David, Stanley N.

Hinck, Lawrence W.

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 46 Article 21 1992 Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Fever on the Humoral Response of New Zealand White Rabbits Lawrence W. Hinck Arkansas State University Stanley N. David Arkansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Animal Diseases Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Hinck, Lawrence W. and David, Stanley N. (1992) "Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Fever on the Humoral Response of New Zealand White Rabbits," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 46 , Article 21. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol46/iss1/21 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 46, 1992102Tropisternus ellipticus (LeConte) is found from Oregon to central Iowa and east central Missouri, then south through Central America (Spangler, 1960). Wereport itfor the first time from Arkansas. For our rarest Tropisternus species, we have seven collections of one specimen each, and each is from a differentcounty (Fig. 6). All specimens are from Ozark streams and were taken during January, February, April.June, July and November. Huggins and Harp's (1983)identification of this species in Franklin County material was incorrect.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Julia R. Bollinger (ASU Entomological Collection), Chris Carlton (UA-Fayelteville EntomologicalMuseum) and Robert Watson (UA-Littlc Rock Entomological Museum) for loaning specimens. Paul Spangler(Smithsonian Institution) verified identification of the T. ellipticus specimens.LITERATURE CITEDCOCHRAN, B.G. and G.L. HARP. 1990. The aquatic macroinvertebratesof the St. Francis Sunken Lands innortheast Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad.Sci. 44:23-27.FARRIS, J.L. and G.L HARP. 1982. Aquatic macroinvertebrates of threeacid bogs on Crowley's Ridge in northeast Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad.Sci. 36:23-27.HARP, G.L. and P.A. HARP. 1980. Aquatic macroinvertebrates ofWapanocca National Wildlife Refuge. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 34:115-1 17.HARP, G.L. and R.D. HUBBARD. 1972. Limnology offour bauxite open-pitlakes. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 26:47-51.HUGGINS, J.A. and G.L. HARP. 1983. Aquatic macroinvertebrates of theHiatt Prairie region, Franklin County, Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci.37:92-94.JUSTUS, B.G. 1990. Effectiveness of a boat clarifier method on domesticsewage as evidenced by the recovery ofaquatic macroinvertebrates inareceiving Ozark stream. M.S. thesis, Ark.St. Univ., State University. 70PP.SHEPHERD, B. 1984. Arkansas's natural heritage. August House, LittleRock, AR.1 16 pp.SPANGLER, P.J. 1960. Arevision of the genus Tropisternus (Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae) PhD dissertation, Univ.ofMissouri, Columbia. 365 pp.GEORGE L.HARP, Dept. ofBiological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, and WALTER H. NEASBITT, 305 Marys Oak Drive,Clarksville, 77V 37042-5493.THE EFFECT OF BACTERIALLJPOPOLYSACCHARIDE -INDUCED FEVER ONTHE HUMORALRESPONSE OF NEW ZEALANDWHITE RABBITSThe response tomicrobial infection and microbial products is often an elevation of body temperature commonly termed fever. Itseems likely that fever maybe a beneficial host response providing a mechanism that aids survival from infections (Kluger el al., 1975; Kluger and Vaughn, 1978). Kluger and Vaughn(1978) and Dinarello and Wolff (1978) noted that infected rabbits had a higher survival rate at moderate febrile levels; although, the reverse occurred at highbody temperatures. Largely resulting from advertising, the American public is conditioned to routinely administer antipyretics during infections to suppress thefever response. Recently, Doran et al. (1989) reported that the healing time was prolonged in 37 children with chicken pox who received the antipyreticacetaminophen compared to 31 children receiving a placebo. Graham et al. (1990) also reported a negative effect against a Rhino virus infection when humanvolunteers receiving aspirin or acetaminophen produced lower liter antisera and shed virus for a longer time than those