McAllister, C. T.

Robison, H. W.

Trauth, S. E.

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 70 Article 482016An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia:Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish,Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae),from ArkansasC. T. McAllisterEastern Oklahoma State College, cmcallister@se.eduH. W. RobisonSouthern Arkansas UniversityS. E. TrauthArkansas State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Zoology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact ccmiddle@uark.edu, drowens@uark.edu,scholar@uark.edu.Recommended CitationMcAllister, C. T.; Robison, H. W.; and Trauth, S. E. (2016) "An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation onGreen Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 70 ,Article 48.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol70/iss1/48Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70, 2016281An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish,Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from ArkansasC.T. McAllister1*, H.W. Robison2 and S.E. Trauth31Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 747452Department of Biology, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71754-93543Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467*Correspondence: cmcallister@se.eduRunning Title: Epistylis sp. on Lepomis cyanellus in ArkansasCiliates of the genus Epistylus Ehrenberg, 1830 aresessile peritrichous organisms often present as abranching colony with a short oral disc and collar, andnon-contractile rigid stalk (Dias et al. 2006). There areabout 120 described species that generally live infreshwater environments (Lynn 2008). Epistylids arenot considered true parasites but are common oncrayfishes (Vogelbein and Thune 1988), the carapaceof turtles (Bishop and Jahn 1941, Bovee 1976) and onthe eggs, skin and gills of fishes where they maycontribute to mortality from partial smothering orsecondary infection (Fischthal 1949, Reichenbach-Klinke 1973, Esch et al. 1976, Miller and Chapman1976, Crites 1977, Hazen et al. 1978, Hoffman 1999).However, some historically considered these ciliatesepibionts, which colonize the surface of live substratesand serve a commensal ecological role (Wahl 1989,Fernandez-Leborans et al. 2006). Lewis et al. (1978)reported Epistylis on 16 of 32 fishes examined in 2North Carolina reservoirs, mainly from centrarchids,ictalurids, and moronids. Ictalurids and salmonidsseem to be especially susceptible to infestation (Hubertand Warner 1975, Hoffman 1999). Epistylids use thehost as an attachment substrate, so it can feed onbacteria and suspended particles in water.Little is known about these ciliates on Arkansasfishes. Foissner et al. (1985) reported an epizootic ofHeteropolaria colisarum Foissner and Shubert, 1977on the scales and fins of cultured Green Sunfish(Lepomis cyanellus) from the Fish FarmingExperimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas County.Interestingly, this infection was also shown in photoson the front cover of the second edition of Hoffman’s(1999) classic, Parasites of North AmericanFreshwater Fishes. Lom and Dykovà (1992) havesynonymized H. colisarum with Epistylis. However, toour knowledge, nothing has been published on thisciliate in native fishes from natural waters in the state.Here, we present a case of Epistylis sp. on L. cyanelluswith light microscopy and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) of the infestation.On 14 October 2015, an adult (195 mm totallength) L. cyanellus was collected with a backpackelectroshocker from the South Fork of Fourche LaFave River at Hollis, Perry County (34.8706°N,93.109458°W). As this specimen was noted to beunusual in possessing scales and spines on the dorsalfin with some unidentified whitish growth (Fig. 1), thefish was photographed alive. No growth was noted onthe gills. The specimen was immediately overdosed byimmersion in tricaine methanesulfonate and severalscales were removed and placed in individual vialscontaining 70–95% (v/v) DNA grade ethanol and 10%neutral buffered formalin (NBF). The fish waspreserved in 10% formalin and later transferred to 70%(v/v) ethanol. On return to the laboratory, scrapingswere taken with fine forceps from scales originallyplaced in ethanol. Specimens were stained withGomori trichrome, dehydrated in 95–100% (v/v)ethanol, cleared with xylene, mounted with Canadabalsam and