Pellet is an artificial diet formulation as a supplement to predators Co c c ine lla sp (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The addition of preservatives will increase pellet durability and might affect the feeding ability of predators. The study was conducted at the Pests Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, aims to determine the effect of natural preservative in pellets to the attractiveness and feeding ability of Co c c ine lla  sp. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design, consisting of nine treatments, each of them was repeated four times. Pellets made from raw material and other ingredients then added natural preservatives in flour form as a treatment such as: the control [without preservative]; babadotan; sambiloto; turmeric; ginger; babadotan+turmeric; babadotan+ginger; sambiloto+turmeric; and sambiloto+ginger, respectively. The results was showed that the attractiveness of predator known from feeding frequency of adult females is highest in pellet given Sambiloto+Ginger is 19.25 times and male in pellet given Sambiloto+Turmeric in 10 times. Feeding ability of Co c c ine lla  sp. adults were highest in pellet added sambiloto+turmeric is 6.75 mg

Agus, Nurariaty

Amin, Nur

Daud, Itji Diana

Nur Aminah, Sri

ABSTRACT\ud
\ud
Pellet is an artificial diet  formulations as a supplement to predators Coccinella sp. The addition of preservatives will increase pellet durability and might affect the feeding ability of predators. The study was conducted at the Pests Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture , Hasanuddin University, aims to determine the effect of natural preservative in pellets to the attractiveness and feeding ability of Coccinella sp. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design , consisting of nine treatments, each of which was repeated four times. Pellets made from raw material and other ingredients then added natural preservative in the flour form as a treatment, namely the control (without preservative); babadotan; sambiloto; turmeric; ginger; babadotan+turmeric; babadotan+ginger; sambiloto + turmeric; and sambiloto +ginger. The results showed that the attractiveness of predator known from feeding frequency of adult females is highest in pellet given Sambiloto + Turmeric is 19.25 times and male in pellet given Sambiloto + Curcuma ie 10 times. Feeding ability of Coccinella sp. adults were highest in pellet added sambiloto+turmeric is 6.75 mg 

Ngatimin, Sri Nuraminah

Hasanuddin University Repository

Attractiveness  and Feeding Ability of Coccinella  sp. on  Pellet   Added Natural Preservative

ISSN: 0975-8585 
 
September-October  2016  RJPBCS 7(5)  Page No. 2867 
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical 
Sciences 
 
 
 
Attractiveness And Feeding Ability Of Coccinella Sp. On Pellet Added Natural 
Preservative. 
 
Nurariaty Agus*, Itji Diana Daud, Nur Amin, and Sri Nur Aminah 
 
Department of Pest and Plant Disease,  Faculty of Agriculture,  Hasanuddin University, Makassar  (90245) 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
Pellet is an artificial diet formulation as a supplement to predators Coccinella sp (Coleoptera: 
Coccinellidae). The addition of preservatives will increase pellet durability and might affect the feeding ability 
of predators. The study was conducted at the Pests Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, 
aims to determine the effect of natural preservative in pellets to the attractiveness and feeding ability of 
Coccinella sp. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design, consisting of nine treatments, 
each of them was repeated four times. Pellets made from raw material and other ingredients then added 
natural preservatives in flour form as a treatment such as: the control [without preservative]; babadotan; 
sambiloto; turmeric; ginger; babadotan+turmeric; babadotan+ginger; sambiloto+turmeric; and 
sambiloto+ginger, respectively. The results was showed that the attractiveness of predator known from 
feeding frequency of adult females is highest in pellet given Sambiloto+Ginger is 19.25 times and male in pellet 
given Sambiloto+Turmeric in 10 times. Feeding ability of Coccinella sp. adults were highest in pellet added 
sambiloto+turmeric is 6.75 mg. 
Keywords: predator, feeding frequency, sambiloto,  babadotan, turmeric, ginger 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*Corresponding author 
ISSN: 0975-8585 
 
September-October  2016  RJPBCS 7(5)  Page No. 2868 
INTRODUCTION 
 
Coccinellids (Coccinella sp.) as potentially predator for controlling various plant pests such as soybean 
aphids and green leafhopper  At the moment, the population in field was decreased due to various factors, 
such as misunderstanding of cultivation practices. Conservation and augmentation is a good solution to 
improve the conditions of these predators. Additional of supplement food  is one of natural enemies 
conservation, through management of flowering plants around the planting, spraying of honey solution and 
artificial food [1]. Artificial food can be prepared in various formulations such as pellets, crumbs, granules, 
flour (meal or mask), and sheet (flake). 
 
During this time, the use of pellets known as food for livestock and fish, but there are no studies on 
utilization of pellets as artificial food for predators. Nurariaty et al., was conducted several studies on artificial 
food for predator Coccinella sp. Today is still need studies until the food have been made in pellets form can 
be kept longer for commercial purposes. It will be a positive influence on the predators development and 
growth, also effective to control pests in field. Feeding ability was influenced by the type of predator feed or 
prey, size and quality of the food/prey, development stage and sex of predators. Feeding ability was positively 
correlated with the production of eggs of some species Coccinellids [2,3,4,5] reported that the feeding ability 
of predator Coccinella sp. on artificial diet in the crumbs formulation was highest when females together with 
males [9:43 mg], then the females alone (7:53 mg), and the male itself (5:03 mg). 
 