given aplacebo.The fever response can be initiated by exposing an animal to a variety of different chemical substances termed pyrogens including a number derived frominfectious agents. Among the latter is bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. This material producesdose-related fevers in humans and rabbits and has frequently been employed as a fever inducer forexperimental purposes (Wolff, et al., 1965; Wolff, 1973). Acomplicating factor inpredicting and assessing the potential benefits ofan I.PS-induced fever is the fact that injection with this material may also trigger therelease of ACTH and corticosterone which can result in immunosuppression (Moberg, 1971; Yasuda and Greer, 1978; Nakano et al., 1987; Derijk et al., 1991).The current study was undertaken to examine the effects that fever and antipyretic fever suppression might have on the humoral response in rabbits.Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide (Salmonella typhosa No. L-6386, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and acetaminophen were employed as the pyrogenand antipyretic respectively. Since LPS is itself antigenic, the antibody response to this substance was studied. However, to better assess the overall effects offever and fever suppression, sheep erythrocytes were also employed as a second antigen.Three groups each of seven New Zealand White rabbits (4.0 to 4.5 Kg) were employed in the study. Each animal was injected via amarginal ear vein on fiveseparate days at 48 hr intervals (days 1-9) with 1.0 ml. ofa 10% suspension of sheep erythrocytes (S-RBC) in sterile saline. One group (S-RBC Only) receivedonly the S-RBC while a second group (Fever Group) received an injection ofa specified dose of LPS (8ng/Kg on days one and three, 12 ng/Kg on day five,15ng/Kg on day seven, and 18 ng/Kg on day nine) along with the S-RBC. The increased dosage schedule was necessary because a resistance to the effects of LPShad been previously observed by day five inpreliminary trials. A third group (Fever-Suppressed Group) was treated identically to the Fever Group except thatacetaminophen was administered per OS ina dose of100 mg/kg 15 minutes prior to each S-RBC/LPS injection. Immediately prior to each injection, a rabbit'sbase-line rectal temperature wus measured and recorded. Temperatures were then recorded at one hour intervals post-injection fora period offour hours.Sera were collected for analysis by intracardial bleedings using clot activating Vacutainer tubes (15 ml.) equipped with a 20G 1.5" sterile needle. Pre-injectionsamples were taken one week prior to immunization while the post-injection samples were drawn six days after the last injection. All sera were clarified bycentrifugation and kept frozen for later analysis.Antibodies against the LPS were measured byperforming tube agglutination reactions using a somatic (O)antigen prepared in our laboratory from Salmonellatyphi. Antibodies to the sheep erythrocytes were measured by direct tube hemagglulination. Both the bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination reactions aswell as the O antigen preparation were done according to the procedures ofGarvey el al., (1977).102Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 46 [1992], Art. 21Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1992Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol.46, 1992 103The LPS injections produced an average peak rise in temperature of 1.2 C in the Fever Group while both the Fever-Suppressed and S-RBC Only Groupsexperienced an average peak rise in temperature of only 0.1 C. The fever was always apparent at the first measurement and in many cases was sustainedthroughout the four-hour period.Inother instances the temperature had returned tonormal after approximately 3 hours.Bacterial agglutination reactions revealed a higher liter for post-infection antisera from rabbits in the Fever Group when compared to the Fever-SuppressedGroup (Table 1.). The results of the sheep cell hemagglutinations (Table 2.) were similar to those of the bacteria] agglutinations with the Fever Group once againproviding the highest liter post-infection antisera. It was noted that the rabbits receiving only the sheep erythrocytes had an even