examined using light microscopy.Photomicrographs of stereoscopic samples were takenwith Canon Powershot S3IS camera fitted with aMartin Microscope adaptor (Martin Microscope,Easley, SC). Photomicrographs for light microscopywere taken with a Swift M10 Series microscope fittedwith a digital camera mount. For SEM, we transferredscales and liquid suspensions in 10% NBF through agraded series of increasing ethanol solutions (70–100%). Specimens were then extracted from vials witha pipette and placed onto segments of glass coverslips(18 × 4 mm) previously coated with poly-L-lysine. AnAutosamdri®–815 critical point drier (TousimisResearch Corporation, Rockville, MD; 31°C, 1072 psi,ventilation rate ~100 psi/min) was used to removeexcess ethanol from cells. Dehydrated specimens oncoverslips were then adhered to rectangular coppertransfer boats (25 × 5 mm) with double-sided tape and281Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70 [2016], Art. 48Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2016Ambloplites rupestrisAplodinotus grunniensFigure 1.scales. Scalemounted onto stickystubgold using a Cressington 108 sp(Cressington Scientific Instruments Ltd, Watford, UK).Specimens examined for SEMArkansas Nano & Bio Materials CharacterizationFacility (UAwas deposited in the Henderson State UnCollection (HSU), Aslide of the infestationManter Laboratory of Parasitology (HWML), Lincoln,Nebraska1) was identified as ancolonies using stereoscopic and light microscopy (Fig.2) revealed colonies comprising a various number ofindividuals, with a branched and smooth,noncontractile stalk and fully expanded zooids.examined by SEM (Fig. 3), apical views of contractedzooids were prominent, and cilia could be seen atopthem. The macronucleus is typically horseshoe shapedand transversely oriented in the middleof the cell.darter in a Wisconsin streamit on pond fishes in the southeastern United States.Cloutman (1975) reported anBass (saxatilisCrites (1977) foundSmallmouth Bass,and locality did not possessGreenside Darters (Western Creek Chubsucker (Slender Madtoms ((Percina caprodesnasutas. Copper boats and stubs were then coated withThe unusual growth on scales ofFischthal (1949) reportOther fishes (Lepomis cyanellusMorone chrysops) in North an), 4bar = 50 mm. Photo byas HWML 101962-Fayetteville)Blackspotted Topminnows (n-rkadelphia, Arkansas; a voucherEpistylis niagaraeMicropterus dolomie= 28) collected on the same date), 6 Longnwith whitish growth on dorsal fin andtabbed 12 mm aluminum pinwas deposited in the Harold W.Epistylis) and Striped Bass (d South Carolina.from Ohio.Etheostoma blennioidesNoturus exilisJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol.. A host voucher specimen.ed an,andUland Thomas.and Rogers (1971) foundEpistylisEpistylisErimyzon claviformisC.T. McAllisterwere generated at thesp. Examination ofEpistylisFreshwaterose Darters (L. cyanellus), 1 Logperch-adoral regionsp. on Whiteuas follows: 5utter coatersp. from aInKellicott on, Rock Bass,iversityMoroneaddition,PercinaFundulus, H.W. Robison(Fig.WhenDrum,), 1), 8282olivaceusgreeneicyanellusthe last decade and never have noticed any with thisgrowth.Figure 2.cyanellustrichrome stain.noncontractile stalks;(arrow) and daughter cells from binary fission (arrowhead)unstained.stain.stain.unstained. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; BFigure 3. Scanning electron micrographs ofofsingle scale.of contracted zooids.cilia on one colony (arrow).cilia (arrow).Epistylisand S.E. TrauthLepomis cyanellusIn summary,E. Single elongate zooid sF. Single vase), and 3 Wedgespot Shiners (). In addition, we have examined over 100from various watersheds in Arkansas overLight m. A. Colonies from skin scraping, stereoscopic vieD. Two zooids showing macronuclei (arrows); tricBar = 500 µm.sp. from a nonB. Branched colBar = 5 µm.-70, 2016icroscopy ofunstained.shaped zooid showing. A. Low magnificatioBar = 50 µm.we provide the initial report of anB. Higher magnification of apical viewBar = 20 µm.-culturedonies showing group of zooids onC. Zooids showing macronucleushowing cilia (aC. Another apical view showingEpistylis–F = 50 µm.n showing colonies onL. cyanellussp. frommacronucEpistylisD. Closerrows); trichromeleus (arrow);sp. on scales-up showingNotropisLepomisand thehromeL.w;;282Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70 [2016], Art. 48http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol70/iss1/48Epistylis sp. on Lepomis cyanellus in ArkansasJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70, 2016283first time SEM photomicrographs of this form havebeen documented. Future studies should includemolecular analyses (18S rRNA sequences) to helpfurther provide an identity of this species.