Purpose of Study: To perform a review on internet interventions for adolescents focusing physical activity and dietary behavior and to understand the effect of schools and teachers involvement in the outcomes.
Background: Although the well known benefits of a healthy lifestyle (high physical activity levels and a healthy eating pattern), the adolescents of most industrialized countries fail to meet dietary and physical activity guidelines.
Most governments are trying to find effective interventions that may focus in a wide range of individuals, rather than face to face (school based) interventions.
The internet has been used recently in a lot of health interventions, its advantages have been mentioned broadly, especially when targeting children and adolescents.
Recent reviews on similar topics are not coherent on their conclusions, some are in favour of the computer based interventions, others mention that there is no clear effectiveness of eHealth interventions. However no studies exclusively on adolescents were found. It seems relevant to perform an updated review, focusing studies with adolescents.
Methods: Articles were identified for inclusion using key word database literature searches. An initial search using electronic databases: Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Elsevier and Ebsco was performed, using as key terms: Internet Intervention; Web based intervention or online intervention. The search was completed using the Boolean term “and” with expressions: nutrition; diet; physical activity; exercise or motor activity. The full text review was done according to a matrix developed in a Microsoft windows excel database. It was calculated a quality score, based in nine methodological items.
Conclusions and discussion: Most of the papers reviewed had modest results in favour of the intervention group, but failed to show long term effects, when evaluated.
Less than 50% of the studies involved teachers, schools, parents or group leaders, and no relation was found between this involvement and the outcomes.
This review shows that besides the importance of interventions for adolescents, few studies are published. The improvement in diet and physical activity outcomes seem modest and not long term, either with the involvement of schools or not. Schools should evaluate and improve the health education programmes. The authors suggest that more interventions should be planned including innovative methodologies, as so much is still to be known in how to improve health behaviours in adolescents

