Author Institution: Department of Biology, University of Dayto

Burky, Albert J.

Hornbach, Daniel J.

Way, C. M.

The Ohio Journal of Science

KnowledgeBank at OSU

Copyright © 1981 Ohio Acad. Sci. 0030-0950/81/0001-0041 $2.00/0BRIEF NOTEGROWTH OF PISIDIUM CASERTANUM (POLI) INWEST CENTRAL OHIO1ALBERT J. BURKY, DANIEL J. HORNBACH2 and C. M. WAY,3 Department of Biology,University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469OHIO J. SCI. 81(1): 41, 1981Clams of the family Sphaeriidae arefound in most freshwater habitats. Theyare hermaphroditic and ovoviviparous(Mackie 1978), brooding their young inmarsupial sacs formed as outgrowths ofthe gill filaments. In the generaSphaerium and Musculium, several dis-tinct larval stages can be present within asingle adult, whereas in Pisidium only asingle ontogenetic stage is present in agiven adult (Heard 1977). Consequently,individuals of Sphaerium and Musculiumproduce a number of broods over a shortperiod of time while in Pisidium moretime is presumably required between suc-cessive series of broods.Several life-history studies of sphaeriidclams are known: Musculium (Thomas1963, Gale 1977, Mackie et al 1976,Mackie 1979), Sphaerium (Avolizi 1976,Mackie 1979) and Pisidium (Heard 1965,Ladle and Baron 1969, Holopainen 1979,Meier-Brook 1970, Thut 1969, Mackie1979). Only the studies of Mackie(1979) and Thut (1969) present a fullseasonal pattern of growth for NorthAmerican species of Pisidium.Clarke (1973) states that Pisidiumcasertanum (Poli) is perhaps the mostcommon species of Pisidium and is trulycosmopolitan, occurring throughout Eur-asia, Africa, Australia, and South, Cen-tral and North America. Populations ofthese clams are reported in habitatsranging from ephemeral ponds to benthiczones of deep lakes. Our study describesManuscript received 29 May 1979 and in re-vised form 25 July 1980 (#79-34).2Present address: Department of Biology,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22901.3Present address: Department of Zoology,Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056.41aspects of the life-cycle of P. casertanumin a spring-fed stream with a relativelysmall annual temperature range.Clams were collected monthly duringthe winter and bimonthly or weekly dur-ing the summer of 1974 and less regularlyduring 1975 from the west branch ofCedar Run at Cedar Bog, near Urbana,Ohio (USGS) map quadrangle UrbanaWest, Champaign County, Ohio: 40°03.42'N 83°47.98'W). At certain times(see fig. 1) physical and chemical char-acteristics of the stream were recorded,including temperature and oxygen con-centration (YSI Model 54 oxygen meter),conductivity (YSI Model 33 conductivitymeter) and hardness (EDTA method,American Public Health Association1976).Usually more than 50 clams were re-moved from the stream sediment with asieve (mesh opening = 0.5 mm) and fixedin the field with 12% neutral formalin.Shell length (greatest anterior-posteriordimension) was measured to the nearest0.1 mm on a stage micrometer under adissecting microscope. Samples collectedwithin one week of each other were com-bined for a mean date. Samples wereseparated according to generation (adultvs juvenile) by the visual examination offrequency distributions of shell lengths.Generation samples with overlapping sizedistributions were separated by plottingcumulative frequency distributions onprobability paper (Harding 1949, Cassie1950, 1954).Monthly variation in temperature anddissolved oxygen showed that in 1974water temperature varied from 5.8 °C to15 °C since the stream is fed from anunderground source (Richard 1974), while42 A. J. BURKY, ET AL Vol. 810 - -M MFIGURE 1. Dissolved oxygen and water and air temperature in relation to months for the westbranch of Cedar Run.as expected, air temperature had a muchgreater range (fig. 1). Gilbert and Hen-nen (1974) have shown that air tem-perature in the bog area fluctuates muchless than that in the surrounding areas.The oxygen content, although decreasingin summer and fall, was relatively highthroughout the year, ranging from about65% to 98% saturation. Mean annualconductivity was 564 /xmhos (range: 460-650 yumhos), total hardness was 410-564mg/£ as CaCO3, Ca hardness was 310-414 mg/^ as CaCO3 and Mg hardnesswas 160-310 mg/^ as CaCO3. The pHwas usually > 7.2 (6.7-8.0), indicatingthat the stream, like the rest of the bog,is alkaline and not acidic. Bogs are bydefinition acidic; this habitat is actuallya fen and alkaline in its water char-acteristics.Size distributions of P. casertanumsamples studied in 1974 revealed thatthere was one generation born per yearwith recruitment during April-August(fig. 2). The 1974 newborns were pro-duced by clams born in 1972. Only P.castertanum with shell lengths of at least3.0 mm are expected to contain extra-marsupial larvae (those larvae ready tobe born, Mackie 1979); therefore, theseclams take about 24 months to reachshell lengths of 3.0 mm, have one periodof reproductive contribution and have apotential maximum life span of 30 to 33months.The life-cycle pattern of P. casertanumfrom