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. C.M. Whipps (SUNY-ESF) for helpin identification of Epistylis sp., U. Thomas (Chicago,IL) for Fig. 1, Drs. M. Benamara and B. Martin(Arkansas Nano & Bio Materials CharacterizationFacility, UA-Fayetteville) for technical assistance withSEM, and S.L. Gardner (HWML) and R. Tumlison(HSU) for expert curatorial assistance. The ArkansasGame and Fish Commission issued ScientificCollecting Permits to CTM and HWR.Literature CitedBishop EL Jr and TL Jahn. 1941. Observations oncolonial peritrichs (Ciliata; Protozoa) of theOkoboji region. Proceedings of the Iowa Academyof Science 48:417–421.Bovee EC. 1976. New epizoic peritrichs of the softshelled turtle Trionyx muticus. Transactions of theAmerican Microscopical Society 95:682–687.Cloutman DG. 1975. Epistylis on White Bass andStriped Bass. Fish Health Section of the AmericanFisheries Society Newsletter 3:6.Crites JL. 1977. The occurrence of Epistylis niagarae(Cilophora: Peritrichida) on fishes from the islandregion of western Lake Erie. The Ohio Journal ofScience 77:193–194.Dias RJP, S D’Ávila and M D’Agosto. 2006. Firstrecord of epibionts, peritrichids and suctorians(Protozoa, Ciliophora) on Pomacea lineata (Spix,1827). Brazilian Archives of Biology andTechnology 49:807–812.Esch GW, TC Hazen, RV Dimock Jr andJW Gibbons. 1976. Thermal effluent and theepizootiology of the ciliate Epistylis and thebacterium Aeromonas in association withcentrarchid fish. Transactions of the AmericanMicroscopical Society 95:687–693.Fernandez-Leborans G, MJH Cordoba and PGArco. 1997. Distribution of ciliate epibionts on theportunid crab Liocarcinus depurator (Decapoda,Brachyura). Invertebrate Biology116:171–177.Fischthal JH. 1949. Epistylis, a peritrichousprotozoan, on hatchery brook trout. ProgressiveFish-Culturalist 11:122–124.Foissner W, GL Hoffman and AJ Mitchell. 1985.Heteropolaria colisarum Foissner & Shubert, 1977(Protozoa: Epistylididae) of North Americanfreshwater fishes. Journal of Fish Diseases 8:145–160.Hazen TC, ML Raker, GW Esch and CB Fliermans.1979. Ultrastructure of red-sore lesions onLargemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides):Association of the ciliate Epistylis sp. and thebacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal ofProtozoology 25:351–355.Hoffman GL. 1999. Parasites of North Americanfreshwater fishes. 2nd ed. Comstock PublishingAssociates (Ithaca, NY). 539 p.Hubert WA and MC Warner. 1975. Control ofEpistylis on channel catfish in raceways. Journal ofWildlife Diseases 11:241–244.Lewis RE, JR Siler and LL Olmsted. 1978.Prevalence and intensity of Epistylis on fishes fromtwo North Carolina reservoirs. Proceedings of theAnnual Conference Southeastern Association ofFish and Wildlife Agencies 31:372–379.Lom J and I Dykovà. 1992. Protozoan parasites offishes. Elsevier Science Publishers (Amsterdam,Netherlands). 315 p.Lynn DH (ed.). 1988. The ciliated Protozoa:Characterization, classification, and guide to theliterature. 3rd Edition. Springer (NY). 604 p.Miller RW and WR Chapman. 1976. Epistylis andAeromonas hydrophila infections in fishes fromNorth Carolina reservoirs. Progressive Fish-Culturalist 38:165–168.Reichenbach-Klinke HH. 1973. Fish pathology: Aguide to the recognition and treatment of diseasesand injuries of fishes, with emphasis onenvironmental and pollution problems. T.F.H.Publications (Neptune City, NJ). 492 p.Rogers WA. 1971 Disease in fish due to the protozoanEpistylis (Ciliata: Peritricha) in the SoutheasternU.S. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conferenceof the Southeastern Association Game and FishCommission 25:493–496.Vogelbein WK and RL Thune. 1988. Ultrastructuralfeatures of three ectocommensal Protozoa attachedto the gills of the red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea: Decapoda).Journal of Protozoology 35:341–348.Wahl M. 1989. Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling andantifouling some basic aspects. Marine EcologyProgress Series 58:175–189.283Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70 [2016], Art. 48Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2016

An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from Arkansas