lower liter than those in theFever-Suppressed Group. Since both the latter groups of rabbits had the same peak rise intemperature itmight be expected that their liters would also be nearlyidentical. The difference between the two groups was not great and might be nothing more than variation within a rather small sample of animals. The data fromboth serological studies suggest that the elevated body temperature of the rabbits did not act as a stressor to reduce the immune response but instead appeared toenhance antibody production. However, it is possible that the injected LPS itself simply had an adjuvant effect unrelated to the development of fever and thelower titcrs seen in the animals receiving acetaminophen might have been the result ofsome action by the drug other than antipyresis. Whatever the relationshipmight be between fever and the humoral response, itseems apparent that the administering ofacetaminophen might interfere with an optimal antibody response.Table 1. Effect of LPS-Induced Fever and Acetaminophen Fever Table 2. Effect of LPS-Induced Fever and Acetaminophen FeverSuppression. Suppression on Hemagglutination Reactions withRabbit Sera.r«vr-«uppr«aa«d Group Favar Group S-RBC OnivPr./ Do.t-Inj.ction Pra/ Do,t-inWtlon Pr./oo.t-lni.ctlon Prt/B°»t-ln1«Ctl°n Pr«/P°8t-ln1«Ctl°n<"/" <"/160 <20/160 <>»/« «0/160O0/160 <20/40 <20/80 <U/\l <20/320<20/4O <20/160 <20/160 <20/80 <20/160<20/160 <20/320 <20/160 <20/80 <2O/8O<a°/*° <J°/80 <2°/40 <20/160 O0/80<2°/«0 <2O/16O <20/80 <2O/llo <2Q/16OM.an: <2O/114 <20/143 <2O/1O3""""• <^°/sl <20/143Tit«r valu.. are reciprocal, of dilution factor.. Tit-r valUM are rlclpcocll| of dilutlon factor..ValUM of <20 represent th. low.st dilution tested. Vj,luM Qf <ao r.pr.Mnt th.low,.t dilutlon f.ted.S-RBC Only represents injections with sheep erythrocytes but noLPS.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis project was supported by an Institutional Research grant provided by Arkansas State University.Recognition also is extended toM. AbdulKhaliq forpreliminary studies with LPS and antibody production.LITERATURE CITEDDERUK, R., N. VANROOUEN, F. TILDERS, H. BESEDOVSKY, A.DEL REY, and F. BERKENBOSCH. 1991. Selective depletion ofmacrophages prevents pituitary-adrenal activation in response tosubpyrogenic, but not pyrogenic, doses of bacterial endotoxin in rats.Endocrinology 129:330-338.DINARELLO,C.A., and S.M. WOLFF. 1978. Pathogensis of fever inman: Seminar inMedicine of Beth Israel Hospital, Boston (Beich,H.L., and E.D. BOYD, eds.) N.Engl. J. Med. 98:607-615.DORAN, T., C. DE ANGELIS, R. BAUMGERDNER, and E.D.MELLmS. 1989. Acetaminophen: more harm than good for chickenpox? J. Pediatr. 114:1045-1048.GARVEY, J.S., N.E. CREMER, and D. SUSSDORF. 1977. Methods inImmunology, 3rd Edition. W.A. Benjamin, Inc., Reading, MA.545pp.GRAHAM,N. M.H., C.J. BURRELL, R.N. DOUGLAS, P. DEBELLE,and L.DAVIES. 1990. Adverse Effects of aspirin, acetominophen,and ibuprofen on immune function, virus shedding, and clinical statusinRhinovirus-infected volunteers. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1277-1282.KLUGER, M.J., D.H. RINGLER, and M.R. ANVER. 1975. Fever andsurvival. Science. 188:166-168.KLUGER, M.J. and I.K.Vaughn. 1978. Fever and survival in rabbitsinjected withPasteurella multocida. J. Physiol. 282:243-251.MOBERG, G. P. 1971. Site of action of endotoxin on hypolhalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am. J. Physiol. 220: 397-400.WOLFF, S.M.. J.H. MULHOLLAND,and S.B. WARD. 1965. Quantitativeaspects of pyrogenic responses of rabbits to endotoxins. J. Lab. Clin.Med. 65:268-275.YASUDA. N. ANDM.A. GREER. 1978. Evidence that the hypothal-amusmediates the endotoxin stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormonesecretion. Endocrinology. 102:947-953.LAWRENCE W.HINCKand STANLEYN.DAVIDDepartment ofBiological Sciences Arkansas State University Slate University AR 72467.103Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 46 [1992], Art. 21https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol46/iss1/21

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Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Fever on the Humoral Response of New Zealand White Rabbits