Cedar Run is the only report with acomplete sequence of samples over a fullyear for a stream population. The onlyother report we found of a stream popula-tion of P. casertanum is by Heard (1965).Although Heard (1965)' didn't followthis population over an entire year, hereports one reproductive period duringspring-summer. Holopainen (1979) founda 3 year life span for a littoral populationin Lake Paajarvi, Finland, with a singleperiod of summer reproduction. He alsoreports a 3 year life span with 2 periods ofreproduction for a population in LakeEsrom, Denmark. Thut (1969) reportsa one year life span with one period ofreproduction in early summer in LakeWashington. Mackie (1979) has ex-amined 2 populations from ephemeralhabitats with one population showing asingle annual life-cycle with one period ofreproduction while the other has 2 genera-tions per year with complete summerreplacement.Ohio J. Sci. GROWTH OF PISIDIUM CASERTANUM 434 -I- T YjT— LO COt IV T VM M 0 N DFIGURE 2. Mean shell length (solid black dot) in relation to months for generation samples ofPisidium casertanum for 1974. Vertical bars indicate the range and rectangles represent =±=standard deviation. The 3 generations were born in April-August of 1972, 1973 and 1974 (in-dicated in open circles) for the largest to smallest size distributions respectively. The num-ber of clams represented on each date is given at the bottom of the figure with the percentageof animals for generations indicated in or near the rectangles.The life cycle of P. casertanum rangesfrom 2 generations per year with com-plete replacement (Mackie 1979) to thesimple annual (Thut 1969, Mackie 1979)to three year life spans with one or twoperiods of reproduction (Holopainen1979). Pisidium casertanum at CedarRun (fig. 2) is well within this range witha maximum life span of 30 to 33 monthswith a single period of reproductive con-tribution after 24 months of growth andmaturation.Acknowledgments. We would like to thank theOhio Historical Society for permission to col-lect clams at Cedar Bog and Dr. G. L. Mackiefor having confirmed our identification of theseclams as Pisidium casertanum (Poli). Thisstudy has been supported in part by grants toAlbert J. Burky from the Ohio Biological Sur-vey and the University of Dayton ResearchCouncil.LITERATURE CITEDAmerican Public Health Association 1976Standard methods for the examination ofwater and wastewater (14th ed.) p. 1193.Avolizi, R. J. 1976 Biomass turnover inpopulations of viviparous sphaeriid clams:Comparisons of growth, fecundity, mortalityand biomass production. Hydrobiologia 51:163-180.Cassie, R. M. 1950 Analysis of polymodalfrequency distribution by the probabilitypaper method. N. Z. Sci. Rev. 8: 89-91.1954 Some uses of probability paperin the analysis of size frequency distributions.Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 5: 513-522.Clarke, A. H. 1973 The freshwater molluscsof the Canadian Interior Basin. Malaco-logia 13: 1-509.Gale, W. F. 1977 Growth of the fingernailclam, Sphaerium transversum (Say) in fieldand laboratory experiments. Nautilus 91:8-12.Gilbert, G. E. and R. W. Hennen 1974 Fre-quency and structure of temperature inver-sions in Cedar Bog. pp. 14-15. In: C. C. Kingand C. M. Frederick (eds.) Cedar BogSymposium. Ohio Biol. Surv. Inf. Cir 471 p.Harding, J. P. 1949 The use of probabilitypaper for the graphical analysis of polymodalfrequency distributions. J. Marine BiolAsso. U.K. 28: 141-153.Shell Length (mm)44 A. J. BURKY, ET AL Vol. 81Heard, W. H. 1965 Comparative life his-tories of North American pill clams (Sphae-riidae: Pisidium). Malacologia 2: 381-411.1977 Reproduction of fingernail clams(Sphaeriidae: Sphaerium and Mnsculium).Malacologia 16: 421-455.Holopainen, I. J. 1979 Population dynamicsand production of Pisidium, species (Bivalvia,Sphaeriidae) in the oligotrophic and meso-humic Lake Paajarvi, Southern Finland.Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 54: 466-508.Ladle, M. and F. Baron 1969 Studies onthree species of Pisidium (Mollusca: Bivalvia)from a chalk stream. J. Anim. Ecol. 38:407-413.Mackie, G. L. 1978 Are sphaeriid clamsovoviviparous or viviparous? Nautilus 92:145-146.1979 Growth dynamics in naturalpopulations of Sphaeriid clams (Sphaerium,Mnsculium, Pisidium). Canadian J. Zool.57: 441-457., S. U. Qadri and A. H. Clarke 1976Intraspecific variations in growth, birthperiods, and longevity of Musculium securius(Bivalvia: Sphaeridae) near Ottawa, Canada.Malacologia 15: 433-446.Meier-Brook, V. C. 1970 Investigations onthe biology of some Pisidium species (Mol-lusca; Eulamellibranchiata; Sphaeriidae).Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 38: 73-150.Richard, B. H. 1974 The relationship ofCedar Bog to the ancestral Teays RiverSystem, pp. 3-7. In: C. C. King and C. M.Frederick (eds.) Cedar Bog Symposium.Ohio Biol. Surv. Inf. Cir. 4. 71 p.Thomas, G. J. 1963 Study of a population ofsphaeriid clams in a temporary pond. Nau-tilus 77: 37-43.Thut, R. N. 1969 A study of the profundalbottom fauna of Lake Washington. Ecol.Monogr. 39: 79-100.

