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Homocoupling defects in diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymers and their effect on photovoltaic performance
Authors
GHL Gael Heintges
KH Koen Hendriks
+4 more
RAJ René Janssen
W Weiwei Li
GWP Gijs van Pruissen
MM Martijn Wienk
Publication date
1 January 2014
Publisher
'American Chemical Society (ACS)'
Doi
Cite
Abstract
We study the occurrence and effect of intrachain homocoupling defects in alternating push-pull semiconducting PDPPTPT polymers based on dithienyl-diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPPT) and phenylene (P) synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling polymerization. Homocoupled TDPPT-TDPPT segments are readily identified by the presence of a low-energy shoulder in the UV/vis/NIR absorption spectrum. Remarkably, the signatures of these defects are found in many diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymers reported in the literature. The defects cause a reduction of the band gap, a higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, a lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, and a localization of these molecular orbitals. By synthesizing copolymers with a predefined defect concentration, we demonstrate that their presence reduces the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of solar cells based on blends of PDPPTPT with [70]PCBM. In virtually defect-free PDPPTPT, the power conversion efficiency is as high as 7.5%, compared to 4.5-5.6% for polymers containing 20% to 5% defects. © 2014 American Chemical Society
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