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 70 Article 48 2016 An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from Arkansas C. T. McAllister Eastern Oklahoma State College, cmcallister@se.edu H. W. Robison Southern Arkansas University S. E. Trauth Arkansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation McAllister, C. T.; Robison, H. W.; and Trauth, S. E. (2016) "An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 70 , Article 48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2016.7040 Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol70/iss1/48 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70, 2016281An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish,Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from ArkansasC.T. McAllister1*, H.W. Robison2 and S.E. Trauth31Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 747452Department of Biology, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71754-93543Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467*Correspondence: cmcallister@se.eduRunning Title: Epistylis sp. on Lepomis cyanellus in ArkansasCiliates of the genus Epistylus Ehrenberg, 1830 aresessile peritrichous organisms often present as abranching colony with a short oral disc and collar, andnon-contractile rigid stalk (Dias et al. 2006). There areabout 120 described species that generally live infreshwater environments (Lynn 2008). Epistylids arenot considered true parasites but are common oncrayfishes (Vogelbein and Thune 1988), the carapaceof turtles (Bishop and Jahn 1941, Bovee 1976) and onthe eggs, skin and gills of fishes where they maycontribute to mortality from partial smothering orsecondary infection (Fischthal 1949, Reichenbach-Klinke 1973, Esch et al. 1976, Miller and Chapman1976, Crites 1977, Hazen et al. 1978, Hoffman 1999).However, some historically considered these ciliatesepibionts, which colonize the surface of live substratesand serve a commensal ecological role (Wahl 1989,Fernandez-Leborans et al. 2006). Lewis et al. (1978)reported Epistylis on 16 of 32 fishes examined in 2North Carolina reservoirs, mainly from centrarchids,ictalurids, and moronids. Ictalurids and salmonidsseem to be especially susceptible to infestation (Hubertand Warner 1975, Hoffman 1999). Epistylids use thehost as an attachment substrate, so it can feed onbacteria and suspended particles in water.Little is known about these ciliates on Arkansasfishes. Foissner et al. (1985) reported an epizootic ofHeteropolaria colisarum Foissner and Shubert, 1977on the scales and fins of cultured Green Sunfish(Lepomis cyanellus) from the Fish FarmingExperimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas County.Interestingly, this infection was also shown in photoson the front cover of the second edition of Hoffman’s(1999) classic, Parasites of North AmericanFreshwater Fishes. Lom and Dykovà (1992) havesynonymized H. colisarum with Epistylis. However, toour knowledge, nothing has been published on thisciliate in native fishes from natural waters in the state.Here, we present a case of Epistylis sp. on L. cyanelluswith light microscopy and scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) of the infestation.On 14 October 2015, an adult (195 mm totallength) L. cyanellus was collected with a backpackelectroshocker from the South Fork of Fourche LaFave River at Hollis, Perry County (34.8706°N,93.109458°W). As this specimen was noted to beunusual in possessing scales and spines on the dorsalfin with some unidentified whitish growth (Fig. 1), thefish was photographed alive. No growth was noted onthe gills. The specimen was immediately overdosed byimmersion in tricaine methanesulfonate and severalscales were removed and placed in individual vialscontaining 70–95% (v/v) DNA grade ethanol and 10%neutral buffered formalin (NBF). The fish waspreserved in 10% formalin and later transferred to 70%(v/v) ethanol. On return to the laboratory, scrapingswere taken with fine forceps from scales originallyplaced in ethanol. Specimens were stained withGomori trichrome, dehydrated in 95–100% (v/v)ethanol, cleared with xylene, mounted with Canadabalsam and examined using light microscopy.Photomicrographs of stereoscopic samples were takenwith Canon Powershot S3IS camera fitted with aMartin Microscope adaptor (Martin Microscope,Easley, SC). Photomicrographs for light microscopywere taken with a Swift M10 Series microscope