Brief Note: Growth of Pisidium Casertanum (Poli) in West Central Ohio

Clarke (1973) states that Pisidium casertanum (Poli) is perhaps the most common species of Pisidium and is truly cosmopolitan, occurring throughout Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and South, Central and North America. Populations of these clams are reported in habitats ranging from ephemeral ponds to benthic zones of deep lakes. Our study describes Manuscript received 29 May 1979 and in revised form 25 July 1980 (#79-34). 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901. 3 Present address: Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. 41 aspects of the life-cycle of P. casertanum in a spring-fed stream with a relatively small annual temperature range. Clams were collected monthly during the winter and bimonthly or weekly during the summer of 1974 and less regularly during 1975 from the west branch of Cedar Run at Cedar Bog, near Urbana, Ohio (USGS) map quadrangle Urbana West, Champaign County, Ohio: 40° 03.42\u27N 83°47.98\u27W). At certain times (see fig. 1) physical and chemical characteristics of the stream were recorded, including temperature and oxygen concentration (YSI Model 54 oxygen meter), conductivity (YSI Model 33 conductivity meter) and hardness (EDTA method, American Public Health Association 1976)

Way, Carl M.

University of Dayton

University of Dayton eCommons Biology Faculty Publications Department of Biology 1981 Growth of Pisidium casertanum (Poli) in West Central Ohio Albert J. Burky Daniel J. Hornbach Carl M. Way Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/bio_fac_pub  Part of the Biology Commons, Biotechnology Commons, Cell Biology Commons, Genetics Commons, Microbiology Commons, and the Molecular Genetics Commons Copyright © 1981 Ohio Acad. Sci. 0030-0950/81/0001-0041 $2.00/0BRIEF NOTEGROWTH OF PISIDIUM CASERTANUM (POLI) INWEST CENTRAL OHIO1ALBERT J. BURKY, DANIEL J. HORNBACH2 and C. M. WAY,3 Department of Biology,University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469OHIO J. SCI. 81(1): 41, 1981Clams of the family Sphaeriidae arefound in most freshwater habitats. Theyare hermaphroditic and ovoviviparous(Mackie 1978), brooding their young inmarsupial sacs formed as outgrowths ofthe gill filaments. In the generaSphaerium and Musculium, several dis-tinct larval stages can be present within asingle adult, whereas in Pisidium only asingle ontogenetic stage is present in agiven adult (Heard 1977). Consequently,individuals of Sphaerium and Musculiumproduce a number of broods over a shortperiod of time while in Pisidium moretime is presumably required between suc-cessive series of broods.Several life-history studies of sphaeriidclams are known: Musculium (Thomas1963, Gale 1977, Mackie et al 1976,Mackie 1979), Sphaerium (Avolizi 1976,Mackie 1979) and Pisidium (Heard 1965,Ladle and Baron 1969, Holopainen 1979,Meier-Brook 1970, Thut 1969, Mackie1979). Only the studies of Mackie(1979) and Thut (1969) present a fullseasonal pattern of growth for NorthAmerican species of Pisidium.Clarke (1973) states that Pisidiumcasertanum (Poli) is perhaps the mostcommon species of Pisidium and is trulycosmopolitan, occurring throughout Eur-asia, Africa, Australia, and South, Cen-tral and North America. Populations ofthese clams are reported in habitatsranging from ephemeral ponds to benthiczones of deep lakes. Our study describesManuscript received 29 May 1979 and in re-vised form 25 July 1980 (#79-34).2Present address: Department of Biology,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22901.3Present address: Department of Zoology,Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056.41aspects of the life-cycle of P. casertanumin a spring-fed stream with a relativelysmall annual temperature range.Clams were collected monthly duringthe winter and bimonthly or weekly dur-ing the summer of 1974 and less regularlyduring 1975 from the west branch ofCedar Run at Cedar Bog, near Urbana,Ohio (USGS) map quadrangle