Descriptions of forest vegetation of
Madeira Island included, so far, two
types of climatophylous broadleaf forest
vegetation – Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum
foetentis and Semele androgynae-
Apollonietum barbujanae – with an
arboreal stratum respectively dominated
by two Lauraceae trees: Ocotea foetens [til]
and Apollonias barbujana [barbusano].
Recently, we discovered that the other
Lauraceae Madeira's tree – Persea indica
[vinhático] – is the dominant tree in a
third type of broadleaf forest - Diplazio
caudati-Perseetum indici ass. nova

Aguiar, Carlos

Capelo, Jorge

Costa, José C.

Jardim, Roberto

Lousã, Mário

Sequeira, Miguel

Biblioteca Digital do IPB

 Notas do Herbário da Estação Florestal Nacional 113  Table 1 - Isoplexido sceptri-Euphorbietum melliferae   # of relevé 1 2 3 m.s.m. (1=10m) 102 102 . Area (m2) 400 400 300 Aspect NW NW NE Characteristic combination    Euphorbia mellifera 2 3 3 Isoplexis sceptrum 1 2 1 Sonchus fruticosus 3 2 1 Erysimum bicolor 1 1 1 Melanoselinum decipiens 2 1 . Musschia wollastonii 1 2 . Characteristic of higher syntaxa   Clethra arborea . 1 + Teline maderensis + . . Erica maderinicola + +  Rubus bollei + . . Rubia agostinhoi + .  Vaccinium padifolium . + + Phyllis nobla 1 2 2 Sibthorpia peregrina . . 1 Rosa mandonii . + . Ocotea foetens - pl.   1 Succisa pratensis + 1 . Origanum virens . + . Geranium palmatum 1 2 1 Pericallis aurita + . + Bystropogon punctatus + 1 + Dactylorhiza foliosa + . . Ageratina adenophora 1 . . Rubus bollei . + + Argyranthemum pinnatifidum + + . Erigeron karvinskianus + 1 + Hypochaeris radicata . + . Festuca donax + 1 . Pteris incompleta . + 1 Cirsium latifolium . + + Tolpis macrorhyza . 1 . Cedronella canariensis + . . Stegnogramma pozoi . + + Arachniodes webbianum . + . Aichryson divaricatum + . + Ranunculus cortusifolius . + + Carex peregrina . + . Blechnum spicant . + . Carex lowei . + + Dryopteris aitoniana . + . Davallia canariensis . + . Brachypodium sylvaticum . 1 + Doodia caudata . + .     Sites: 1,2 Folhadal; 3: Fajã da Nogueira.   Jorge Capelo; Depto. de Ecologia, Recursos Naturais e Ambiente. Estação Florestal Nacional, jorge.capelo@efn.  com.pt. José C. Costa; Depto. Protecção de Plantas e Fitoecologia, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa, jccosta@ isa.utl.pt. Roberto Jardim; Jardim Botânico da Madeira, Funchal, robertojardim.sra@gov-madeira.pt. Miguel Sequeira; Depto. Biologia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, sequeira@uma.pt. Carlos Aguiar; Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança, cfaguiar @ipb.pt. Mário Lousã; Depto. Protecção de Plantas e Fitoecologia, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa, mariolousa@isa. utl.pt.   XXXV: The vegetation of Madeira: III - Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici ass. nova and Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati ass. nova: two new hygrophillic forest associations from Madeira Island .  Descriptions of forest vegetation of Madeira Island included, so far, two types of climatophylous broadleaf forest vegetation – Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis and Semele androgynae-Apollonietum barbujanae – with an arboreal stratum respectively dominated by two Lauraceae trees: Ocotea foetens [til] and Apollonias barbujana [barbusano]. Recently, we discovered that the other Lauraceae Madeira's tree – Persea indica [vinhático] – is the dominant tree in a third type of broadleaf forest - Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici ass. nova. This is an edaphohigrophylous forest, proper of middle and lower-course permanent streams, over fairly thick colluvial (rarely alluvial) substrata. It ranges from the