Effect of chicory root and age on the gastrointestinal ecosystem  and accumulatin of skatole and androstenone in back-fat of male and female pigs

Jensen, Bent Borg

Organic Eprints

Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 11Effect of chicory root and age on the gastrointestinal ecosystem and accumulation of skatole and androstenone in back-fat of male and female pigsBent Borg JensenAnimal Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 12BackgroundChicory rootOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 13Background:The European Commission and representatives of pig producers, pork industry and animal welfare organizations have joined a voluntary declaration of ceasing surgical castration by pigs by January 2018.The present presentation is part of a bigger Danish research project: “Production of organic male pigs without castration (No-cast)”DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Organic RDDOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 14Androstenone and skatole is the main components of boar taintBoar-taint is an off-flavour and off-odour released upon heating of meat from sexually mature male pigs.DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 15Androstenone: A male pheromone  produced in the Leying cells of the testis.Urine-like odour (not all people sensitive, female more than males)DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010Production,	transport,	degradation	and	excreation of	androstenoneBlood: transportBackfat:depositionLiver:degradationKidney:excretionTestis:productionSalivary glandPheromoneGIT6DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 17SkatoleSkatole is produced in the large intestine of pigs by bacterial degradation of the amino acid tryptophaneFecal-like odour (all people sensitive)No difference in the production between male or female pigsHowever the hepatic degradation is insufficient in some male pigs resulting in accumulating levels in the adipose tissue  DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010Hind gut: microbial production of 3-methylindoleBlood: transportSkin: absorption from manure ?Backfat:depositionLiver:degradationKidney:excretion8DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Production,	transport,	degradation	and	excreation of		skatoleOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 19DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Microbial metabolism of tryptophanOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 110DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Microbial metabolism of tryptophanMany bacterial speciesFew bacterial species(only four described)???????Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 111Aim:To investigate if chicory root, age and sex affect the gastrointestinal ecosystem and  the accumulation of skatole and androstenone in back-fatDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 201012Material and methodsField with chicory roots in SeptemberOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010Experimental design› Two‐factorial	experiment(n=72,	36	males	and	36	females,		12	weeks	at	the	start	of	the	experiment)› Pigs	slaughtered	at	three	times	(after	5,	9	and	12	weeks	on	the	experimental	diets)-Chicoryroot+ Chicoryroot(25%)- worm Control (n=3x6)Chickory(n=3x6)+ worm Worm (n=3x6)Chickory+ worm(n=3x6)Nudelworm13DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010Experimental diets:Standard Danish pig diet based onwheat/barley as carbohydrate source and soy bean as protein sourceControl ChicoryWheat 55.9% 28.8%Barley 20.0% 20.0%Chicory root(a) 25.0% 0.0%Soy bean 12.0% 9.9%a): containing 65.2% fructan on a dry matter basisDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12010002000300040005000Cikorie-ormKontrol-ormUgeGennemsnitligt antal æg per grisParasitlarver i foderetCikorie i foderetAflivningAflivning AflivningParacites in the feedChicory in the feedhicoryCWeekDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Sacrificing Sacrificing SacrificingEgg excreted per pigOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 201016ResultsHarvest of chicory rootsOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 201005101520253035IAA Skatole Indole p‐resole IPAµg/g digestaControl Chicory Worms Worms	+	chicory17Indoles and p-cresole in digesta from the large intestine (all pigs)DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     No effect of wormsSignificant effect of chicoryOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 20100102030405060708090100Butyrate Valerate Acetate Propionatemmol/g	digestaControl Chicory Worms Chivcory	+	worms18SCFA concentration in digesta from the caecumDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     No effect of wormsSignificant effect of chicory roots on butyrate and valerateOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 201045678910pH Enterobcteria LAB Yeast AnaerobesControl	(male) Control	(female) Chicory	(male) Chicory	(female)19pH and various populations of microorganisms in digesta (log CFU/g digesta)  from the caecum of male and female pigsDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     No effect of sex No effect of wormsSignificant effect of chicory (except LAB)Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 20100123456789IAA Skatole Indole p‐cresole IPAµg/g digestaControl	(male) Control	(female) Chicory	(male) Chicory	(female)20Indoles and p-cresole in digesta from the caecum of male and female pigsDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     No effect of sex Significant effect of chicoryOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 201021Control Control Chicory root Chicory rootworm wormMale N=9FemaleN=9MaleN=9FemaleN=9MaleN=9FemaleN=9MaleN=9FemaleN=9Androstenone (µg/g) 1.48 0.01 1.21 0.00 1.24 0.01 1.53 0.01Skatole (ng/g) 108 57 93 55 0 0 0 1Androstenone and skatole in back fatNo androstenone in femalesNo effect of treatment on androstenoneSignificant  effect of chicory root on skatoleSignificant effect of sex on skatoleSorting out level:Skatole 250 ng/gAndrostenone (1 µg/g)DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010R²	=	0,35250,00,51,01,52,02,53,03,54,00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Androstenone(ppm)Weight (kg)Correlation in male pigs (N=36) between live weight at slaughter and androstenone in back fat22DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 201023Effect of age on androstenone and skatole in back fat of male pigsAgeWeight of pigs17 weeks66,3 kgN=1221 weeks98,2 kgN=1224 weeks118,0 kgN=12Androstenone (µg/g) 0,80a 1,14b 1,99c> 1 ppm androstemone 1/12 8/12 11/12Skatole (ng/g) 109 59 125DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Significant effect of age on androstenoneNo effect of age on skatoleOle Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 124Conclusion:Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 125Conclusion:• No effect of sex (and age) on the gastrointestinal ecosystem• No effect of sex on skatole production (concentration) in the gut• No effect of age on skatole concentration in the hind gut and in back-fat • Significant effect of chicory root on skatole concentration in the hind gut and in back-fat• Feeding chicory root change the fermentation of trypthophan from the production of IAA to the production of IPA• No effect of chicory root on androstenone in back fat• Significant effect of age and sex on androstenone in back fat. DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 126Consept to avoid (reduce) boar taint in organic pig production:Feed15% chicory root four days beforslaughterSlaughter at a live weight at 80 kgDPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Ole Højberg, DJFAARHUSUNIVERSITETSandbjerg, 22.-23. april 2010 Bent Borg JensenAarhus, 3  October 127Thank you for your attentionQuistens?DPP,  Kilczkow, 2015     Organic RDD

Effect of chicory root and age on the gastrointestinal ecosystem and accumulation of skatole and androstenone in back-fat of male and female pigs

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