Aires, Luísa

Ferro-Lebres, Vera

Gonçalves, Gustavo

Moreira, Pedro

Ribeiro, José Carlos

Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Edited by: Mafalda Carmo,World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (WIARS) Published in Lisbon, Portugal, by W.I.A.R.S. www.wiars.org Copyright © 2013 World Institute for Advanced Research and Science All rights are reserved. Permission is granted for personal and educational use only. Commercial copying, hiring and lending is prohibited. The whole or part of this publication material cannot be reproduced, reprinted, translated, stored or transmitted, in any form or means, without the written permission of the publisher. The publisher and authors have taken care that the information and recommendations contained herein are accurate and compatible with the generally accepted standards at the time of publication. The individual essays remain the intellectual properties of the contributors. ISBN: 978-989-97866-5-3 INTERNET INTERVENTIONS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIETARY BEHAVIOR FOR ADOLESCENTS – WITH OR WITHOUT SCHOOLS? Vera Ferro-Lebres1,2, Gustavo Gonçalves1, Luísa Aires1,3, Pedro Moreira1,4and José Carlos Ribeiro11Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL) Faculty of Sports – University of Porto, Portugal 2School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Portugal 3High Education Institute from Maia (ISMAI), Portugal 4Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of the University of Porto, Portugal AbstractPurpose of Study: To perform a review on internet interventions for adolescents focusing physical activity and dietary behavior and to understand the effect of schools and teachers involvement in the outcomes. Background: Although the well known benefits of a healthy lifestyle (high physical activity levels and a healthy eating pattern), the adolescents of most industrialized countries fail to meet dietary and physical activity guidelines. Most governments are trying to find effective interventions that may focus in a wide range of individuals, rather than face to face (school based) interventions.  The internet has been used recently in a lot of health interventions, its advantages have been mentioned broadly, especially when targeting children and adolescents.  Recent reviews on similar topics are not coherent on their conclusions, some are in favour of the computer based interventions, others mention that there is no clear effectiveness of eHealth interventions. However no studies exclusively on adolescents were found. It seems relevant to perform an updated review, focusing studies with adolescents. Methods: Articles were identified for inclusion using key word database literature searches. An initial search using electronic databases: Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Elsevier and Ebsco was performed, using as key terms: Internet Intervention; Web based intervention or online intervention. The search was completed using the Boolean term “and” with expressions: nutrition; diet; physical activity; exercise or motor activity.  The full text review was done according to a matrix developed in a Microsoft windows excel database. It was calculated a quality score, based in nine methodological items.  Conclusions and discussion: Most of the papers reviewed had modest results in favour of the intervention group, but failed to show long term effects, when evaluated. Less than 50% of the studies involved teachers, schools, parents or group leaders, and no relation was found between this involvement and the outcomes. This review shows that besides the importance of interventions for adolescents, few studies are published. The improvement in diet and physical activity outcomes seem modest and not long term, either with the involvement of schools or not. Schools should evaluate and improve the health education programmes. The authors suggest that more interventions should be planned including innovative methodologies, as so much is still to be known in how to improve health behaviours in adolescents.  Keywords: Health education, physical activity, nutrition, adolescents 1. IntroductionPhysical Activity and diet are the two main modifiable behaviors that may interfere with most diseases, in all ages. Childhood and adolescence are the age ISBN: 978-989-97866-5-3 © 201332groups that should have the focus from most interventions, since lifestyle adopted in these ages, namely the eating and physical activity behaviors have been mentioned as a cause for overweight and obesity in childhood, adolescence and later on adult years. (G. Rodriguez, 2006; S. S. Guo, 1999)  Although the well known benefits of a healthy lifestyle: physically active and a healthy eating pattern, the population of most industrialized countries fail to meet dietary and physical activity guidelines.(Rhonda S. Sebastian, 2008) As a method to fight this reality, most governments are trying to find effective interventions that may focus in communities and a wide range of individuals, rather than face to face, individual interventions. School based interventions have been traditionally chosen as the best strategies to target adolescents, however the new technologies, specially the internet have been used recently in a lot of health interventions, in all age groups. (Corneel Vandelanotte, 2007; Gregory J. Norman, 2007) Considering world health recommendations for children and adolescents health interventions, school and teachers involvement is crucial for the success and goal achievement Internet advantages have been mentioned broadly: personalization of experience, enhancement of cultural sensitivity,(Nigg, 2003) fastest access to information, at any time and place,(CO Cummins, 2004; J Brug, 2005) ability to keep information updated and accurate at a low effort and cost, (J Brug, 2005) possibility of anonymous participation, possibility of a more frequent contact and support asynchronously.