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 46 Article 211992Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-inducedFever on the Humoral Response of New ZealandWhite RabbitsLawrence W. HinckArkansas State UniversityStanley N. DavidArkansas State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Animal Diseases Commons, and the Zoology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu.Recommended CitationHinck, Lawrence W. and David, Stanley N. (1992) "Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Fever on the Humoral Response ofNew Zealand White Rabbits," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 46 , Article 21.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol46/iss1/21Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 46, 1992102Tropisternus ellipticus (LeConte) is found from Oregon to central Iowa and east central Missouri, then south through Central America (Spangler, 1960). Wereport itfor the first time from Arkansas. For our rarest Tropisternus species, we have seven collections of one specimen each, and each is from a differentcounty (Fig. 6). All specimens are from Ozark streams and were taken during January, February, April.June, July and November. Huggins and Harp's (1983)identification of this species in Franklin County material was incorrect.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Julia R. Bollinger (ASU Entomological Collection), Chris Carlton (UA-Fayelteville EntomologicalMuseum) and Robert Watson (UA-Littlc Rock Entomological Museum) for loaning specimens. Paul Spangler(Smithsonian Institution) verified identification of the T. ellipticus specimens.LITERATURE CITEDCOCHRAN, B.G. and G.L. HARP. 1990. The aquatic macroinvertebratesof the St. Francis Sunken Lands innortheast Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad.Sci. 44:23-27.FARRIS, J.L. and G.L HARP. 1982. Aquatic macroinvertebrates of threeacid bogs on Crowley's Ridge in northeast Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad.Sci. 36:23-27.HARP, G.L. and P.A. HARP. 1980. Aquatic macroinvertebrates ofWapanocca National Wildlife Refuge. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 34:115-1 17.HARP, G.L. and R.D. HUBBARD. 1972. Limnology offour bauxite open-pitlakes. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 26:47-51.HUGGINS, J.A. and G.L. HARP. 1983. Aquatic macroinvertebrates of theHiatt Prairie region, Franklin County, Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci.37:92-94.JUSTUS, B.G. 1990. Effectiveness of a boat clarifier method on domesticsewage as evidenced by the recovery ofaquatic macroinvertebrates inareceiving Ozark stream. M.S. thesis, Ark.St. Univ., State University. 70PP.SHEPHERD, B. 1984. Arkansas's natural heritage. August House, LittleRock, AR.1 16 pp.SPANGLER, P.J. 1960. Arevision of the genus Tropisternus (Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae) PhD dissertation, Univ.ofMissouri, Columbia. 365 pp.GEORGE L.HARP, Dept. ofBiological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, and WALTER H. NEASBITT, 305 Marys Oak Drive,Clarksville, 77V 37042-5493.THE EFFECT OF BACTERIALLJPOPOLYSACCHARIDE -INDUCED FEVER ONTHE HUMORALRESPONSE OF NEW ZEALANDWHITE RABBITSThe response tomicrobial infection and microbial products is often an elevation of body temperature commonly termed fever. Itseems likely that fever maybe a beneficial host response providing a mechanism that aids survival from infections (Kluger el al., 1975; Kluger and Vaughn, 1978). Kluger and Vaughn(1978) and Dinarello and Wolff (1978) noted that infected rabbits had a higher survival rate at moderate febrile levels; although, the reverse occurred at highbody temperatures. Largely resulting from advertising, the American public is conditioned to routinely administer antipyretics during infections to suppress thefever response. Recently, Doran et al. (1989) reported that the healing time was prolonged in 37 children with chicken pox who received the antipyreticacetaminophen compared to 31 children receiving a placebo. Graham et al. (1990) also reported a negative effect against a Rhino virus infection when humanvolunteers receiving aspirin or acetaminophen produced lower liter antisera and shed virus for a longer time than those given aplacebo.The