fittedwith a digital camera mount. For SEM, we transferredscales and liquid suspensions in 10% NBF through agraded series of increasing ethanol solutions (70–100%). Specimens were then extracted from vials witha pipette and placed onto segments of glass coverslips(18 × 4 mm) previously coated with poly-L-lysine. AnAutosamdri®–815 critical point drier (TousimisResearch Corporation, Rockville, MD; 31°C, 1072 psi,ventilation rate ~100 psi/min) was used to removeexcess ethanol from cells. Dehydrated specimens oncoverslips were then adhered to rectangular coppertransfer boats (25 × 5 mm) with double-sided tape and281Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70 [2016], Art. 48Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2016Ambloplites rupestrisAplodinotus grunniensFigure 1.scales. Scalemounted onto stickystubgold using a Cressington 108 sp(Cressington Scientific Instruments Ltd, Watford, UK).Specimens examined for SEMArkansas Nano & Bio Materials CharacterizationFacility (UAwas deposited in the Henderson State UnCollection (HSU), Aslide of the infestationManter Laboratory of Parasitology (HWML), Lincoln,Nebraska1) was identified as ancolonies using stereoscopic and light microscopy (Fig.2) revealed colonies comprising a various number ofindividuals, with a branched and smooth,noncontractile stalk and fully expanded zooids.examined by SEM (Fig. 3), apical views of contractedzooids were prominent, and cilia could be seen atopthem. The macronucleus is typically horseshoe shapedand transversely oriented in the middleof the cell.darter in a Wisconsin streamit on pond fishes in the southeastern United States.Cloutman (1975) reported anBass (saxatilisCrites (1977) foundSmallmouth Bass,and locality did not possessGreenside Darters (Western Creek Chubsucker (Slender Madtoms ((Percina caprodesnasutas. Copper boats and stubs were then coated withThe unusual growth on scales ofFischthal (1949) reportOther fishes (Lepomis cyanellusMorone chrysops) in North an), 4bar = 50 mm. Photo byas HWML 101962-Fayetteville)Blackspotted Topminnows (n-rkadelphia, Arkansas; a voucherEpistylis niagaraeMicropterus dolomie= 28) collected on the same date), 6 Longnwith whitish growth on dorsal fin andtabbed 12 mm aluminum pinwas deposited in the Harold W.Epistylis) and Striped Bass (d South Carolina.from Ohio.Etheostoma blennioidesNoturus exilisJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol.. A host voucher specimen.ed an,andUland Thomas.and Rogers (1971) foundEpistylisEpistylisErimyzon claviformisC.T. McAllisterwere generated at thesp. Examination ofEpistylisFreshwaterose Darters (L. cyanellus), 1 Logperch-adoral regionsp. on Whiteuas follows: 5utter coatersp. from aInKellicott on, Rock Bass,iversityMoroneaddition,PercinaFundulus, H.W. Robison(Fig.WhenDrum,), 1), 8282olivaceusgreeneicyanellusthe last decade and never have noticed any with thisgrowth.Figure 2.cyanellustrichrome stain.noncontractile stalks;(arrow) and daughter cells from binary fission (arrowhead)unstained.stain.stain.unstained. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; BFigure 3. Scanning electron micrographs ofofsingle scale.of contracted zooids.cilia on one colony (arrow).cilia (arrow).Epistylisand S.E. TrauthLepomis cyanellusIn summary,E. Single elongate zooid sF. Single vase), and 3 Wedgespot Shiners (). In addition, we have examined over 100from various watersheds in Arkansas overLight m. A. Colonies from skin scraping, stereoscopic vieD. Two zooids showing macronuclei (arrows); tricBar = 500 µm.sp. from a nonB. Branched colBar = 5 µm.-70, 2016icroscopy ofunstained.shaped zooid showing. A. Low magnificatioBar = 50 µm.we provide the initial report of anB. Higher magnification of apical viewBar = 20 µm.-culturedonies showing group of zooids onC. Zooids showing macronucleushowing cilia (aC. Another apical view showingEpistylis–F = 50 µm.n showing colonies onL. cyanellussp. frommacronucEpistylisD. Closerrows); trichromeleus (arrow);sp. on scales-up showingNotropisLepomisand thehromeL.w;;282Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70 [2016], Art. 48https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol70/iss1/48DOI: https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2016.7040Epistylis sp. on Lepomis cyanellus in ArkansasJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70, 2016283first time SEM photomicrographs of this form havebeen documented. Future studies should includemolecular analyses (18S rRNA sequences) to helpfurther provide an identity of this species.AcknowledgmentsWe thank Dr. C.M. Whipps (SUNY-ESF) for helpin identification of Epistylis sp., U. Thomas (Chicago,IL) for Fig. 1, Drs. M. Benamara and B. Martin(Arkansas Nano & Bio Materials CharacterizationFacility, UA-Fayetteville) for technical assistance withSEM, and S.L. Gardner (HWML) and R. Tumlison(HSU) for expert curatorial assistance. The ArkansasGame and Fish Commission issued ScientificCollecting Permits to CTM and HWR.Literature CitedBishop EL Jr and TL Jahn. 1941. Observations oncolonial peritrichs (Ciliata; Protozoa) of theOkoboji region. Proceedings of the Iowa Academyof Science 48:417–421.Bovee EC. 1976. New epizoic peritrichs of the softshelled turtle Trionyx muticus. Transactions of theAmerican Microscopical Society 95:682–687.Cloutman DG. 1975. Epistylis on White Bass andStriped Bass. Fish Health Section of the AmericanFisheries Society Newsletter 3:6.Crites JL. 1977. The occurrence of Epistylis niagarae(Cilophora: Peritrichida) on fishes from the islandregion of western Lake Erie. The Ohio Journal ofScience 77:193–194.Dias RJP, S D’Ávila and M D’Agosto. 2006. Firstrecord of epibionts, peritrichids and suctorians(Protozoa, Ciliophora) on Pomacea lineata (Spix,1827). Brazilian Archives of Biology andTechnology 49:807–812.Esch GW, TC Hazen, RV Dimock Jr andJW Gibbons. 1976. Thermal effluent and theepizootiology of the ciliate Epistylis and thebacterium Aeromonas in association withcentrarchid fish. Transactions of the AmericanMicroscopical Society 95:687–693.Fernandez-Leborans G, MJH Cordoba and PGArco. 1997. Distribution of ciliate epibionts on theportunid crab Liocarcinus depurator (Decapoda,Brachyura). Invertebrate Biology116:171–177.Fischthal JH. 1949. Epistylis, a peritrichousprotozoan, on hatchery brook trout. ProgressiveFish-Culturalist 11:122–124.Foissner W, GL Hoffman and AJ Mitchell. 1985.Heteropolaria colisarum Foissner & Shubert, 1977(Protozoa: Epistylididae) of North Americanfreshwater fishes. Journal of Fish Diseases 8:145–160.Hazen TC, ML Raker, GW Esch and CB Fliermans.1979. Ultrastructure of red-sore lesions onLargemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides):Association of the ciliate Epistylis sp. and thebacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal ofProtozoology 25:351–355.Hoffman GL. 1999. Parasites of North Americanfreshwater fishes. 2nd ed. Comstock PublishingAssociates (Ithaca, NY). 539 p.Hubert WA and MC Warner. 1975. Control ofEpistylis on channel catfish in raceways. Journal ofWildlife Diseases 11:241–244.Lewis RE, JR Siler and LL Olmsted. 1978.Prevalence and intensity of Epistylis on fishes fromtwo North Carolina reservoirs. Proceedings of theAnnual Conference Southeastern Association ofFish and Wildlife Agencies 31:372–379.Lom J and I Dykovà. 1992. Protozoan parasites offishes. Elsevier Science Publishers (Amsterdam,Netherlands). 315 p.Lynn DH (ed.). 1988. The ciliated Protozoa:Characterization, classification, and guide to theliterature. 3rd Edition. Springer (NY). 604 p.Miller RW and WR Chapman. 1976. Epistylis andAeromonas hydrophila infections in fishes fromNorth Carolina reservoirs. Progressive Fish-Culturalist 38:165–168.Reichenbach-Klinke HH. 1973. Fish pathology: Aguide to the recognition and treatment of diseasesand injuries of fishes, with emphasis onenvironmental and pollution problems. T.F.H.Publications (Neptune City, NJ). 492 p.Rogers WA. 1971 Disease in fish due to the protozoanEpistylis (Ciliata: Peritricha) in the SoutheasternU.S. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conferenceof the Southeastern Association Game and FishCommission 25:493–496.Vogelbein WK and RL Thune. 1988. Ultrastructuralfeatures of three ectocommensal Protozoa attachedto the gills of the red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea: Decapoda).Journal of Protozoology 35:341–348.Wahl M. 1989. Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling andantifouling some basic aspects. Marine EcologyProgress Series 58:175–189.283Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 70 [2016], Art. 48Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2016

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An Epistylus sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia: Epistylididae) Infestation on Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), from Arkansas

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