(KYA McKenna, 2000)  Interactive tools, such as discussion forums or boards, e-mail exchange and virtual meetings, may permit the sharing of experiences between participants. (KYA McKenna, 2000) Mentioning the characteristics that please children and adolescents, it has to be referred the attractiveness of the educational games, the website design and the possibility of using a technology of information and communication.(Thompson, 2010) Recent reviews on similar subjects are not coherent on their conclusions. Some suggest the effectiveness of internet/ computer interventions, others conclude the opposite, but non focus on adolescents. Little is known about schools and teachers involvement in these internet based interventions. The current study aims to perform a review on internet interventions for adolescents focusing physical activity and dietary behavior and to understand the effect of schools and teachers involvement in the outcomes. 2. Methods 2.1. Data Sources and Search terms Articles were identified for inclusion using key word database literature searches. An initial search using electronic databases: Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Elsevier and Ebsco was performed, using as key terms: Internet Intervention; Web based intervention or online intervention. The search was completed using the Boolean term “and” with expressions: nutrition; diet; physical activity; exercise or motor activity.  No time frame was defined considering the small amount of internet intervention studies directed to adolescent samples. 2.2. Data Sources and Search terms Articles were included in the review if the abstract, title, or key words indicated that the studies focused on a Diet or Physical Activity Internet Based Intervention for adolescents. Inclusion criteria limited articles to randomized control trials or quasi-experimental studies; publications in a peer-reviewed journal and availability in English.International Conference on Education and New Developments 201333Publications were not included if title or abstract suggested a sample different than adolescents, if it were Review articles, if it were not an article, if it did not focus on physical activity, eating behaviour or weight control, if it were not an internet intervention. Interventions including a mixed method were included if the main method was web-based. All articles resulting from the first search criteria were included for abstract review. In this phase duplicate articles, articles focusing on parents or non adolescent populations; conference documents and papers reporting non intervention researches were excluded. Interventions including non adolescent groups were included if there were separate results for the adolescent group.  Finally, 45 articles were included for a more extensive review, from these 10 corresponded to all inclusion criteria. 2.3. Data ExtractionThe full text review was done according to a matrix developed in a Microsoft windows excel database, developed based on previous studies review criteria (Corneel Vandelanotte, 2007; Gregory J. Norman, 2007; Nancy L. Cohen, 2011). The following headings were analyzed: Publication Information (author, title, journal, year of publication); adolescents’ characteristics [age; gender; sample (size, calculation and control group); equivalence of groups at baseline; different groups created; nationality; ethnicity; other characteristics of relevance]; Methods: Project (Study design; Theoretical framework; individual randomization; isolation of technology; pre and post test design; retention rate; missing data analysis) Intervention characterization (objectives, main focus areas/ behaviour targeted, setting; resources/ intervention technologies; resources/ control conditions; engagement, teacher or family support, year of intervention and length/ duration); About Internet (format; frequency; interactivity); Intervention Evaluation (measures; measurement methodology; PA objectively measured?; Diet measurement?; validated measures?; results/ effects; recommendations); and Additional Comments. These headings were subsequently collapsed into the results table.  It was also calculated a quality score, as mentioned in a previous study (Gregory J. Norman, 2007), based in nine methodological items. The presence of an item was score with one point, for a total of nine items /points, the original authors criteria was considered. 3. Results The analyzed studies had a mean quality score of 6.1 (max=9; min=2) out of 9.  The studies involved adolescents with a mean age of 13.8 +/- 1.83, varying from 12 to 18.1 years. 60% of the interventions were directed to both genders, mainly for American adolescents (60%). Sample sizes were very different between studies, the smallest one used 21 individuals and the largest sample included 473. The intervention project was based in a theoretical framework in 50% of the cases, mostly Social Cognitive Theory (30%). Website technology was used in 80% of the studies included in this review, but it was also found e-mail support and cell phone related technological devices. Most of the studies (60%) did not involve schools or teachers. In average the duration of the intervention was 8.6 +/- 4.24 weeks.  