The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of social relations, leisure and drug use on the mental health of workers in the oil industry of Bahia, Brazil. It is a descriptive, retrospective research, developed in 2018, involving 622 workers from an occupational health service, to whom the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and a socioeconomic questionnaire were applied. Men (90.2%), aged between 50-59 years (45.6%), married (54.9%) and with a mean level of schooling (64.2%) prevailed in this study. Of the participants, 50% drink less than once a month and about 90% never smoked. An association between loss of interest in things and increase in alcohol consumption was identified (p < 0.05). Another association can be found between feeling nervous, tense or worried and increasing tobacco consumption (p < 0.05). In almost 95% of the participants, components of the family environment that positively interfere with health were identified, as well as the use of social and leisure environments to maintain and recover health. Social and leisure relations positively influence the mental health of the studied group, and alcohol and tobacco consumption are associated with common mental disorders (CMD).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Costa, André Santana

Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta

Vidal, Diogo Guedes

Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari

English

B-Digital

575  The Influence of Social Relations, Leisure and Drug Use on Mental Health of Oil Industry Workers in Brazil Lilian Monteiro Ferrari Viterbo, André Santana Costa, Diogo Guedes Vidal & Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa & Universidade Corporativa. PORTUGAL & BRAZIL lilianmferrari@gmail.com, andresc@petrobras.com.br, diogovidal@ufp.edu.pt & madinis@ufp.edu.pt  Abstract: -The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of social relations, leisure and drug use on the mental health of workers in the oil industry of Bahia, Brazil. It is a descriptive, retrospective research, developed in 2018, involving 622 workers from an occupational health service, to whom the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and a socioeconomic questionnaire were applied. Men (90.2%), aged between 50-59 years (45.6%), married (54.9%) and with a mean level of schooling (64.2%) prevailed in this study. Of the participants, 50% drink less than once a month and about 90% never smoked. An association between loss of interest in things and increase in alcohol consumption was identified (p < 0.05). Another association can be found between feeling nervous, tense or worried and increasing tobacco consumption (p < 0.05). In almost 95% of the participants, components of the family environment that positively interfere with health were identified, as well as the use of social and leisure environments to maintain and recover health. Social and leisure relations positively influence the mental health of the studied group, and alcohol and tobacco consumption are associated with common mental disorders (CMD).  Key –Words: Mental health – Oil industry – Health Promotion – Worker's health – Common mental disorders (CMD)  1 Introduction Mental disorders in the world affect hundreds of millions of people and, if left untreated, represent a significant price in terms of suffering, disability and economic loss [1]. In Brazil, and according to data from the Statistical Yearbook of Social Security 2015[2], common mental disorders (CMD) appear as the third cause among active urban disease-aids, accounting 1,032,959 aids in 2015. CMDs are characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, irritability, forgetfulness, difficulty in concentrating and somatic complaints [3]. In population-based studies conducted in industrialized countries, CMD prevalence varies from 7% to 30%. Often found in the community, CMD represent a high social and economic cost, since they are an important cause of lost days of work, as well as increasing demand in health services [4]. Psychiatric epidemiology studies have verified the association of CMD with variables related to living conditions and occupational structure and the Brazilian version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) [5], which is widely used for tracking physical signs and psycho-emotional disorders.  