Relatorio presentado no International Conference on Language Variation in Europe 8 (ICLaVE). Leipzig (Alemaña), 27-29 maio 201

Louredo Rodríguez, Eduardo

Repositorio Institucional da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

       DSpace da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela http://dspace.usc.es/ Instituto da Lingua Galega ______________________________________________________________________________ Eduardo  Louredo  Rodríguez  (2015):  “A study of  Galician-Castilian contact based on the verb morphology of dialects of the Ribeiro district”. International Conference on Language Variation in Europe 8 (ICLaVE). Leipzig (Alemaña), 27-29 maio 2015 ______________________________________________________________________________      You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions:  Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor                                        (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).   Non commercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes.   Eduardo Louredo Rodríguezeduardo.louredo@usc.esInstituto da Lingua GalegaInvestigation Group GI-1743Universidade de Santiago de Compostela11. Introduction Contact between Galician and Castilian.  XX century: the number of people who speaks Spanishincreases.2Usual language in Galicia (IGE, 2013)Source: Professor Henrique Monteagudo31. Introduction Contact linguistic situations borrowing and code-switching. Loan words. Interferences, Weinreich (1953). Standard Galician (1982) and Galician at school.41. Introduction Lexical loans and morphological interferences. Morphological contact is more difficult to explain thanlexical contact. Ca. 1980  Galician at school. Knogwledge of standard Galician people under 30 years old.51. Introduction Between XV and XX centuries Diglossia (Fishman) between Galician basilects and acrolect (Castilian). Roof language (Dachsprache, Kloss)   Castilian. “exoglossic diglossia” (Peter Auer 2005: 9). With standard Galician  “diaglossia” (Auer 2005: 22). Castilian > Standard Galician > Popular Galician.62. Methodology7Table 1: Generations Generation Generation I Generation II Generation III Age More than 60 years 40-56 years 16-30 years People interviewed 10 10 11  82. Methodology semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. Problem: scarce frequency of morphological variants . Main objective: to highlight some tendencies in linguistic change in Galician and to establish a small typology of changes. Be careful! The number of people consulted is not sufficiently representative.93. Analysis of the variables101. Substitution of a Galician form by a Castilian form Galician infinitive bater (to beat) vs. Spanish batir.11Graph II: Batir ~ Bater121. Substitution of a Galician form by a Castilian form Variation vallo ~ valo ~ valgo oldest and most conservative variant  vallo (<VALĔO).  Valgo (Castilian form).  Valo (Galician): process of analogical regularization:andar > ando   comer > como  valer > valo (cfr. vallo) to walk> I walk  to eat> I eat  to be good at> I am good at        Figure I  13Graph III: Vallo ~ Valo ~ Valgo142. The dialectal form coinciding with Castilian expands a dialectal variant coinciding with Castilian is more employed than the other which does not possess the same formal identity. convergence (Gumperz / Wilson 1971). Cantabamos ~ cantábamos (‘we used to sing’).15 A) Cantabamos ~ cantábamos (‘ we used to sing’). The proparoxytone variant (cantábamos) is like Spanish form. This variant (cantábamos) occupies an important area in Galicia.16Graph IV: Cantábamos ~ Cantabamos17tendency of the language to regularize the paradigm? Cantába Cantábas Cantába CantabámosCantábamos CantabádesCantábades Cantában  Figure 2  18Group 3: Expansion of a variant coinciding with Castilian and standard Galician.  caír (‘fall’) vs. Caer. Caír is the majority form in the south of Galicia whilst caer is its equivalent in the north. Caer is also the Castilian word.19Graph V: Caír ~ Caer20Group 4: The expansion of a variant coinciding with Castilian which is more morphologically regular. verb dicir (‘to say’).  In the majority of Galician dialects: dis (you say), di(he/she says) and din (they say). in a large area of the territory studied the variants dices, dice and dicen (cfr. Spanish dices, dice, dicen). Are they continuations of the medieval Galician dizes, diz and dizen Ferreiro (1996: 327)?21Graph VI: Dis ~ Dices, etc.22Graph VII: Dis ~ Dices, etc.23Group 5: Contact with Castilian causes hybrid forms. Linguistic contact can cause variants to appear which did not exist in any of the languages in question. In this case the element which changes is the root of the word. Souben ~ Soupen ~ Supen (I knew). Cfr. Spanish supe. Souben is the Galician variant.24Graph VIII: Souben ~ Soupen ~ Supen25Group 6: Emergence in the use of standard Galician forms. The infinitive of the verb coñecer (‘to know’) presents the variants conocer and coñecer. Conocer is a loan word from the Castilian.26Graph IX: Coñecer ~ Conocer27Group 6: Emergence in the use of standard Galician forms. The first person singular of the present of the same verb: Coñezo ~ Conozo ~ Conozco (‘I know) Conozo, formed upon the infinitive conocer. Conozco (from) Spanish. Coñezo (standard Galician ).28Graph X: Coñezo ~ Conozo ~ Conozco294. Conclusions Castilian is one more linguistic variant which may or may not condition the development of popular Galician.  The role of standard Galician, which acts in many cases as a leveller of dialectal variation (such as in the case of ouír, oucir, ouvir) or as an incipient restriction of some former interferences (for example, in the verb coñecer), should be taken into account.  In the majority of variables studied, it is the members of the youngest generation who most use those variants which coincide with Castilian, whilst only in some of the cases can the influence of the standard language be detected.30References Auer, Peter (2005): “Europe’s sociolinguisticunity, or: A tipology ofEuropeandialect/standard constellations” in NicoleDelbecque / Johanvan der Auwera / Dirk Geeraerts: Perspectives on Variation:Sociolinguistic, Historical, Comparative. Berlin/New York: Moutonde Gruyter, pp.7-42. Hickey, Raymond (ed.) (2013): The handbook of language contact.Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Kabatek, Johanes (2000): Os falantes como lingüistas. Tradición,innovación e interferencias no galego actual. Vigo: Xerais. Mariño Paz, Ramón (2008): Historia de la lengua gallega.Muenchen: LINCOM Europa. Weinreich, Uriel (1974 [1968]): Lenguas en contacto.Descubrimientos y problemas. Venezuela: Universidad Central. Winford, Donald (2003): An introduction to contact linguistics.Malden: Blackwell.31Thank you!Graciñas!eduardo.louredo@usc.es32

A study of Galician-Castilian contact based on the verb morphology of dialects of the Ribeiro district

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