UrbanaWest, Champaign County, Ohio: 40°03.42'N 83°47.98'W). At certain times(see fig. 1) physical and chemical char-acteristics of the stream were recorded,including temperature and oxygen con-centration (YSI Model 54 oxygen meter),conductivity (YSI Model 33 conductivitymeter) and hardness (EDTA method,American Public Health Association1976).Usually more than 50 clams were re-moved from the stream sediment with asieve (mesh opening = 0.5 mm) and fixedin the field with 12% neutral formalin.Shell length (greatest anterior-posteriordimension) was measured to the nearest0.1 mm on a stage micrometer under adissecting microscope. Samples collectedwithin one week of each other were com-bined for a mean date. Samples wereseparated according to generation (adultvs juvenile) by the visual examination offrequency distributions of shell lengths.Generation samples with overlapping sizedistributions were separated by plottingcumulative frequency distributions onprobability paper (Harding 1949, Cassie1950, 1954).Monthly variation in temperature anddissolved oxygen showed that in 1974water temperature varied from 5.8 °C to15 °C since the stream is fed from anunderground source (Richard 1974), while42 A. J. BURKY, ET AL Vol. 810 - -M MFIGURE 1. Dissolved oxygen and water and air temperature in relation to months for the westbranch of Cedar Run.as expected, air temperature had a muchgreater range (fig. 1). Gilbert and Hen-nen (1974) have shown that air tem-perature in the bog area fluctuates muchless than that in the surrounding areas.The oxygen content, although decreasingin summer and fall, was relatively highthroughout the year, ranging from about65% to 98% saturation. Mean annualconductivity was 564 /xmhos (range: 460-650 yumhos), total hardness was 410-564mg/£ as CaCO3, Ca hardness was 310-414 mg/^ as CaCO3 and Mg hardnesswas 160-310 mg/^ as CaCO3. The pHwas usually > 7.2 (6.7-8.0), indicatingthat the stream, like the rest of the bog,is alkaline and not acidic. Bogs are bydefinition acidic; this habitat is actuallya fen and alkaline in its water char-acteristics.Size distributions of P. casertanumsamples studied in 1974 revealed thatthere was one generation born per yearwith recruitment during April-August(fig. 2). The 1974 newborns were pro-duced by clams born in 1972. Only P.castertanum with shell lengths of at least3.0 mm are expected to contain extra-marsupial larvae (those larvae ready tobe born, Mackie 1979); therefore, theseclams take about 24 months to reachshell lengths of 3.0 mm, have one periodof reproductive contribution and have apotential maximum life span of 30 to 33months.The life-cycle pattern of P. casertanumfrom Cedar Run is the only report with acomplete sequence of samples over a fullyear for a stream population. The onlyother report we found of a stream popula-tion of P. casertanum is by Heard (1965).Although Heard (1965)' didn't followthis population over an entire year, hereports one reproductive period duringspring-summer. Holopainen (1979) founda 3 year life span for a littoral populationin Lake Paajarvi, Finland, with a singleperiod of summer reproduction. He alsoreports a 3 year life span with 2 periods ofreproduction for a population in LakeEsrom, Denmark. Thut (1969) reportsa one year life span with one period ofreproduction in early summer in LakeWashington. Mackie (1979) has ex-amined 2 populations from ephemeralhabitats with one population showing asingle annual life-cycle with one period ofreproduction while the other has 2 genera-tions per year with complete summerreplacement.Ohio J. Sci. GROWTH OF PISIDIUM CASERTANUM 434 -I- T YjT— LO COt IV T VM M 0 N DFIGURE 2. Mean shell length (solid black dot) in relation to months for generation samples ofPisidium casertanum for 1974. Vertical bars indicate the range and rectangles represent =±=standard deviation. The 3 generations were born in April-August of 1972, 1973 and 1974 (in-dicated in open circles) for the largest to smallest size distributions respectively. The