Dollar, A. Melville

Kirk, Paul L.

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Temperature Variations with Respect to the Specific Gravity of Glass Fragments:  Comments on Donald F. McCall\u27s Paper

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Journal of Criminal Law and CriminologyVolume 39 | Issue 5 Article 141949Temperature Variations with Respect to theSpecific Gravity of Glass Fragments: Comments onDonald F. McCall's PaperPaul L. KirkA. Melville DollarFollow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclcPart of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and CriminalJustice CommonsThis Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted forinclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons.Recommended CitationPaul L. Kirk, A. Melville Dollar, Temperature Variations with Respect to the Specific Gravity of Glass Fragments: Comments onDonald F. McCall's Paper, 39 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 684 (1948-1949)TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THESPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLASS FRAGMENTSComments on Donald F. McCall's Paper*Paul L. Kirk and A. Melville DollarProfessor Paul L. Kirk, Department of Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaMedical School, Berkeley, is recognized as an authority on the identification ofglass fragments and their physical properties. Several of his studies on the subjecthave appeared in this Journal. The comments which he makes on Prof. McCall'spaper are based not only on his extensive work in this field but also upon specialresearch on questions raised by this recent paper. In accord with its policy of fulldiscussion of police science questions the Journal considers it fortunate to be able topublish a further discussion of this important problem.A. Melville Dollar is a graduate student in Criminology at the University of Cali-fornia who has carried out special research on the identification of glass fragments.-EDITOR.In a recent number of this Journal (1) McCall has published apaper entitled "Temperature Variations with Respect to theSpecific Gravity of Glass Fragments." Since this article is mis-leading and inaccurate, it seems worth while to comment on itand clarify some of the facts of the matter which may be mis-leading to the reader.If there is a reason for studying the specific gravity of glassfragments, it lies in determining the degree to which variationsin specific gravity are useful in determining identity or non-identity of glass samples. The same may be said with respect torefractive index or any other physical property which is alteredby changes in composition of the glass. If two samples of glassare identical chemically, it is a well recognized fact that all ofthe physical properties will be identical, regardless of tempera-ture, provided both samples are measured under the same con-ditions and treated similarly (2). Since the coefficient of linearexpansion of glass is such a factor, it might have been assumedthat this was the property being studied by McCall. That suchwas not the case is indicated by the absence of any statement tothis effect, or any comparison of the coefficients for differentsamples. Aside from this one logical purpose of the work, thepresent writers can think of no other reason for its preparation.Apparently quoting Beeman (3) McCall states: "It has beennoted that particle size may materially affect the specific grav-ity." It does not appear to have occurred to either author thatthis astounding statement is apparently a clear denial of theArchimedean principle, discovered about 300 B.C. and whichremains unrefuted and unanimously accepted by all scientists* This paper appeared in the May-June (1948) issue of this Journal: 88 (1): 113.FPECIFIC GBAVITY OF GLASS FRAGMENTStoday! By definition, the specific gravity of homogeneous ma-terial cannot vary with the size of particle. If it was implied thatglass is not homogeneous to this extent, the burden of proof onthe person making such a claim would be a serious one since itwould require significant variations in composition over almostmicroscopic distances to affect the measurable specific gravityin small pieces. It is true that the data of Gamble, Burd,. andIirk (4) with 100 glass samples, apparently overlooked by Mc-Call, showed that out of twenty large glass objects, only oneshowed a slight but detectable difference in refractive indexwhen the fragments were taken at opposite ends of the glassobject. No differences in specific gravity could be found even inlarge objects (4) nor were they noted by Roche and Kirk (5)who studied the matter further on 50 similar bottle glasses.Certainly, no sharp variations would be expected in the compo-sition of glass from point to point except in the case of anactual flaw.If such rapid variations in composition of glass exist as im-plied by McCall, this would be the most significant point notedin his article. This possibility is supported by a statement ofdata from the work of Young et al. (6), that the differences inspecific gravity in the same sample have varied as much as 0.065.Examination of the publication quoted (6) shows (a) that thelargest difference listed by these investigators was 0.0069; (b)this difference was caused by different cooling procedures fromthe softening temperature (about 550' C.) and bore no relation-ship to variations from place to place in a given sample. Thusthe author of the article in question has apparently both misin-terpreted and misquoted the reference given. In