90% of the interventions had positive results when compared to the baseline data, however only 50% had significantly better results than the control group. Table 1 shows the main results. No significant association between the involvement of schools and the results of the intervention (versus baseline or versus control group) was found.   ISBN: 978-989-97866-5-3 © 201334Most of the papers reviewed had modest results in favour of the intervention group, but failed to show long term effects, when evaluated. Sample CharacteristicsMean Age Mean; SD Minimum Maximum 13.8; 1.83 12.0 18.1 Gender (%) Female MaleBoth20.0 20.0 60.0 Nationality American Australian German Chinese Not mentioned60.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Intervention ProjectTheoretical Frameowork (%)Social Cognitive Theory Cognitive Behavioral Theory Transtheoretical Model Not mentioned30.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Sample Size Mean; SD Minimum Maximum198.7; 165.60 21 473 Technology used (%)Computer Website Other10.0 80.0 10.0 School/ Teachers Involvement (%) 40.0 Duration  Mean; SD Minimum Maximum 8.6; 4.24 2.0 16.0 Improvement Results (%)Versus baseline data Versus control group 90.0 50.0 4. Conclusions and Discussion This review shows that besides the importance of physical activity and dietary interventions for adolescents, few studies are published. All the studies included featured the internet or other interactive technologies, expecting to facilitate the improvement in health behaviours.  It seems evident that these interventions improve behaviours compared to the baseline data, suggesting efficacy in a lower budget, as previously mentioned. However it is still not clear if including the new technologies have more significant results as the traditional methods.  There may be a theory based or a dose effect as extremely different approaches were found. Although specific recommendations for these interventions are needed, we found no sufficient evidence to make such recommendations.  WHO recommends involving schools in health promotion intervention for children and adolescents(WHO, 2009); however in this review we found that only 40% of the studies did so. Further on we investigate the association of this involvement with the results, and found no statistical significance. More studies are needed to confirm the magnitude of the benefits of including schools and teachers.  International Conference on Education and New Developments 201335The improvement in diet and physical activity outcomes seem modest and not long term, either with the involvement of schools or not. Schools should evaluate and contribute to the improvement of the health education programmes.  Regarding the overall quality of the study design most studies reviewed had high scores, however 20% had a negative quality (score <2).  The authors suggest that more interventions should be planned including innovative methodologies in along with schools/ teachers, as so much is still to be known in how to improve health behaviours in adolescents.  AcknowledgmentsMCTES – FCT: PTDC/DTP-DES/1328/2012 ReferencesCO Cummins, K. E., JL Johnson, A Paiva, JO Prochaska, JM Prochaska. (2004). Assessing stage of change and informed decision making for internet participation in health promotion and disease management. Managed Care Interface, 17, 27-32.Corneel Vandelanotte, K. M. S., Elizabeth G. Eakin, Neville Owen. (2007). Website-Delivered Physical Actvity Interventions: A Review of the Literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(1), 54-63.  G. Rodriguez, L. M. (2006). Is dietary intake abel to explaindifferences in body fatness in children and adolescents? Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 16, 294-301.Gregory J. Norman, M. F. Z., Marc A. Adams, Dori E. Rosenberg. (2007). A Review of eHealth interventions for Physical Actvity and Dietary Behavior Change. [Review]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(4), 336-345e337.  J Brug, A. O., W Kroeze, H Raat. (2005). The internet and nutrition education: chalenges and opportunities. Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, S130-S137.  KYA McKenna, J. B. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: the implications of the internet for personality and social psychology. Personality Soc Psychol Rev, 4, 57-75.Nancy L. Cohen, E. T. C., Patricia A. Beffa-Negrini. (2011). The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Online Credit Nutrition Courses: A Systematic Review. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour, 43(2), 76-85.  Nigg, C. (2003). Technology's influence on physical activity and exercise science: The present and the future. Psychol Sport Exerc, 4, 57-65.  Rhonda S. Sebastian, L. E. C., Joseph D. Goldman. (2008). Effect of Snacking Frequency on Adolescents’ Dietary Intakes and Meeting National Recommendations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 503-511.  S. S. Guo, W. C. C. (1999). Tracking of Body Mass Index in Children in Relation to Overweight in Adulthood. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70, 145S-148S.Thompson, D. B., Tom; Buday, Richard. (2010). Conceptual model for the design of a serious video game promoting self-management among youth with type 1 diabetes. . J Diabetes Sci Technol, 4(3), 744-749.WHO. (2009). Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works: summary report.(9789241598248).ISBN: 978-989-97866-5-3 © 201336