fever response can be initiated by exposing an animal to a variety of different chemical substances termed pyrogens including a number derived frominfectious agents. Among the latter is bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. This material producesdose-related fevers in humans and rabbits and has frequently been employed as a fever inducer forexperimental purposes (Wolff, et al., 1965; Wolff, 1973). Acomplicating factor inpredicting and assessing the potential benefits ofan I.PS-induced fever is the fact that injection with this material may also trigger therelease of ACTH and corticosterone which can result in immunosuppression (Moberg, 1971; Yasuda and Greer, 1978; Nakano et al., 1987; Derijk et al., 1991).The current study was undertaken to examine the effects that fever and antipyretic fever suppression might have on the humoral response in rabbits.Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide (Salmonella typhosa No. L-6386, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and acetaminophen were employed as the pyrogenand antipyretic respectively. Since LPS is itself antigenic, the antibody response to this substance was studied. However, to better assess the overall effects offever and fever suppression, sheep erythrocytes were also employed as a second antigen.Three groups each of seven New Zealand White rabbits (4.0 to 4.5 Kg) were employed in the study. Each animal was injected via amarginal ear vein on fiveseparate days at 48 hr intervals (days 1-9) with 1.0 ml. ofa 10% suspension of sheep erythrocytes (S-RBC) in sterile saline. One group (S-RBC Only) receivedonly the S-RBC while a second group (Fever Group) received an injection ofa specified dose of LPS (8ng/Kg on days one and three, 12 ng/Kg on day five,15ng/Kg on day seven, and 18 ng/Kg on day nine) along with the S-RBC. The increased dosage schedule was necessary because a resistance to the effects of LPShad been previously observed by day five inpreliminary trials. A third group (Fever-Suppressed Group) was treated identically to the Fever Group except thatacetaminophen was administered per OS ina dose of100 mg/kg 15 minutes prior to each S-RBC/LPS injection. Immediately prior to each injection, a rabbit'sbase-line rectal temperature wus measured and recorded. Temperatures were then recorded at one hour intervals post-injection fora period offour hours.Sera were collected for analysis by intracardial bleedings using clot activating Vacutainer tubes (15 ml.) equipped with a 20G 1.5" sterile needle. Pre-injectionsamples were taken one week prior to immunization while the post-injection samples were drawn six days after the last injection. All sera were clarified bycentrifugation and kept frozen for later analysis.Antibodies against the LPS were measured byperforming tube agglutination reactions using a somatic (O)antigen prepared in our laboratory from Salmonellatyphi. Antibodies to the sheep erythrocytes were measured by direct tube hemagglulination. Both the bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination reactions aswell as the O antigen preparation were done according to the procedures ofGarvey el al., (1977).102Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 46 [1992], Art. 21Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1992Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol.46, 1992 103The LPS injections produced an average peak rise in temperature of 1.2 C in the Fever Group while both the Fever-Suppressed and S-RBC Only Groupsexperienced an average peak rise in temperature of only 0.1 C. The fever was always apparent at the first measurement and in many cases was sustainedthroughout the four-hour period.Inother instances the temperature had returned tonormal after approximately 3 hours.Bacterial agglutination reactions revealed a higher liter for post-infection antisera from rabbits in the Fever Group when compared to the Fever-SuppressedGroup (Table 1.). The results of the sheep cell hemagglutinations (Table 2.) were similar to those of the bacteria] agglutinations with the Fever Group once againproviding the highest liter post-infection antisera. It was noted that the rabbits receiving only the sheep erythrocytes had an even lower liter than those