fact Young et al.state I. . .the density of a specimen after treatment does notdepend upon the size of the specimen, providing size, as such, isnot a factor in determining the rate of cooling." Their studyof cooling rate of molten glass has no possible relationship to astudy of specific gravity measurements made at different tem--peratures.In order to demonstrate once and for all that there are ordi-narily no detectable variations in density of different pieces ofglass from the same glass bottle, a study of 10 Coca Cola bottles,1 "Dr. Pepper" bottle, 3 Pioneer Beverage bottles (1 Qt. size),1 "Nehi" bottle (1 Qt. size) and 1 gal. cider container (samemanufacturer as Pioneer Beverage bottles), was made. The~ewere broken in such a way that a sample could be saved fromthe neck, from the base, and from three intermediate points sothat five different large pieces of glass were available from each1949]KIRK AND DOLLARbottle, giving a distribution along the glass object. Five smallchips were removed, one from each of the large pieces, for eachbottle. They were dropped into a gradient tube which was madesensitive enough (0.00035g./ml./mm.) that it would distinguishdensity differences within less than the experimental error ofthe pyenometric flotation method (7) used by McCall. The fivechips from each of the bottles tested fell at exactly the same levelin the gradient. The results demonstrated quite definitely thatthere were no measurable specific gravity differences in thesame bottle in any of the 16 samples tested.The variation in the levels of different bottles is important, asit shows the general sensitivity of the gradient tube used. Itwas found rather surprisingly that Coca Cola bottles are muchmore uniform than is generally true of beverage bottles, bothin comparison with the other bottles studied and with respect to50 beer and other brown bottles (5) which have been studiedpreviously in this laboratory. The total spread of fragmentsfrom Coco Cola bottles was only about 1 cm. and in that cm.there were distinguishable from ten bottles, only six distinctlayers. This demonstrates that not all Coca Cola bottles couldbe distinguished from each other on the basis of specific gravityalone, which is in. agreement with previous findings on beerbottles, though the proportion that is indistinguishable is con-siderably higher with the Coca Cola than with the beer bottles.The results with the other beverage bottles confirm previousfindings, and in fact no two were found which were indistin-guishable from each other. In view of this direct evidence thatdifferent beverage bottles do not show wide variations frompoint to point, or in fact any" detectable variation, and the factthat many previous bottles and other glass specimens tested inthis laboratory produced the same results, we feel that there isno doubt of the probable identity of different fragments of glassfrom the same glass object, such as a beverage bottle. Unlessmore definite evidence than that of McCall is produced to refutethis result, we can assume that his values are without signifi-cance.McCall further states "It is commonly understood that tem-perature changes materially affect the specific gravity ofglasses." It would appear that the author may have confusedthe concepts of specific gravity and density by not realizingthat specific gravity is actually the ratio of the density of thematerial to that of water at the same temperature, and that theeffect of temperature change is almost exclusively on the densityof the water. The coefficient of linear expansion of glass is[Vol. 399PECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLASS FRAGMENTSgiven in handbooks as about (depending on the type of glass)8 x 10-6 expressed as the increase in unit length per degree C.A 100 change would then expand a unit length 8 x 10 -5, whichwould correspond to a cubic volume increase of about 5 x 10-13.Since the analytical balance is reliable only to 10-4g. it is clearlyapparent that an increase in volume produced by a 100 changein temperature (5 x 10-13) would change the glass density by anamount' of only 0.000,000,005 part of the difference determinableon the analytical balance. On the other hand, the density of waterchanges quite significantly with every 101 change of tempera-ture, and not linearly but at an accelerating rate as the tempera-ture is raised, as shown in the table below.Temp. interval Density of water Change in density/b 040 1.00000140 0.99927 0.00073240 0.99732 0.00195340 0.99440 0.00292440 0.99066 0.00374540 0.98621 0.00445The reported difference in specific gravity of glass with differenttemperatures is seen to be due entirely to the change in thedensity of water with temperature, though by inference at-tributed by the author to a change in the glass. Added to thisis the complication of making the determination through themedium of organic suspension liquids which also have largedensity changes with temperature, but which are again differentfrom that of water. It must be reluctantly concluded that notonly has the author attributed to glass the properties of water,but possibly also those of the suspension liquid.The above consideration is important also with respect to thestatement, "It was noted that the specific gravity increased inall cases as the temperature increased." By definition, all sub-stances with a positive coefficient of expansion will show a lowerdensity as the temperature increases. Water shows a muchgreater lowering of density than does glass, therefore causingan increase in the density ratio, i. e. the