2 Problem Formulation This study aimed to investigate the influence of social relations, leisure and drug use on the mental health of workers in the oil industry, Bahia, Brazil. Developed in 2018, it is a descriptive, retrospective research, comprising 622 workers of an occupational oil health service, to which the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ- 20) was applied. SRQ-20 encompasses 20 dichotomous questions of the yes/no type, of which 4 refer to physical symptoms and 16 to psycho-emotional disorders, as well as a socioeconomic questionnaire. All individuals with an employment relationship with the company were included and excluded those away because of illness. Data analyses were performed through SPSS version 25 for Windows (United States, New York, IBM Corporation). Chi-square test was used to compare demographic data of sample by sex t-test for independent samples was applied to compare SRQ-20 results by sex. The associations between drug consumption, social relations and leisure with the SRQ-20 were performed with the chi-square test. The study was approved by the 576  Research Ethics Committee of the Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health, Brazil and registered with CAAE 84318218.2.0000.5544.  3 Problem Solution According to Table 1, men (90.2%), aged between 50-59 years (45.6%), married (54.9%) and with middle level of schooling (64.2%), prevailed in this study.  Table 1. Sample‘s sociodemographic characterization and SRQ-20 results  Age group (years) n 561 % 90.2 n 61 % 9.8  ≤ 29 22 3.9 5 8.2 30-39 143 25.5 27 44.3 40-49 109 19.4 13 21.3 0.002 50-59 256 45.6 15 24.6  ≥ 60 31 5.5 1 1.6  Marital status Single  221  39.4  29  47.5  Stable union 17 3.0 1 1.6  Married 308 54.9 24 39.3 0.001 Divorced 13 2.3 7 11.5  Other 2 0.4 0 0.0  Schooling level Incomplete middle level  54  9.6  1  1.6  Complete middle level 360 64.2 40 65.6  Incomplete high level 2 0.4 0 0.0 0.191 Complete high level 114 20.3 6 9.8  Complete high level with post-graduate studies 31 5.5 6 9.8  Anxiety-depressive mood Do you feel nervous, tense or worried?  175  31.2  25  41.0  0.120 Are you easily scared? 22 3.9 8 13.1 0.001 Are you feeling sad lately? 59 10.5 10 16.4 0.165 Do you cry more than usual? 7 1.2 7 11.5 0.001 Somatic symptoms Do you have frequent headaches?  32  5.7  11  18.0  0.002 Do you sleep badly? 105 18.7 19 31.1 0.021 Do you have stomach discomfort? 78 13.9 8 13.1 0.865 Do you have bad digestion? 42 7.5 8 13.1 0.125 Do you lack appetite? 9 1.6 0 0.0 0.323 Do you have tremors in your hands? 15 2.7 3 4.9 0.321 Decrease in vital energy Do you get tired easily?  39  7.0  8  13.1  0.084 Do you have difficulty making a decision? 20 3.6 7 11.5 0.004 Are you having difficulty with your tasks? 47 8.4 5 8.2 0.961 Does your work bring suffering? 20 3.6 3 4.9 0.595 Do you feel tired all the time? 16 2.9 5 8.2 0.028 Do you have difficulty thinking clearly? 9 1.6 1 1.6 0.984 Depressive thoughts Do you feel unable to play a useful role in your life?  2  0.4  0  0.0  0.640 Have you lost interest in things? 14 2.5 3 4.9 0.270 Have you thought about ending your life? 0 0.0 0 0.0 n.a. Do you feel useless in your life? 4 0.7 0 0.0 0.508  The results reveal that in what respects anxious-depressive mood, 41% of women and 32.2% of men feel nervous, tense or worried and 11% of men feel sad lately. Compared to men, women are more easily frightened (p = 0.001) and cry more than usual (p = 0.001). In the somatic symptoms domain, 18.7% of men reported poor sleep, a result lower than that of women, 31.1% (p = 0.021). Another difference found refers to frequent 577  headaches, which 5.7% of men and 18% of women reported having (p = 0.002). No significant differences were found between men and women in the case of stomach discomfort, respectively 14% and 13%. In terms of vital energy, 7% of men feel well and 8.4% have difficulty in having satisfaction in their tasks. Women have more difficulty in making decisions (p = 0.004) and feel more tired when compared to men (p = 0.028). In what relates assessing depressive thoughts, 3% of men and 4.9% of women lost interest in things. These differences are not statistically significant. Table 2 presents the SRQ-20 results found in assessing the association between drug consumption, social relations and leisure.  