Chitty, Jennifer

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Facultat de Biociències

Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB

Use	  of	  Secondary	  Metabolites	  from	  Marine	  Sponges	  as	  a	  New	  Antifouling	  TechnologyJennifer	  Chitty	  Universitat	  Autònoma	  de	  Barcelona,	  	  Bellaterra	  2013Biofouling	  is	  the	  name	  given	  to	  the	  accumulation	  of	  microorganisms,	  algae	  and	  animals	  on	  wetted	  surfaces	  such	  as	  ships’	  hulls	  and	  bioreactor	  membranes.	  An	  initial	  organic	  bioﬁlm	  is	  created,	  which	  is	  later	  colonized	  by	  bacteria	  and	  eventually	  macrofoulers	  like	  algae	  and	  barnacles.	  In	  order	  to	  prevent	  biofouling	  Governments	  and	  industries	  spend	  over	  US$	  5.7	  billions/year	  in	  antifouling	  (AF)	  coatings	  that	  are	  toxic	  to	  the	  environment.	  Its	  use	  is	  increasingly	  restringing	  and	  some	  components	  are	  even	  banned.	  Bachelor	  Degree	  in	  Biotechnology,	  UAB	  	  	  	  	  	   	   	   	   	   	   	   	  	  	  	  	  contact:	  jennamazeika@gmail.comReferencesWhat	  is	  Biofouling?	  ConclusionsThe	  Promise	  of	  Biological	  Anti-­‐foulingsWhile	  conventional	  AFs	  consisted	  on	  Copper, 	  Mercury,	  Arsenic	   and	  TBT-­‐related	  biocides,	  Biotechnology	  is	  oﬀering	  a	  new	  solution.	  A	  new	  technology	  pretends	  to	  use	  what	  already	  occurs	  in	  natural	  marine	  sponges:	  this	  is	  called	  Biomimetism.	  Marine	  sponges	  have	  secondary	  metabolites	  that	  avoid	  fouling	  over	  them	  and	  could	  be	  used	  in	  AF	  coatings	  to	  cover	  ships’ 	  hulls.	  Some	  sponge	  metabolites	  that	  currently	  have	  huge	  potential	  are:	  • Terpenoids:	  Inhibit	  larval	  settlement	  and	  barnacle	  metamorphosis.	  14	  terpenoids	  are	  currently	  being	  studied.	  • Brominated	  alkaloids: 	  they	  are	  cytotoxic	  and	  inhibit	  larval	  settlement	  and	  cause	  cyprid’s	  death.	  Bastadin	   and	  hemibastadin	   are	  the	  most	  famous	  compounds.• Alkaloid	  bis-­‐1-­‐oxaquinolizidine:	  specially	  rich	   in	  H.	  exigua,	  it	  inhibits	  both	  micro	  and	  macrofoulers	  at	  the	  same	  time.	  It	  is	  cytotoxic,	  antifungal	  and	  even	  antitumoral.	  	  Soon	   environmental	   and	   economical	   issues	   will	   push	   the	  shipping	   industry	   to	   discontinue	   conventional	   AF	   and	   adopt	  new	  technologies.	  The	   use	   of	   secondary	   metabolites	   seems	   like	   a	   promising	  solution,	   but	   the	   following	   are	   making	   it	  diﬃcult	   to	   produce	  and	  commercialize	  in	  the	  near	  future:	  -­‐ high	  production	  costs-­‐ uncertain	  production	  methods-­‐ government	  bureaucracy	  -­‐ further	  research	  is	  still	  neededOther	  technologies	  like	  the	  development	  of	  nanopatterns	  and	  the	  use	  of	  nanotechnology	  over	  ship’s	  surfaces	  and	  the	  use	  of	  photocatalytic	  materials	  are	  also	  a	  possible	  solution.	  Fig 1. Most basic terpenoid structureThe	   use	   of	   other	   compounds	   like	  nano	   silver	   and	   nano	   copper	   to	  interrupt	  Quorum	   Sensing 	  has	  also	  been	  a	  possible	  solution	  for	  fouling	  problems.	  Fig 2. Hemibastadin structure-­‐ Limna	  Mol	  VP,	  Raveendran	  TV.	  Antifouling	  activity	  exhibited	  by	  secondary	  metabolites	  of	  the	  marine	  sponge,	  Haliclona	  exigua.	  National	  Institute	  of	  Oceanography.	  Biodegradation:	  63	  (1);	  2009;	  67-­‐72.	  -­‐ Maréchal	  JP,	  Hellio	  C.	  Challenges	  for	  the	  Development	  of	  New	  Non-­‐Toxic	  Antifouling	  Solutions.	  Int	  J	  Mol	  Sci.	  Nov	  2009-­‐ Ralston	  E.,	  Swain	  G.	  Bioinspiration	  –the	  solution	  for	  biofouling	  control?	  Bioinspiration	  &	  Biomimetics	  (March	  2009)

Use of secondary metabolites from marine sponges as a new antifouling technology

http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tfg/2014/119209/TFG_jenniferchitty.pdf

Use of secondary metabolites from marine sponges as a new antifouling technology

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