num-ber of clams represented on each date is given at the bottom of the figure with the percentageof animals for generations indicated in or near the rectangles.The life cycle of P. casertanum rangesfrom 2 generations per year with com-plete replacement (Mackie 1979) to thesimple annual (Thut 1969, Mackie 1979)to three year life spans with one or twoperiods of reproduction (Holopainen1979). Pisidium casertanum at CedarRun (fig. 2) is well within this range witha maximum life span of 30 to 33 monthswith a single period of reproductive con-tribution after 24 months of growth andmaturation.Acknowledgments. We would like to thank theOhio Historical Society for permission to col-lect clams at Cedar Bog and Dr. G. L. Mackiefor having confirmed our identification of theseclams as Pisidium casertanum (Poli). Thisstudy has been supported in part by grants toAlbert J. Burky from the Ohio Biological Sur-vey and the University of Dayton ResearchCouncil.LITERATURE CITEDAmerican Public Health Association 1976Standard methods for the examination ofwater and wastewater (14th ed.) p. 1193.Avolizi, R. J. 1976 Biomass turnover inpopulations of viviparous sphaeriid clams:Comparisons of growth, fecundity, mortalityand biomass production. Hydrobiologia 51:163-180.Cassie, R. M. 1950 Analysis of polymodalfrequency distribution by the probabilitypaper method. N. Z. Sci. Rev. 8: 89-91.1954 Some uses of probability paperin the analysis of size frequency distributions.Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 5: 513-522.Clarke, A. H. 1973 The freshwater molluscsof the Canadian Interior Basin. Malaco-logia 13: 1-509.Gale, W. F. 1977 Growth of the fingernailclam, Sphaerium transversum (Say) in fieldand laboratory experiments. Nautilus 91:8-12.Gilbert, G. E. and R. W. Hennen 1974 Fre-quency and structure of temperature inver-sions in Cedar Bog. pp. 14-15. In: C. C. Kingand C. M. Frederick (eds.) Cedar BogSymposium. Ohio Biol. Surv. Inf. Cir 471 p.Harding, J. P. 1949 The use of probabilitypaper for the graphical analysis of polymodalfrequency distributions. J. Marine BiolAsso. U.K. 28: 141-153.Shell Length (mm)44 A. J. BURKY, ET AL Vol. 81Heard, W. H. 1965 Comparative life his-tories of North American pill clams (Sphae-riidae: Pisidium). Malacologia 2: 381-411.1977 Reproduction of fingernail clams(Sphaeriidae: Sphaerium and Mnsculium).Malacologia 16: 421-455.Holopainen, I. J. 1979 Population dynamicsand production of Pisidium, species (Bivalvia,Sphaeriidae) in the oligotrophic and meso-humic Lake Paajarvi, Southern Finland.Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 54: 466-508.Ladle, M. and F. Baron 1969 Studies onthree species of Pisidium (Mollusca: Bivalvia)from a chalk stream. J. Anim. Ecol. 38:407-413.Mackie, G. L. 1978 Are sphaeriid clamsovoviviparous or viviparous? Nautilus 92:145-146.1979 Growth dynamics in naturalpopulations of Sphaeriid clams (Sphaerium,Mnsculium, Pisidium). Canadian J. Zool.57: 441-457., S. U. Qadri and A. H. Clarke 1976Intraspecific variations in growth, birthperiods, and longevity of Musculium securius(Bivalvia: Sphaeridae) near Ottawa, Canada.Malacologia 15: 433-446.Meier-Brook, V. C. 1970 Investigations onthe biology of some Pisidium species (Mol-lusca; Eulamellibranchiata; Sphaeriidae).Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 38: 73-150.Richard, B. H. 1974 The relationship ofCedar Bog to the ancestral Teays RiverSystem, pp. 3-7. In: C. C. King and C. M.Frederick (eds.) Cedar Bog Symposium.Ohio Biol. Surv. Inf. Cir. 4. 71 p.Thomas, G. J. 1963 Study of a population ofsphaeriid clams in a temporary pond. Nau-tilus 77: 37-43.Thut, R. N. 1969 A study of the profundalbottom fauna of Lake Washington. Ecol.Monogr. 39: 79-100.

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Growth of Pisidium casertanum (Poli) in West Central Ohio

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Brief Note: Growth of Pisidium Casertanum (Poli) in West Central Ohio

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