termomediterranean sub-humid stage to the mesomediterranean humid stage. Its characteristic combination involves: Persea indica, Dryopteris aitoniana, Woodwardia radicans, Diplazium caudatum, Pteris incompleta, etc. Nowadays, the Diplazio-Perseetum indici is a rare phytocoenosis because Persea indica is a source of noble wood and many of its 114   habitats were also suitable for agricul-ture. The prickly scrub communities of the Rubio agostinhoi-Rubetum bollei were identified as the subseral stage of the Diplazio-Perseetum indici. It is also possible that at least some Salix canariensis communities (Scrophulario hirtae-Salicetum canariensis), occupied today former Persea indica forests biotopes. Its geovicarious edaphohigro-phylous community in the western Canary Islands (Ixantho-Laurion) is a mixed wood of Persea indica and Ocotea foetens (Diplazio caudati-Ocoteetum foetentis, vd. RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ et al. (1993), Itin. Geobot. 7 : 169-364 ).  In turn, in steep torrential upper-course stream riffles, with coarse stony substrata, in the scope of the Clethro-Ocoteetum foetentis climatophyllous stage, the Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici is substituted by an yet undescribed nanophanerophitic phytocoenosis – Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati ass. nova – dominated by Sambucus lanceolata and Rhamnus glandulosa. Due to partial habitat simmilarity (clearings in the canopy) Euphorbia mellifera someti-mes tends to co-dominate the com-munity as is the less specialized caulirosetted element. Nevertheless, the presence in the Rhmano-Sambucetum lanceolati of a wealth of escio-hygrophil-lous ferns [e.g. Woodwardia radicans, Diplazium caudatum, Stegnogramma pozoi], supports its syntaxonomical differentia-tion from the mesophytic caulirosulati communities of the Isoplexido sceptri-Euphorbietum melliferae. In the opposite direction, the absence of other caulirosetted plants [Isoplexis sceptrum, Musschia wollastonii, Melanoselinum decipiens] allows also to distinguish both communities.  Both associations are affiliated to the Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000; Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis Oberdorfer ex Rivas-Martínez et al. 1977 corr. Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002; PRUNO HIXAE-LAURETEA NOVOCANARIENSIS Oberdorfer 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002.  1 - Rhamno glandulosi - Sambucetum lanceolati Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Aguiar, & Lousã associatio nova hoc loco [typus: table 1 , relevé #1].  [=Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis variante de Isoplexis sceptrum sensu CAPELO et al. (1999) Veget. Madeira I. Silva Lusit. 7(2) : 263, 264 & tab. 4: inv. 8, 9 e 10].  2 - Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Aguiar & Lousã associatio nova hoc loco [typus: table 2, relevé #2]. [Scale: Br.-Bl. Modified by Reichelt & Wilmanns (1973) – Vegetationsgeographie - in class 2, it adds: 2m= less than 5%; 2a= 5-15%; 2b=15-25%].  [taxonomical nomenclature follows: PRESS & SHORT (1994) Flora of Madeira. BM. London; and also the checklist of taxa of RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ, DÍAZ, F. DEZ-GONZÁ LEZ, IZCO, LOIDI, LOUSA & PENAS (2002) - Itinera Geobotanica 15(2) : 697-813. Sometimes names are shortened to the last infra-specific rank].  Aknowledgment: the authors would like to thank the most valuable support of the Direcção Regional de Florestas da Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais da Região Autónoma da Madeira.      