Internet interventions in physical activity and dietary behavior for adolescents – with or without schools?

Purpose of Study: To perform a review on internet interventions for adolescents focusing physical activity and dietary behavior and to understand the effect of schools and teachers involvement in the outcomes.
Background: Although the well known benefits of a healthy lifestyle (high physical activity levels and a healthy eating pattern), the adolescents of most industrialized countries fail to meet dietary and physical activity guidelines.
Most governments are trying to find effective interventions that may focus in a wide range of individuals, rather than face to face (school based) interventions. 
The internet has been used recently in a lot of health interventions, its advantages have been mentioned broadly, especially when targeting children and adolescents. 
Recent reviews on similar topics are not coherent on their conclusions, some are in favour of the computer based interventions, others mention that there is no clear effectiveness of eHealth interventions. However no studies exclusively on adolescents were found. It seems relevant to perform an updated review, focusing studies with adolescents.
Methods: Articles were identified for inclusion using key word database literature searches. An initial search using electronic databases: Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Elsevier and Ebsco was performed, using as key terms: Internet Intervention; Web based intervention or online intervention. The search was completed using the Boolean term “and” with expressions: nutrition; diet; physical activity; exercise or motor activity.  The full text review was done according to a matrix developed in a Microsoft windows excel database. It was calculated a quality score, based in nine methodological items. 
Conclusions and discussion: Most of the papers reviewed had modest results in favour of the intervention group, but failed to show long term effects, when evaluated.
Less than 50% of the studies involved teachers, schools, parents or group leaders, and no relation was found between this involvement and the outcomes.
This review shows that besides the importance of interventions for adolescents, few studies are published. The improvement in diet and physical activity outcomes seem modest and not long term, either with the involvement of schools or not. Schools should evaluate and improve the health education programmes. The authors suggest that more interventions should be planned including innovative methodologies, as so much is still to be known in how to improve health behaviours in adolescents