Table 2. Associations between drug consumption, social relations and leisure, using SRQ-20 dimensions  SRQ-20 Dimension Have you lost interest in things? p n (%) n (%) Yes No Alcohol Drinks once or more a week and consume 5 or more doses per occasion once a week or more 2 (22.2) 7 (77.8) <0.05 Drinks once a week or more and can either twice consume 5 or more doses per occasion at least once a week, but more than once a year 0 (0) 59 (100) Drinks 1 to 3 times a month and can or 2 drink 5 doses or more at least once a year 2 (1.9) 102 (98.1) Drinks less than once a month, but at least once per year and 2 drinks 5 or more doses on one occasion 8 (2.5) 316 (97.5) Does not drink alcohol 5 (4.2) 114 (95.8)   Do you feel nervous, tense or worried?  Yes No  Tobacco Smokes 15-24 cigarettes/day 2 (66.7) 1 (33.3) <0.05 Smokes 1-14 cigarettes/day 5 (38.5) 8 (61.5) Former smoker 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7) Ex-smoker for more than 5 years 6 (13.6) 38 (86.4)   Do you feel unable to play a useful role in your life?  Yes No  Social aspects and leisure Uses leisure and social environments as a way of maintaining/recovering health and does not identify the importance of these actions in terms of well-being 0 (0) 7 (100) <0.001 Uses leisure and social environments as a way of maintaining/recovering health and identifies the importance of these actions in terms of well-being 1 (0.2) 594 (99.8) Same old condition. Describes positive health outcomes 1 (11.1) 8 (88.9)  Do you feel useless in your life?  Yes No Uses leisure and social environments as a way of maintaining/recovering health and does not identify the importance of these actions in terms of well-being 0 (0) 7 (100) <0.001 Uses leisure and social environments as a way of maintaining/recovering health and identifies the importance of these actions in terms of well-being 3 (0.5) 592 (99.5) Same old condition. Describes positive health outcomes 1 (11.1) 8 (88.9)  It is important to note that more than about 50% of the participants drink less than once a month and about 90% never smoked. In the context of mental health, an association was identified between the loss of interest in things and an increase in alcohol consumption (p <0.05). Another association is found between feeling nervous, tense or worried and increased tobacco consumption (p <0.05). Components of the family environment positively interfering in health as well as the use of leisure and 578  social environments to maintain and recover health were identified in almost 95% of the participants. An association was identified between the level of leisure and social relations and the inability to play a useful role in life (p <0.001) and with the feeling of worthlessness (p <0.001).  4 Conclusion Social and leisure relations positively influence the mental health of the studied group, and alcohol and tobacco consumption are associated with CMD. Considering the complexity of the workplace context, workplaces are favourable environments for addressing this topic in order to protect the workers' health and their social well-being through mainly collective strategies.  References: [1] World Health Organization. (2008). Integrating mental health into primary health care: a global perspective. https://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/mentalhealth_PHC_2008.pdf [2] Brazil, Ministério da Previdência Social. (2015). Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social [Statistical Yearbook of Social Security]. [3] Skapinakis, P., Bellos, S., Koupidis, S., Grammatikopoulos, I., Theodorakis, P. N., & Mavreas, V. (2013). Prevalence and sociodemographic associations of common mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of the general population of Greece. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 163. [4] Goldberg, D. P., & Huxley, P. (1992). Common mental disorders: a bio-social model. Tavistock/Routledge. [5] Gonçalves, D. M., Stein, A. T., & Kapczinski, F. (2008). Performance of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire as a psychiatric screening questionnaire: a comparativestudy with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 24, 380-390. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2008000200017 