Artificial food or artificial diet can only survive a few days without being stored in refrigerator. The 
artificial food of Coccinella sp. which crumbs formulation can survive only for 7.67 days, was shorter than in 
the pellets formulation which is an average of 18 days [6]. Therefore require the addition of an antimicrobial 
preservative in pellet for long purposes and few of weedy plants has potential as natural preservative. 
According [7], addition a preservative, besides as antimicrobial also useful as antioxidant and reduce the food 
content moisture.  
 
Previous research indicates some weedy plants are useful as antimicrobial, such babadotan, 
Ageratum conyzoides L. contain secondary metabolites such as terpenoids and phenolic, obtained from the 
methanol extract of the leaves and roots act as antifungal against Candida albicans [8] and Trychophyton 
mentagrophytes [9] as  antibacterial against Staphylococcus aeureus [10]. Likewise, the boiling water of 
sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata Ness. were able to suppress the growth of Alternaria passiflorae [11], an 
extract of turmeric, Curcuma domestica Val. which can inhibit the growth of the fungus Alternaria porri Ellis 
[12]. In vitro, ginger rhizome extract, Curcuma sp. as antibacterial can inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis, 
Escerechia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [13]. 
 
The processed plant ingredients if added into the pellets will be expected to the interests of insects 
for oviposition or feeding on plants. Although pellets can last a long time, but if it is not preferred by predators 
it will interfere with the process of Coccinella sp. conservation. Based on this information, it is necessary a 
study to determine the effect of various types of antimicrobial plant to pellet against the attractiveness and 
feeding ability of Coccinella sp. 
 
MATERIAL AND METHODS 
   
The study was conducted at the Pests Laboratory, Department of Plant Pest and Disease,  Faculty of 
Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. 
 
Materials Preparation: 
 
Larvae or pupae of Coccinella sp. was obtained from rice crops and reared in the laboratory by 
providing artificial food on crumbs formulation. Adults thus formed is then used for testing. Plant materials 
such as leaves and rhizomes were cut, washed, dried and then pulverized into flour. Subsequently the flour 
[according to treatment] mixed with basic ingredients such as flour of ulat hongkong to make artificial food. In 
addition to preservatives, also provided other additives such as towing agents, adhesives, and others. The 
materials are mixed and then made pellets with an average weight of 10 mg (10-15 mm long, 5-6 mm 
diameter). 
 
ISSN: 0975-8585 
 
September-October  2016  RJPBCS 7(5)  Page No. 2869 
The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design, consisting of nine treatments, each 
of which was repeated four times. The treatment is a basic ingredient and other additive ingredients are added 
with natural preservatives, among others: control (without  natural preservatives); babadotan; sambiloto; 
turmeric; ginger; babadotan+turmeric; babadotan+ginger; sambiloto+turmeric and sambiloto+ginger. 
 
The attractiveness of the Predator Coccinella sp. against Pellet: 
 
The observations of attractiveness predators to feed pellets known based on the visiting frequency in 
each treatment pellets. It was done by putting one pellet in petridish (diameter 9 cm) lined with sterile filter 
paper of each treatment. Furthermore, a pair of adult predators inserted into the middle of the petridish and 
10 percent sugar solution in a sponge The frequency of visits is calculated when the predators first visited 
pellets up to 48 hours. 
 
Feeding Ability of Predator: 
 
Feeding ability adults of Coccinella sp. known by inserting a pellet in a petridish covered with sterile 
leaves, then put a pair of predators and sugar solution on a sponge. Observations conducted over three days 
with pellets weighing early (before the predator inserted) minus the weight of the pellets remaining in each 
treatment. 
 
Data analysis: 
 
The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design. If there is a significance difference 
at the ANOVA, then continued with HSD test. 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
The attractiveness of the Predator Coccinella sp. against Pellet: 
 
The average of visit frequency of Coccinella sp. into the pellet can be seen in Table 1. Analysis of 
variance was showed there are very significantly differences between the treatment of visit frequency of male 
and significantly differences in females. 
 
Table 1 shows that the visit frequency of males is highest in the given pellet sambiloto+ginger as 
much as 10 times and the lowest in turmeric which is only 3.25 times. Meanwhile, the females was highest in 
the given pellet sambiloto+turmeric as much as 19.25 times and lowest in control that only 5 times. 
 