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS !---'-----'---'----------- ------..,. ... ,-----------~.~.- ---- -,:'" . 1 - 3JUNE I.,lsl~J)NJQRIUGAL ;; I , I i_~1 I Edited by: Mafalda Carmo, ,U""'w'" n 'A.L~,;;S, ;./..,.LE.. .. ,., ,,,'..,,,.J.,,_oA,,.,,,,,,L,,,J.,~,,.,,, ' .1 i -----~--~------- jj World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (WIARS) Published in Lisbon, Portugal, by W.IAR.S. www.wiars.org Copyright © 2013 World Institute for Advanced Research and Science All rights are reserved_ Permission is granted for personal and educational use only. Commercial copying, hiring and lending is prohibited. The whole or part of this publication material cannot be reproduced, reprinted, translated, stored or transmitted, in any form or means, without the written permission of the publisher. The publisher and authors have taken care that the information and recommendations contained herein are accurate and compatible with the generally accepted standards at the time of publication. The individual essays remain the intellectual properties of the contributors. ISBN: 978-989-97866-4-6 ISBN: 976-969-97666-4-6 © 2013 correlation between cortisol and learning, using the teaching of corporeity as teachingllearning methodology. Starting from the theoretical framework, the mechanism of mirror neurons to empathy approach, the selective pressure on the genetic heritage of the human population by proteome product, Kandel's reflections on underlying environmental epigenia and synaptic circuits are checked by experience are only some paradigmatic strengths which give great value to environmental input to the report body and in preserving and enhancing neuronal networks. Many studies have also shown that the activation and strengthening of mnemonic processes, may be indirectly related hormone cortisol changes in its hippocampal feedback. The project has provided, as part of a researCh-action, the administration on experimental teaching groups of corporeality; in parallel the same learning units programmed by teachers were administered in control groups with traditional method. For teachers who have jOined the research project was conducted a training course on Neuroscience applied to education. The sample (250 children) was chosen within the school population-based primary school. The effectiveness of corporeality applied to teaching, was assessed through a biological parameter, cortisol, which through quantitative and qualitative test of skills assessment and previous knowledge and acquired in short, medium and long term. Analyzing data emerged, it is evident that the body has led to the experimental class, a raising of the rate of cortisol, with subsequent return to normal afterwards. Constant and light, however, was the growth in the level of cortisol for monitoring class, indicating a higher level of consideration value of experimental class in the final stage. In parallel, the results of learning content test clearly demonstrate that the clinical trial protocol raised the success percentage of correct answers. In this sense, the teaching body protocol considered as innovative methodology, developed, thanks to good professional conduct of teachers, educational circumstances in which students face with interest and curiosity the cognitive issues that arise during lessons. Keywords: Cortisol, body, learning, evaluation. INTERNET INTERVENTIONS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIETARY BEHAVIOR FOR ADOLESCENTS - WITH OR WITHOUT SCHOOLS? Vera Ferro-Lebres 1,2, Gustavo Gonyalves 1, Luisa Aires 1,3, Pedro Moreira 1,4 and Jose Carlos Ribeiro 1 1 Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL) Faculty of Sports - University of Porto, Portugal 2School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Portugal 3High Education Institute from Mala (ISMA/), Portugal 4Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of the University of Porto, Portugal Abstract Purpose of Study. To perform a review on internet interventions for adolescents focusing physical activity and dietary behavior and to understand the effect of schools and teachers involvement in the outcomes. Background: Although the well known benefits of a healthy lifestyle (high physical activity levels and a healthy eating pattern), the adolescents of most industrialized countries fail to meet dietary and physical activity guidelines. Most governments are trying to find effective interventions that may focus in a wide range of individuals, rather than face to face (school based) interventions. The internet has been used recently in a lot of health interventions, its advantages have been mentioned broadly, especially when targeting children and adolescents. Recent reviews on similar topics are not coherent on their conclusions, some are in favour of the computer based interventions, others mention that there is no clear effectiveness of eHealth interventions. However no studies exclusively on adolescents were found. It seems relevant to perform an updated review, focusing studies with adolescents. Methods: Articles were identified for inclusion using key word database literature searches. An initial search using electronic databases: Medline, lSI Web of Knowledge, Elsevier and Ebsco was performed, using as key terms: Internet Intervention; Web based intervention or online intervention. The search was completed using the Boolean term "and" with expressions: nutrition; diet; physical activity; exercise or motor activity. The full text review was done according to a matrix developed in a Microsoft windows excel database. It was calculated a quality score, based in nine methodological items. Conclusions and discussion: Most of the papers reviewed had modest results in favour of the intervention group, but failed to show long term effects, when evaluated. Less than 50% of the studies involved teachers, schools, parents or group leaders, and no relation was found between this involvement and the outcomes. 6 International Conference on Education and New Developments 2013 This review shows that besides the importance of interventions for adolescents, few studies are published. The improvement in diet and physical activity outcomes seem modest and not long term, either with the involvement of schools or not. Schools should evaluate and improve the health education programmes. The authors suggest that more interventions should be planned including innovative methodologies, as so much is still to be known in how to improve health behaviours in adolescents. Keywords: Health education, phYSical activity, nutrition, adolescents THE MOTOR LITERACY ITALIAN PROJECT. COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS Anna Violante\ Cristiana OJ Anna2 , Antonio Mastrolia\ Gaetano Raiola' and Filippo Gomez Paloma3 1 Ministry of Education (Italy) 2Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Salerno (Italy) 3Dept. of Human, Philosophical and Education SCiences, University of Salerno (Italy) Abstract In the Italian primary school qualified teachers are presently not fully involved in the teaching of physical education. Compared to other EU countries, the qualitative and quantitative level of motor activities in the educational field appears to be less adequate. Over the past few decades, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) has promoted several interventions in order to offset the negative trends resulting from the latest scientific research, both those examining the quantity of children's physical motor activities and also those dealing with the growth of phenomena such as sedentariness and improper nutrition. A "Motor Literacy" three-year project was activated in primary schools in 2009, following an agreement protocol between MIUR and the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI). The project establishes that an expert with a degree in Physical Education (Scienze Motorie) has to assist the primary school teacher during the curricular hours of motor activity. The purpose of the present study is to reflect on the positive and negative aspects of the project, whose activities aim at acquiring several motor abilities and active lifestyles. There has also been an attempt to outline a financial statement of the project through a cost-benefit analysis. The reference scientific literature and the three-year progress of the project have been re-examined using the theoretical-argumentative approach. This study has made it possible to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the project and to analyze its effectiveness and scientific validity. The results of the project have been analyzed considering the data taken from national monitoring. The descriptive and statistical analysis has shown that the partiCipants in the project obtained a significant increase in their abilities and motor skills. This is underlined by a substantial decrease in the number of mistakes made (48.9 %) in the prearranged course and by a slight improvement in the time taken to finish it (an average of 9.8 % considering the whole group analyzed). The opinions of the students, the families and the school heads involved in the project have been collected through questionnaires which indicated 85% of positive answers and a general will to continue with the experience. The project expenses rose from 5 million euros in the first year to 12.5 million euros in 2013, with an average cost of 24 euros per student. Overall, the results of the "Motor Literacy" project are positive for motor monitoring and also considering the approval obtained. If the Motor Literacy was extended to all students in Italian primary schools, with the introduction of a teacher holding a degree in Physical Education (Scienze Motorie), it would produce an increase ;n the physically active 'population and a general improvement in the level of the psychophysical conditions of the children. In addition, this would lead to an increment in the competitivety and the . effiCiency of the country's production system. Keywords: Fisical Education, Primary School, Sedentary, Motor Science. 7 

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Internet interventions in physical activity and dietary behavior for adolescents – with or without schools?

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