The influence of social relations, leisure and drug use on mental health of oil industry workers in Brazil

Institutional Repository of the Fernando Pessoa University

575  
The Influence of Social Relations, Leisure and Drug Use on Mental 
Health of Oil Industry Workers in Brazil 
Lilian Monteiro Ferrari Viterbo, André Santana Costa, Diogo Guedes Vidal & Maria Alzira Pimenta 
Dinis 
UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa & Universidade 
Corporativa. 
PORTUGAL & BRAZIL 
lilianmferrari@gmail.com, andresc@petrobras.com.br, diogovidal@ufp.edu.pt & madinis@ufp.edu.pt 
 
Abstract: -The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of social relations, leisure and drug use 
on the mental health of workers in the oil industry of Bahia, Brazil. It is a descriptive, retrospective research, 
developed in 2018, involving 622 workers from an occupational health service, to whom the Self Reporting 
Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and a socioeconomic questionnaire were applied. Men (90.2%), aged between 50-59 
years (45.6%), married (54.9%) and with a mean level of schooling (64.2%) prevailed in this study. Of the 
participants, 50% drink less than once a month and about 90% never smoked. An association between loss of 
interest in things and increase in alcohol consumption was identified (p < 0.05). Another association can be 
found between feeling nervous, tense or worried and increasing tobacco consumption (p < 0.05). In almost 95% 
of the participants, components of the family environment that positively interfere with health were identified, 
as well as the use of social and leisure environments to maintain and recover health. Social and leisure relations 
positively influence the mental health of the studied group, and alcohol and tobacco consumption are associated 
with common mental disorders (CMD). 
 
Key –Words: Mental health – Oil industry – Health Promotion – Worker's health – Common mental disorders 
(CMD) 
 
1 Introduction 
Mental disorders in the world affect hundreds of millions of people and, if left untreated, represent a 
significant price in terms of suffering, disability and economic loss [1]. In Brazil, and according to data from 
the Statistical Yearbook of Social Security 2015[2], common mental disorders (CMD) appear as the third cause 
among active urban disease-aids, accounting 1,032,959 aids in 2015. CMDs are characterized by symptoms 
such as insomnia, fatigue, irritability, forgetfulness, difficulty in concentrating and somatic complaints [3]. In 
population-based studies conducted in industrialized countries, CMD prevalence varies from 7% to 30%. Often 
found in the community, CMD represent a high social and economic cost, since they are an important cause of 
lost days of work, as well as increasing demand in health services [4]. Psychiatric epidemiology studies have 
verified the association of CMD with variables related to living conditions and occupational structure and the 
Brazilian version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) [5], which is widely used for tracking physical 
signs and psycho-emotional disorders. 
 
2 Problem Formulation 
This study aimed to investigate the influence of social relations, leisure and drug use on the mental health of 
workers in the oil industry, Bahia, Brazil. Developed in 2018, it is a descriptive, retrospective research, 
comprising 622 workers of an occupational oil health service, to which the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ- 
20) was applied. SRQ-20 encompasses 20 dichotomous questions of the yes/no type, of which 4 refer to 
physical symptoms and 16 to psycho-emotional disorders, as well as a socioeconomic questionnaire. All 
individuals with an employment relationship with the company were included and excluded those away 
because of illness. 
Data analyses were performed through SPSS version 25 for Windows (United States, New York, IBM 
Corporation). Chi-square test was used to compare demographic data of sample by sex t-test for independent 
samples was applied to compare SRQ-20 results by sex. The associations between drug consumption, social 
relations and leisure with the SRQ-20 were performed with the chi-square test. The study was approved by the 
576  
Research Ethics Committee of the Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health, Brazil and registered with 
CAAE 84318218.2.0000.5544. 
 
3 Problem Solution 
According to Table 1, men (90.2%), aged between 50-59 years (45.6%), married (54.9%) and with middle 
level of schooling (64.2%), prevailed in this study. 
 