in theFever-Suppressed Group. Since both the latter groups of rabbits had the same peak rise intemperature itmight be expected that their liters would also be nearlyidentical. The difference between the two groups was not great and might be nothing more than variation within a rather small sample of animals. The data fromboth serological studies suggest that the elevated body temperature of the rabbits did not act as a stressor to reduce the immune response but instead appeared toenhance antibody production. However, it is possible that the injected LPS itself simply had an adjuvant effect unrelated to the development of fever and thelower titcrs seen in the animals receiving acetaminophen might have been the result ofsome action by the drug other than antipyresis. Whatever the relationshipmight be between fever and the humoral response, itseems apparent that the administering ofacetaminophen might interfere with an optimal antibody response.Table 1. Effect of LPS-Induced Fever and Acetaminophen Fever Table 2. Effect of LPS-Induced Fever and Acetaminophen FeverSuppression. Suppression on Hemagglutination Reactions withRabbit Sera.r«vr-«uppr«aa«d Group Favar Group S-RBC OnivPr./ Do.t-Inj.ction Pra/ Do,t-inWtlon Pr./oo.t-lni.ctlon Prt/B°»t-ln1«Ctl°n Pr«/P°8t-ln1«Ctl°n<"/" <"/160 <20/160 <>»/« «0/160O0/160 <20/40 <20/80 <U/\l <20/320<20/4O <20/160 <20/160 <20/80 <20/160<20/160 <20/320 <20/160 <20/80 <2O/8O<a°/*° <J°/80 <2°/40 <20/160 O0/80<2°/«0 <2O/16O <20/80 <2O/llo <2Q/16OM.an: <2O/114 <20/143 <2O/1O3""""• <^°/sl <20/143Tit«r valu.. are reciprocal, of dilution factor.. Tit-r valUM are rlclpcocll| of dilutlon factor..ValUM of <20 represent th. low.st dilution tested. Vj,luM Qf <ao r.pr.Mnt th.low,.t dilutlon f.ted.S-RBC Only represents injections with sheep erythrocytes but noLPS.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis project was supported by an Institutional Research grant provided by Arkansas State University.Recognition also is extended toM. AbdulKhaliq forpreliminary studies with LPS and antibody production.LITERATURE CITEDDERUK, R., N. VANROOUEN, F. TILDERS, H. BESEDOVSKY, A.DEL REY, and F. BERKENBOSCH. 1991. Selective depletion ofmacrophages prevents pituitary-adrenal activation in response tosubpyrogenic, but not pyrogenic, doses of bacterial endotoxin in rats.Endocrinology 129:330-338.DINARELLO,C.A., and S.M. WOLFF. 1978. Pathogensis of fever inman: Seminar inMedicine of Beth Israel Hospital, Boston (Beich,H.L., and E.D. BOYD, eds.) N.Engl. J. Med. 98:607-615.DORAN, T., C. DE ANGELIS, R. BAUMGERDNER, and E.D.MELLmS. 1989. Acetaminophen: more harm than good for chickenpox? J. Pediatr. 114:1045-1048.GARVEY, J.S., N.E. CREMER, and D. SUSSDORF. 1977. Methods inImmunology, 3rd Edition. W.A. Benjamin, Inc., Reading, MA.545pp.GRAHAM,N. M.H., C.J. BURRELL, R.N. DOUGLAS, P. DEBELLE,and L.DAVIES. 1990. Adverse Effects of aspirin, acetominophen,and ibuprofen on immune function, virus shedding, and clinical statusinRhinovirus-infected volunteers. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1277-1282.KLUGER, M.J., D.H. RINGLER, and M.R. ANVER. 1975. Fever andsurvival. Science. 188:166-168.KLUGER, M.J. and I.K.Vaughn. 1978. Fever and survival in rabbitsinjected withPasteurella multocida. J. Physiol. 282:243-251.MOBERG, G. P. 1971. Site of action of endotoxin on hypolhalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Am. J. Physiol. 220: 397-400.WOLFF, S.M.. J.H. MULHOLLAND,and S.B. WARD. 1965. Quantitativeaspects of pyrogenic responses of rabbits to endotoxins. J. Lab. Clin.Med. 65:268-275.YASUDA. N. ANDM.A. GREER. 1978. Evidence that the hypothal-amusmediates the endotoxin stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormonesecretion. Endocrinology. 102:947-953.LAWRENCE W.HINCKand STANLEYN.DAVIDDepartment ofBiological Sciences Arkansas State University Slate University AR 72467.103Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 46 [1992], Art. 21http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol46/iss1/21

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Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-induced Fever on the Humoral Response of New Zealand White Rabbits

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