Notas do Herbário da Estação Florestal Nacional 115  Table 1 - Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati   # of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 m.s.m. (1=10m) 100 90 110 65 103 Area (m2) 100 100 60 50 45 Aspect N NE NW N N Characteristic combination    Sambucus lanceolata 3 1 3 2 + Rhamnus glandulosa 1 3 1 + 3 Euphorbia mellifera + + 1 1 1 Diplazium caudatum 2 + 1 3 . Festuca donax 2 2 1 1 + Sibthorpia peregrina + + 1 1 1 Pteris incompleta + + + 3 . Clethra arborea . 1 1 + 2 Sonchus fruticosus . 1 2 . 1 Phyllis nobla . 1 + 1 1 Isoplexis spectrum . + + . . Hypericum grandifolium . 2 . + . Rubia agostinhoi . . + + 1 Rosa mandonii 1 . . . . Salix canariensis . + 1 + . Laurus novocanariensis . . + 1 + Cystopteris diaphana 1 + . . . Athyrium filix-foemina 1 2 . . 1 Rubus grandifolius . 1 . + . Cirsium latifolium . . + . + Ocotea foetens . . . + . Rubus bollei . . . 1 . Urtica morifolia . . . 1 . Hedera maderensis . . . + . Cedronella canariensis . . . + . Argyranthemum . . + + . Ilex perado . . . 1 . Dryopteris aitoniana . . + . . Dryopteris maderensis . + . . . Erica maderinicola . . . . + Vaccinium padifolium . . . . + Companions      Oenanthe divaricata 2 1 1 2 1 Woodwardia radicans . 2 3 + 3 Deschampsia argentea 1 2 1 + . Ranunculus cortusifolius + + + . . Aichrysum divaricatum + . + + . Ageratina adenophora . 1 . + . Tamnobryum alopecurum 2 . . . . Echinodium spinosum 2 . . . 1 Asterella africana 1 . . . 1 Porella inaequalis 1 . . . . Doodia caudata . . . 1 . Stegnogramma pozoi . . . . + Dactylorhiza foliosa + . . . . Chelidonium majus . . . + . Pteridium aquilinum . . . + . Stellaria alsine . . + . . Peucedanum lowei . . . + . Erigeron karvinskianus . . . . +  Sites: 1, 3, 5 Folhadal; 2 Levada do Caldeirão Verde, 4 Chão de Louros   Table 2 - Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici   # of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 6 m.s.m. 772 . 929 930 866 865Aspect S S . . W W Area 100 100 100 150 200 150Characteristic combination      Persea indica 5 4 4 2 3 4 Clethra arborea 2a 2 . 1 . + Laurus novocanariensis 1 2 3 4 4 2 Rubus gr. bollei 1 (+) + + + 1 Phyllis nobla 1 + + + . 1 Sibthorpia peregrina 2a 3 1 2 1 1 Diplazium caudatum 3 2 + 4 2a 3 Athyrium felix-foemina 1 + + . 1 1 Pteris incompleta + + . . . . Cystopteris diaphana 1 + + + + . Polystichium setiferum + + . . . . Festuca donax 2a . 3 1 2a 1 Asplenium onopteris + + . . . . Asplenium trichomanes + + . . . . Selaginella denticulata 1 + + + . . Pericallis aurita + . . . + + Vaccinium padifolium + . . . . . Bystropogon punctatus 1 (+) . . . . Sonchus fruticosus (+) (+) 1 . + . Scrophularia hirta (+) . . . . . Hypericum grandifolium (+) . + + + + Hypericum glandulosum (+) (+) (+) + . . Hedera maderensis + . 2 . . . Brachypodium sylvaticum . 1 . . . . Argyranthemum . + . . . . Erica maderinicola . 1 + . . . Euphorbia mellifera 2a . + 1 . . Lonicera etrusca + . + . . . Rosa mandonii 1 . . . . . Cedronella canariensis . + . . 1 + Dryopteris aitoniana . + + . . . Rubia agostinhoi . . 1 . + + Salix canariensis . . + . . . Myrica faya . . + . . . Semele androgyna . . + . . . Carex peregrina . . . . + . Carex lowei . . . 1 . . Asplenium monanthes . . . . 1 . Asplenium onopteris . . . 1 + . Asplenium anceps . . . . + . Athyrium felix-femina . . . . 1 + Prunella vulgaris . . . . . +  Selaginella denticulata . . . . . + Companions       Woodwardia radicans . 2 3 1 1 1 Deschampsia argentea + . (+) (+) + + Polypodium + . . . . . Ageratina adenophora + . . . + 1 Stegnogramma pozoi + + . . . . Umbilicus rupestris . . . . . . Erigeron karvinskianus . . . . + 1 Aichryson divaricatum . . . . + + Succisa pratensis . . . . . 