Boot, M.D.

Zegers, R.P.C.

Boot, MD Michael

Zegers, RPC Ron

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Lignin derived octane and energy improvers for fossil gasoline

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 Lignin derived octane and energy improvers for fossil gasolineCitation for published version (APA):Boot, M. D., & Zegers, R. P. C. (2012). Lignin derived octane and energy improvers for fossil gasoline. InInternational Conference on Biofuels for Sustainable Development of Southern Europe (Bio4SUD), 19-20November 2012, Thessaloniki, Greece (pp. 1-2).Document status and date:Published: 01/01/2012Document Version:Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers)Please check the document version of this publication:• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can beimportant differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. Peopleinterested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit theDOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and pagenumbers.Link to publicationGeneral rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright ownersand it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.            • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.            • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain            • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license above, pleasefollow below link for the End User Agreement:www.tue.nl/taverneTake down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at:openaccess@tue.nlproviding details and we will investigate your claim.Download date: 08. Jul. 2024International Conference “Biofuels for Sustainable Development of Southern Europe” Thessaloniki, Greece 2012  1 Lignin-Derived Research Octane Number and Heating Value Improvers for Gasoline  Michael Boot  Combustion Technology Group,  Department of Mechanical Engineering,  Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands  m.d.boot@tue.nl   INTRODUCTION After cellulose, lignin, an integral part of plant cell walls, is the most widely available organic compound in the world. Lignin, derived from the Latin word for wood, lignum, is a complex polymer of aromatic oxygenates (e.g. p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol). A representative depiction of a lignin molecular structure is presented in Figure 1.  Figure 1. Typical lignin molecular structure A waste stream in the paper plants and, more recently, in cellulosic ethanol plants, lignin is primarily burnt for process heat. Burning complex biological molecules like lignin to generate relatively low-value process heat, while economically viable, should be viewed as a latent cost. This is because its unique aromatic structure is the only large-scale and sustainable feedstock for producing bio-aromatics, which in turn serve as feedstocks for such daily products as nylon stockings and aspirin. Inevitably, there will be less useful fractions of lignin that cannot be converted into high-value chemicals. These lower value side streams could potentially be used as biofuels. In this abstract, a preliminary investigation will be presented into the use of lignin-derived mono-aromatic oxygenates as octane and energy improvers for fossil gasoline. This paper will not discuss the thermo-catalytic production process currently under development which can depolymerise lignin into compounds like those discussed later on in this abstract.  METHODOLOGY Arguably, two of the most important fuel properties for gasoline applications are the research octane number (RON) and (volumetric higher) heating value (HHV). The energy density and RON were measured as according to ASTM D 240 and ASTM D2699, respectively at Intertek in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In order to investigate how mono-aromatic oxygenates, like those found in lignin, perform as fuels, a total of 7 aromatics oxygenates were tested and benchmarked against ethanol and conventional EN224 gasoline. In compliance with industry standards, the RON and HHV were measured at Intertek (Rotterdam) for each blend of 90 vol.-% gasoline and 10 vol.-% aromatic oxygenate or ethanol.    International Conference “Biofuels for Sustainable Development of Southern Europe” Thessaloniki, Greece 2012  2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Figure 2, the RON and HHV (expressed in MJ/litre) of the investigated 90/10 blends are presented relative to neat gasoline. Ethanol is taken as a benchmark oxygenate.  Figure 2. Aromatic oxygenates   With the exception of guaiacol, which has a relatively high oxygen concentration (i.e. two instead of one functional oxygen groups attached to the aromatic ring), all investigated aromatic oxygenates have a positive effect on both the RON and HHV. Conversely, the benchmark oxygenate, ethanol, while having a positive effect on the RON, has a detrimental impact on the HHV. Accordingly, utilization of lignin monomers as drop-in renewable compounds for gasoline appears to be quite promising as their higher RON and HHV promise a better power performance and fuel economy, respectively.  Acknowledgements This work was funded by KIC InnoEnergy  00,511,522,533,54-3,00 -2,00 -1,00 0,00 1,00 2,00RON: Blend vs. neat Gasoline [-] Volumetric HHV: Blend vs. neat Gasoline [%] AnisoleBenzaldehydeBenzyl alcohol2-phenylethanolAcetophenoneCinnamaldehydeGuaiacolEthanolGasoline

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