve can see from Figure I, lhe Inrge lempcra-ture varialion in the image produccs smnll colour varialions of skin lempcraturc. Through lhe appliention of image processing techniqucs it is passible lo ablain images w1th a better eontrust of lhe struclurcs in questiono Tn arder lo isolate the fcel from lhe backgraund, \Ve apply irnage segrnenlation, based on regian growing, followed by a histagrnm expansian using only lhe tempcralurc values af lhe feel, oblaining discriminalive images, as showcd in Figure 2. 2.4 CharacterizefvOf regiom lnlerprctalion af the colour paUcrns accord-ing lo lhe anatomic tempcraturc dislribution is thought to aid in evaluating und diagnosing fool compliealians. Figure I. Thermul infrared image. Figure 2. Improving the tempernture Úiscriminlltion. Figure 3. Foot regions. With lhe numerieal data , obtaincd through image proeessing. \Ve defined main areas by mens-uring eaeh fool (lenglh and widlh) and divided il in Ihree regians. Considering the lefl f 001, Regian A is the upper regian; Region B is lhe central regian and lhe lower region was defincd as Region C. In a similar way, Regions D, E and F were delined for the right f 001, as reprcsen lcd in Figure 3. 3 NUMERICi\L RESULTS AND DlSCUSSION In this study, \Ve used fineen feel imagcs. Nine of Ihem follow lhe same pattern for the muximum lempcráture while lhe o ther six do nol have a delined pattern. Figure 4 shows lhe muximum lempcraturc vuluc, for eaeh region, fram lhe set oI' nine imagcs whieh followa pattern. We can observe tha! lhe maximum tempcrature value was obtained aI Regioo A and O (the uppcr regions of lhe feel) which agrecs with olher results presenled in the lilerature. In this preliminary sludy, \Ve tcsled three nonlin-ear rnathernatieaI models for lhe lemperature dis-tribution. The paramelers i, j represenl lhe pixels positions. fi (x,i,)) = Xtij + .'1:2;1 + x3l + xi + xsi + XI:, ( I) h(x,i,j) = xl sin(x2j+Xl ) + :c.\ sin(x~ +.\'6)+ .\'1 (2) h (x.i.}) = XI sin2 (x2i + xl )+x.tsinl (x,j+ :C~ ) +:(7 (3) It \Vas observed lhat lhe bcst rnalhematieal fune-tion thal approximatcs lhe temperature distribu-tion \Vas lhe funelion.!;. Tlle evaluation was done using the nonlinear least rnclhod eombined wilh 11 penalty method. 190 _Imagel -lmaceS -lmageS _lmage2 """-lm3cc6 -- lmLlgc9 _lmage3 - - lmagc7 _[milgclO 3400 LI ~ _ 3500 L::: l=~..:::.:, ,",~~-_--- : '" _ 3100 I ~ 30.00 I 29.00 28.00 f=--~. 27.00 1-26.00 -. A B c o Figure 4. Absolule temperaturc maximum v:llucs. 4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE \VORK High !empcrature gradients hcnveen f 001 regions may prcdict lhe oosel of neuropalhic ulccTíllion, which makes lemperalurc monitoring a way lo reduce the risk of u!ceralian. In this study, \\'c obscrvcd that the lempcra-ture maximum va.luc, in gene ral, is oblained in the uppcr regions of lhe fool. A preliminary smdy indieales thal lhe besl rnalhcmatical model 10 approx irnate lhe lempcra-ture d istribution is a sine s um function. Future 191 prospective observation is nccded to confirm Rur mnlhemalieal model ar some variation o f lt . REFERENCES Armstrong, D., Holt1.-Neidercr. K., WcmJeI, e. el aI., 2001. Skin lempcralure monitoring reduecs lhe risk ror diabctic f 001 ulceralion in high-risk plltienls. Th~ Americun Jouma! 01 Afcf!icim: 120; 1042- 1046. Lavcry. L, Higgins, K .. LaclO!, O .. Constantinitides, G. , Zamorano, R .. Arrnstrong. D .. ti aJ., 2004 . Hume monitorins of rool skin tcmpcraturc5 la prevenI ulcer-alion, Diahetes Cllre 27(11 ): 2642- 2647. Nagase, T., Sanada. H., Takehara. K .. De, M .. Ii l aka, S .. Ohashi, Y., Oba, M., Kadowaki, T. & Nnkugami, G. 2011. Variations of plantar Ihermographic pal!ems in normal co"trols and non-l!Ic~r diabctic palient~ : novel das~ifü;ation u.~ing angiosolllc concept, Jmmllll 01 PllJ!ltic, Rcc/JlIstructil'1' & ".'.flllelir: Surf,!cr)' 64(7): 860- 866. Nishide, K., Nagase, T., Oba. M .. Oe, M., Oh3~hi. V., lizaka, S .. Nakag<lmi, G., KadO\V3ki, T. & San<lda. H. 2009. Ultrasonogr,Jphk and thermoc raphie s cr~l:ll i ns for latcnl imnammation in diabctie fool callu~ Dinhr-trs ReJcnrch Glld C/illical Practice 85(3): 304--)09. Sun, I~C., Lin. 1-1 .0., lao, SH., Ku. Y.e., Chan, R .C. &. Chcng. C.K. 2006. Rt:lalion5hip or skin lemperalutc to sympathelic dysfunclion in tl iabet ic .1I-risk reeI. DillhcUJ Rf!srllrcll l flld Cliniml f>mfticf! 73( I): 4 1-46. 

Cosmetics

Chemical characterization and bioactive properties of wine lees and diatomaceous earth towards the valorization of underexploited residues as potential cosmeceuticals

http://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/bitstream/10198/11072/3/artigo_BPM_print.pdf

Monitoring feet temperature using thermography

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