Table 1. Sample‘s sociodemographic characterization and SRQ-20 results 
 
Age group (years) 
n 
561 
% 
90.2 
n 
61 
% 
9.8 
 
≤ 29 22 3.9 5 8.2 
30-39 143 25.5 27 44.3 
40-49 109 19.4 13 21.3 0.002 
50-59 256 45.6 15 24.6  
≥ 60 31 5.5 1 1.6  
Marital status 
Single 
 
221 
 
39.4 
 
29 
 
47.5 
 
Stable union 17 3.0 1 1.6  
Married 308 54.9 24 39.3 0.001 
Divorced 13 2.3 7 11.5  
Other 2 0.4 0 0.0  
Schooling level 
Incomplete middle level 
 
54 
 
9.6 
 
1 
 
1.6 
 
Complete middle level 360 64.2 40 65.6  
Incomplete high level 2 0.4 0 0.0 0.191 
Complete high level 114 20.3 6 9.8  
Complete high level with post-graduate studies 31 5.5 6 9.8  
Anxiety-depressive mood 
Do you feel nervous, tense or worried? 
 
175 
 
31.2 
 
25 
 
41.0 
 
0.120 
Are you easily scared? 22 3.9 8 13.1 0.001 
Are you feeling sad lately? 59 10.5 10 16.4 0.165 
Do you cry more than usual? 7 1.2 7 11.5 0.001 
Somatic symptoms 
Do you have frequent headaches? 
 
32 
 
5.7 
 
11 
 
18.0 
 
0.002 
Do you sleep badly? 105 18.7 19 31.1 0.021 
Do you have stomach discomfort? 78 13.9 8 13.1 0.865 
Do you have bad digestion? 42 7.5 8 13.1 0.125 
Do you lack appetite? 9 1.6 0 0.0 0.323 
Do you have tremors in your hands? 15 2.7 3 4.9 0.321 
Decrease in vital energy 
Do you get tired easily? 
 
39 
 
7.0 
 
8 
 
13.1 
 
0.084 
Do you have difficulty making a decision? 20 3.6 7 11.5 0.004 
Are you having difficulty with your tasks? 47 8.4 5 8.2 0.961 
Does your work bring suffering? 20 3.6 3 4.9 0.595 
Do you feel tired all the time? 16 2.9 5 8.2 0.028 
Do you have difficulty thinking clearly? 9 1.6 1 1.6 0.984 
Depressive thoughts 
Do you feel unable to play a useful role in your life? 
 
2 
 
0.4 
 
0 
 
0.0 
 
0.640 
Have you lost interest in things? 14 2.5 3 4.9 0.270 
Have you thought about ending your life? 0 0.0 0 0.0 n.a. 
Do you feel useless in your life? 4 0.7 0 0.0 0.508 
 
The results reveal that in what respects anxious-depressive mood, 41% of women and 32.2% of men feel 
nervous, tense or worried and 11% of men feel sad lately. Compared to men, women are more easily frightened 
(p = 0.001) and cry more than usual (p = 0.001). In the somatic symptoms domain, 18.7% of men reported poor 
sleep, a result lower than that of women, 31.1% (p = 0.021). Another difference found refers to frequent 
577  
headaches, which 5.7% of men and 18% of women reported having (p = 0.002). No significant differences 
were found between men and women in the case of stomach discomfort, respectively 14% and 13%. In terms of 
vital energy, 7% of men feel well and 8.4% have difficulty in having satisfaction in their tasks. Women have 
more difficulty in making decisions (p = 0.004) and feel more tired when compared to men (p = 0.028). In what 
relates assessing depressive thoughts, 3% of men and 4.9% of women lost interest in things. These differences 
are not statistically significant. 
Table 2 presents the SRQ-20 results found in assessing the association between drug consumption, social 
relations and leisure. 
 
