Oltra Castelló, Alba

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Facultat de Veterinària

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IMMUNOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD PARASITES. WHY ARE THERE SO FEW VACCINES? Tick GARD Gavac     ALBA OLTRA CASTELLÓ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona June 2016 • Review the current situation and the advances produced in arthropod’s immunological control   •  Analyze the reasons which have limited this kind of vaccines The importance that arthropod parasites have in veterinarian science is based on its capacity to harm animals. Not only for its direct actions on the host but also for the transmission of some pathogens. A variety of measures have been used historically and are currently  used to control this parasites. OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION A VACCINE AGAINST ARTHROPODS? Two approaches to vaccination • Exploitation of the antigens of naturally acquired immunity • Vaccination against ‘concealed’ antigens   TICKS    MITES  MYIASIS  FLEAS  MOSQUITOES IDEAL ANTIGEN FOR VACCINES EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO THE HOST IMMUNE EFFECTORS  CRITICAL FUNCTION  SHARE CONSERVED EPITOPES AMONG OTHER ARTHROPOD VECTORS  REDUCE THE VECTOR CAPACITY FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF VECTOR-BORNE PATHOGENS  PROTEIN/ANTIGEN  Bm86  Bm95  Bm91  P29   TICK SPECIES  Rhipicephalus microplus  Rhipicephalus microplus   Rhipicephalus microplus   Haemaphysalis longicornis Table 1. Recombinant proteins used in vaccines against ticks • Reduction of tick infestations on cattle • Increased animal production • Decreased incidence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis • Reduction in the use of acaricides  TICK SPECIES                         CROSS-PROTECTION  Rhipicephalus  annulatus  Rhipicephalus decoloratus  Rhipicephalus appendiculatus  Amblyomma variegatum  Hyalomma anatolicum  Hyalomma dromedarii  Table 2. Crossed-protection for Bm86  (Rhipicephalus microplus) against different species of ticks Figure 1. The reduction of the acaricide consumption in Cuba before 1986 and after implementation of the integrated control program in 1995 against R. microplus (Rodríguez et al., 2004) CONCLUSION PROBLEMS       1986 1987-97 1998   1999   2000    2001   2002 500  400  300  200  100     0 • Lack of research and difficulties in  identify effective antigens • Immune responses • Variety of arthropods • Acaricides and insecticides • Development, manufacturing, registration and commercialization of a vaccine is a long and expensive process  Immunological control would mean a great scientific advance, however vaccination against arthropods continues being an expectation. It is necessary to overcome all problems to get this control. It's required, therefore, more research in this field and developing new technologies to find new antigenic targets. A future trends of research are multicomponent vaccines or vaccines against multiple arthropods. Metric Tons Years 

Immunological control of arthropod parasites. Why are there so few vaccines?

https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tfg/2016/169549/TFG_aoltracastello_poster.pdf

Immunological control of arthropod parasites. Why are there so few vaccines?

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