specific gravity, duemerely to a greater decrease in density of water than of glass.The further statement "There did not appear to be a ratiobetween the increase in temperature and the increase in specificgravity" presumably means that there was no direct proportion-ality since obviously there will always be a "ratio". Assumingthis meaning, the statement can only be interpreted as an ad-mission of uncontrolled factors in the determination, or as ademonstration that the density of water is not a linear function1949]KIRK AND DOLLARof the temperature, a fact that is implicit in every handbooktable of water densities. This is also implicit in the furtherstatement" . . . the increase in specific gravity from 200 C. to37.50 C. was small, and from 37.5' C. to 70' C. the increase wasmore rapid and approximated a straight line", since the changein density of water in the first range is much slower than inthe second range mentioned as shown in the table above. The"straight line" is not followed however in any range and canonly represent experimental inaccuracy.Another interesting statement of McCall, "Since specificgravity changes due to composition of glass is seven timesgreater than corresponding refractivity changes . . ." requirescritical comment. The work on which this statement is based(8) was limited to soda-lime-silica glasses, and referred onlyto the nvumerical differences of the properties without respect tothe sensitivity and reproducibility of measurements. The dataof Gamble, Burd, and Kirk indicate a numerical factor of slightlyover five for miscellaneous glass of all types which is not aserious discrepancy. However, due to the much greater sensi-tivity and reproducibility of the refractive index measurementas compared with the specific gravity determination, the formeris actually more useful in separating similar glasses than thelatter. This is well demonstrated by the investigation of Rocheand Kirk in which specific gravity alone divided 50 similar glasssamples into 40 distinct groups. Refractive index comparisonsfurther subdivided the groups into 49, thus indicating again thebetter distinction that can be obtained by refractive index meas-urements.One further statement requires comment, "If the criteriacollected in these few samples may be used to" base a conclusion,then it would appear that specific gravity comparisons would beof doubtful value unless some method is devised other than thatwhich has been stated in the literature up to the present time."Certainly these writers would not care to base conclusions onthe limited data reported here, nor do we feel that the funda-mental principles of elementary physics were understood orproperly interpreted. The very purpose of making measure-ments at varying temperatures appears pointless in that itcontributes nothing to the determination of identity. It is unfor-tunate that the author has been misled about the existence ofadequate methods for specific gravity comparisons which havebeen studied by several investigators mentioned above and byMorris (9) who studied 65 samples of glass. Much valuableinformation is also available in the extensive volume of Winchell[Vol. 39.TPECIFIC GBAVITY OF GLASS FBAGMENTS(10) and in publications by Sun, Safford, and Silverman (11),Wang and Turner (12), Donovan (13), and others.It would be a serious misfortune if the article in questionshould be the cause of misunderstanding or error on the part ofstudents, and particularly of witnesses, jurors, and court officialswhose attitude would be at least partly conditioned by theappearance of the article in a reputable journal. It should bestrongly emphasized that glass identities on the basis of physicalproperties have been demonstrated conclusively many times andthat unequivocal testimony on this point has been offered andaccepted by courts of law in numerous cases. To this end, it ishere concluded that the article in question is irrelevant, in-accurate, and misleading and should be disregarded by studentsof glass identification by means of physical properties.REFER~awcEs1. McCall, D. F., "Temperature Variations with Respect to the Specific Gravity ofGlass Fragments." J. Crim. Law Criminol. (Police Sci. See.) 39, 113 (1948).2. Wright, F. E., U. S. Ord. Dept. Doc. 2037, (1921); J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 3, 783(1920).3. Beeman, J., "The Effect of Temperature Variations on the Determination ofSpecific Gravity of Glass Fragments," J. Crim. Law Criminol. (Police Sci.Sec.) 36, 298 (1945).4. Gamble, L., Burd, D. Q., and Kirk, P. L., J. Crim. Law Criminol. (Police Sci.See.) 3, 416 (1943).5. Roche, G. W. and Kirk, P. L., J. Crim. Law Criminol. (Police Sci. See.) 38, 168(1947).6. Young, J. C., Glaze, F. W., Faick, C. A., & Finn, A. N., Bureau Standards J.Research, 2, 455 (1939).7. Goin, L. J., and Kirk, P. L. (Unpublished data).8. Glaze, F. W., Young, J. C., and Finn, A. N., Bur. Standards J. Research, 9, 799(1932).9. Morris, N. A., Analyst, 59, 686 (1934).10. Winchell, A. N., The Microscopic Characters of Artificial Inorganic Substancesor Artificial Minerals, 2nd Ed. (1931), Wiley N Y11. Sun, K., Safford, H. W., and Silverman, A. 3.,. Am. Ceramic Soc., £3, 315, 343(1940).12. Wang, T. H. and Turner, W. E. S., J. Soc. Glass Tech., 29, 390 (1945).13. Donovan, W., Analyst, 59, 347 (1934).1949]

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Temperature Variations with Respect to the Specific Gravity of Glass Fragments: Comments on Donald F. McCall\u27s Paper

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