A J Tamhankar

A Zanobetti

ACC Prüss-Üstün

AG Mainous

AR Blanch

AW McCormick

C Garcia-Rey

C Kristiansson

C Xi

Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg

CS Gautam

D Raghunath

DN Fisman

E Perez-Trallero

Eva Johansson

GD Wright

H De Ruyck

I Romieu

IN Okeke

JG Manners

KR Smith

Krushna Chandra Sahoo

L Grigoryan

L Reynolds

MS Dryden

N Viberg

NJ Hawkings

P Brown

R Kumar

S Basu

S Virdis

SA Simpson

UH Graneheim

V Diwan

V Dua

V Patel

XX Zhang

BMC Public Health

English

PubMed

Abstract
          
            Background
            Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem affecting both current and future generations. The influence of environmental factors on antibiotic use and resistance development in bacteria is largely unknown. This study explored the perceptions of healthcare providers on antibiotic use and resistance development in relation to environmental factors i.e. physical, natural, social and behavioural factors.
          
          
            Methods
            A qualitative interview study was conducted using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews among registered allopathic doctors, veterinarians and drug dispensers in Orissa, India. The interview transcripts were analyzed using latent content analysis.
          
          
            Results
            The main findings of this study relate to two themes: 'Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environment' and 'Antibiotic management contributing to the development and spread of resistance'. The interviewees viewed the following as possible contributors to antibiotic use/misuse and resistance development: changes in the natural and physical environment i.e. climate variability, pollution, physiography and population growth; the socioeconomic environment affecting health-seeking behaviour and noncompliance with medication; a lack of healthcare facilities and poor professional attitudes; and ineffective law enforcement regarding medicine dispensing and disposal.
          
          
            Conclusions
            Generally, the interviewees perceived that although behavioural and social environmental factors are major contributors to resistance development, changes in the physical and natural environment also influence development of antibiotic resistance. The respondents also perceived that there is a lack of information about, and poor awareness of, what constitutes prudent use of antibiotics. They suggested a need for information, education, dissemination and proper implementation and enforcement of legislation at all levels of the drug delivery and disposal system in order to improve antibiotic use and prevent pharmaceutical contamination of the environment.
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Antibiotic use, resistance development and environmental factors: a qualitative study among healthcare professionals in Orissa, India

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Antibiotic use, resistance development and environmental factors: a qualitative study among healthcare professionals in Orissa, India

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