1 Oenanthe divaricata . . . . . + Huperzia selago . . . . . + Epilobium tetragonum . . . . . + Dactylorhiza foliosa . . . . . + Sagina procumbens . . . . . + 116   Sites: 1; Ribeira da Madalena ca. Loreto;  2,3,4: between Paúl and Loreto; 5: stream south of Pico Ferreiro; 6: south of Pico Tapeiro  Jorge Capelo; Depto. de Ecologia, Recursos Naturais e Ambiente. Estação Florestal Nacional, jorge.capelo@efn. com.pt. José C. Costa; Depto. Protecção de Plantas e Fitoecologia, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa, jccosta@isa.utl.pt. Roberto Jardim; Jardim Botânico da Madeira, Funchal, robertojardim.sra@gov-madeira.pt. Miguel Sequeira; Depto. Biologia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, sequeira@uma.pt. Carlos Aguiar; Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança; cfaguiar@ipb.pt. Mário Lousã; Depto. Protecção de Plantas e Fitoecologia, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa,    XXXVI: The vegetation of Madeira: IV - Coastal Vegetation of Porto Santo Island (Archipelag of Madeira)  The littoral geomorphology of the Porto Santo Island is of paramount importance in the coastal phytocoenosis assemblage: the southern part of the island has an 8 km long sand beach with littoral sandstone platforms in its eastern extreme; sandstone or volcanic (mostly trachits) sea cliffs predominate in the rest of the island; in the northern part of the island, near the airport, there is an elevated dune (more than 150 m above  sea level), related to an ancient island tilt. In the Porto Santo' s beach and cliff ecosystems, we found four new associations. All of them are finicolous associations in the context of their alliances, with low floristic diversity and presided by small area endemics.   1. Senecio incrassati-Mesembryanthe-metum crystallini Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito-Santo & Lousã associatio nova hoc loco [typus: table 1, relevé #3] –  it is a halonitrophylous succulent annual pros-trate plant com-munity associated with dune systems disturbed by trampling or by the input of nitrogen compounds, either of natural or artificial origin. It is very similar to the canarian Mesembryanthemetum cristalini and is characterized by the two nominal plants together with M. nodiflorum and Beta procumbens. The Senecio incrassati - Mesembryanthemetum cristalini is not exclusive of mobile substrata: was also observed in Ponta de S. Lourenço (Madeira) in compact soils (variant with Aizoon canariensis).  Table 1 – Senecio incrassati -Mesembryanthemetum crystallini   # of relevé 3 4 6 7 m.s.m. ca. 2 ca.2 ca.3 ca.5 Area 4 4 16 12 Cover 60 60 90 70 Characteristic combination     Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 4 4 3 2 Senecio incrassatus 1 1 2 + Beta procumbens 1 2 3 1 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum . . . 4 Characteristic of higher syntaxa   Brachypodium distachyon . . + . Bromus rigidus . . 1 . Chenopodium murale . . + . Asphodelus fistulosus . . 1 . Emex spinosa . . 1 1 Euphorbia terracina . . + . Lavatera cretica . . 1 + Lolium rigidum . . 2 . Medicago polymorpha . . 1 . Scorpiurus muricatus . . . + Sonchus tenerrimus . . + . Spergularia marina . . + . Companions     Salsola kali + + . . Hedypnois cretica . . 1 . Cynodon dactylon . . + . Cyperus rotundus . . + . 

The vegetation of Madeira: III -  Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici ass. nova and  Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati ass. nova: two new hygrophillic forest associations from Madeira Island

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The vegetation of Madeira: III - Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indici ass. nova and Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati ass. nova: two new hygrophillic forest associations from Madeira Island

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