Table 1: Average of Visit Frequency Coccinella sp. Adults 
 
 
Treatments 
Visit  Frequency  
[times] 
Male Female 
Control 6.25b 5.00a 
Babadotan 4.50ab 5.25a 
Sambiloto 6.00b 6.25a 
Ginger 3.25a 5.75a 
Turmeric 5.00b 9.25ab 
Babadotan+Ginger 8.50 c 11.75b 
Babadotan+Turmeric 5.00b 8.25ab 
Sambiloto+Ginger 8.75c 19.25b 
Sambiloto+Turmeric 10.00c 12.75b 
 
Feeding Ability of Predator: 
 
ISSN: 0975-8585 
 
September-October  2016  RJPBCS 7(5)  Page No. 2870 
The average of adult feeding ability to pellets by the known weight of the pellets are eaten for three 
days can be seen in Figure 1. Analysis of variance was showed that there were significantly differences among 
the treatments. Figure 1 was showed the ability of the predators feed pellets was highest in the treatment of 
sambiloto+turmeric is 6.75 mg, then the pellets are added babadotan+ginger and sambiloto+ginger, is 6 mg, 
respectively.  
 
 
 
Figure 1: Average of Predator Feeding Ability on Pellet 
 
DISCUSSION 
 
Table 1 shows that Coccinella sp. adults, especially of females are more interested in pellets mixed 
with sambiloto+turmeric, while the male more interested in pellets mixed sambiloto+ginger. Predatory 
interest in pellets containing sambiloto leaf flour mixed with turmeric or ginger because pellets produced 
yellowish green color similar to their natural prey such as soybean aphids (A. glycines) and green leafhopper. 
The primary components of the dye or pigment in turmeric is curcumin approximately 2-5% [14], while [15] 
detects the presence of four compounds including curcumin 61-67%,  26% demetoksikurkumin, 
bisdemetoksikurkumin 1-3% and 10-11% in the derivative kurkuminoid ginger. 
 
As additional information, because presence of the specific odor in the mixture used is preferably 
predators than if turmeric and ginger are not mixed with sambiloto. The response of insects to the odor 
depends on the quality and quantity of stimuli, as well as insects condition at the time of stimulation. [16] 
suggested that the odor was caught by the olfactory organs of the insects will be responded in the form of 
foraging behavior, by using the senses of sight, hearing and sense of odor. 
 
Feeding ability of a pair predators over three days ranged from 4.75 to 6.75 mg and most feed pellets 
are mixed with sambiloto and turmeric in Figure 1. This is presumably because a substance is produced and 
able to stimulate predators to eat because if only pellets mixed with turmeric alone or sambiloto only, it seems 
less edible. The phenomenon may also be due to pellet mixed dark yellow turmeric and sambiloto when mixed 
will be dark green. The predator adults distaste to eat pellets mixed with turmeric only suspected because the 
chemical components contained in turmeric such as essential oils, starch,  resin, cellulose and some minerals. 
A compound derived from turmeric essential oil which belong to the class of sesquiterpenes are: turmerone, 
turmerol, ar-turmeron, curlon, and ar-curcumin. 
 
On Table 1 and Figure 1 seems that the more often predators come to pellet then tend more and 
more pellets are eaten. It also appears that the more active of female foraging than male that will accumulates 
on the number of pellets eaten. The females more often visit the pellets mixed with sambiloto+turmeric and 
ginger.  Although statistically show not differences among the treatments sambiloto+turmeric, 
babadotan+ginger, sambiloto+ginger, ginger, sambiloto and babadotan, it can generally be stated that the 
level of preference and feeding ability of predators was better if  pellets are added  ginger rhizome flour  mixed 
with babadotan or sambiloto leaves flour. However , it is expected that the pellets could be beneficial to the 
conservation of predators Coccinella spp. in rice crops. According to [17], combining habitat management, 
particularly as it pertains to the provision of non-prey foods, with the initial release and subsequent 
ISSN: 0975-8585 
 
September-October  2016  RJPBCS 7(5)  Page No. 2871 
integration of the natural enemy into a recipient region will eliminate one causatifactor for the occasional 
failure of biological control. 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
 
The addition of natural preservatives was positive effect on the attractiveness and feeding ability of 
predator Coccinella sp. The male more often come in pellet containing turmeric, while the females was  tend 
to pellet containing ginger. 
 
The feeding ability of adult predators to pellets was highest in pellets added sambiloto + turmeric ie 
6.75 mg, but not significant to the treatment babadotan+ginger, sambiloto+ginger, ginger, sambiloto and 
babadotan. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
This study is a part of the Primary Research of Higher Education. Therefore we are grateful to the 
Director General of Higher Education, DIKTI,  Rector of Hasanuddin University and chairman of the Research 
Institute of Hasanuddin University on this occasion. We are also grateful to our student  Sri Aprianti who 
helped this research. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
[1] Nurariaty A., 2012a. Conservation and Augmentation of Natural Enemies as Biological Control Agents 
for Plant Pests. Presented at Professor Ceremonial in Biological Control and Habitat Management at the 
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[2] Ashraf. M., M. Ishtiaq, M.  Asif, M. Adrees,  M. Nauman Ayub, T. Mehmood, M.  Naeem Awan, 2010. A 
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September-October  2016  RJPBCS 7(5)  Page No. 2872 
[16] Gunawan. 2005. Preference of  Scaeva pyrastri (Diptera: Syrphidae) Against Mimosaceae and 
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Attractiveness And Feeding Ability Of Coccinella Sp. On Pellet Added Natural Preservative

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Attractiveness And Feeding Ability Of Coccinella Sp. On Pellet Added Natural Preservative

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