Table 2. Associations between drug consumption, social relations and leisure, using SRQ-20 dimensions 
 
SRQ-20 Dimension 
Have you lost interest in 
things? 
p 
n (%) n (%) 
Yes No 
A
lc
o
h
o
l 
Drinks once or more a week and consume 5 or more doses per occasion 
once a week or more 
2 (22.2) 7 (77.8) 
<0.05 
Drinks once a week or more and can either twice consume 5 or more 
doses per occasion at least once a week, but more than once a year 
0 (0) 59 (100) 
Drinks 1 to 3 times a month and can or 2 drink 5 doses or more at least 
once a year 
2 (1.9) 102 (98.1) 
Drinks less than once a month, but at least once per year and 2 drinks 5 
or more doses on one occasion 
8 (2.5) 316 (97.5) 
Does not drink alcohol 5 (4.2) 114 (95.8) 
  Do you feel nervous, tense or 
worried?  
Yes No 
 
T
o
b
a
c
co
 Smokes 15-24 cigarettes/day 2 (66.7) 1 (33.3) 
<0.05 
Smokes 1-14 cigarettes/day 5 (38.5) 8 (61.5) 
Former smoker 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7) 
Ex-smoker for more than 5 years 6 (13.6) 38 (86.4) 
  Do you feel unable to play a 
useful role in your life? 
 
Yes No 
 
S
o
c
ia
l 
a
sp
ec
ts
 a
n
d
 l
e
is
u
re
 
Uses leisure and social environments as a way of 
maintaining/recovering health and does not identify the importance of 
these actions in terms of well-being 
0 (0) 7 (100) 
<0.001 Uses leisure and social environments as a way of 
maintaining/recovering health and identifies the importance of these 
actions in terms of well-being 
1 (0.2) 594 (99.8) 
Same old condition. Describes positive health outcomes 1 (11.1) 8 (88.9) 
 Do you feel useless in your 
life? 
 
Yes No 
Uses leisure and social environments as a way of 
maintaining/recovering health and does not identify the importance of 
these actions in terms of well-being 
0 (0) 7 (100) 
<0.001 Uses leisure and social environments as a way of 
maintaining/recovering health and identifies the importance of these 
actions in terms of well-being 
3 (0.5) 592 (99.5) 
Same old condition. Describes positive health outcomes 1 (11.1) 8 (88.9) 
 
It is important to note that more than about 50% of the participants drink less than once a month and about 
90% never smoked. In the context of mental health, an association was identified between the loss of interest in 
things and an increase in alcohol consumption (p <0.05). Another association is found between feeling nervous, 
tense or worried and increased tobacco consumption (p <0.05). 
Components of the family environment positively interfering in health as well as the use of leisure and 
578  
social environments to maintain and recover health were identified in almost 95% of the participants. An 
association was identified between the level of leisure and social relations and the inability to play a useful role 
in life (p <0.001) and with the feeling of worthlessness (p <0.001). 
 
4 Conclusion 
Social and leisure relations positively influence the mental health of the studied group, and alcohol and 
tobacco consumption are associated with CMD. Considering the complexity of the workplace context, 
workplaces are favourable environments for addressing this topic in order to protect the workers' health and 
their social well-being through mainly collective strategies. 
 
References: 
[1] World Health Organization. (2008). Integrating mental health into primary health care: a global 
perspective. https://www.who.int/mental_health/resources/mentalhealth_PHC_2008.pdf 
[2] Brazil, Ministério da Previdência Social. (2015). Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social [Statistical 
Yearbook of Social Security]. 
[3] Skapinakis, P., Bellos, S., Koupidis, S., Grammatikopoulos, I., Theodorakis, P. N., & Mavreas, V. 
(2013). Prevalence and sociodemographic associations of common mental disorders in a nationally 
representative sample of the general population of Greece. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 163. 
[4] Goldberg, D. P., & Huxley, P. (1992). Common mental disorders: a bio-social model. 
Tavistock/Routledge. 
[5] Gonçalves, D. M., Stein, A. T., & Kapczinski, F. (2008). Performance of the Self-Reporting 
Questionnaire as a psychiatric screening questionnaire: a comparativestudy with Structured Clinical 
Interview for DSM-IV-TR]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 24, 380-390. 
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2008000200017 


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The influence of social relations, leisure and drug use on mental health of oil industry workers in Brazil

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