Degauque, Pierre

Gaillot, Davy P

Joseph, Wout

Laly, Pierre

Liénard, Martine

Tanghe, Emmeric

English

Ghent University Academic Bibliography

Radio Wave Penetration into Buildings – Polarization and Spatial Characteristics of the Rays   PIERRE LALY, DAVY GAILLOT, MARTINE LIENARD and PIERRE DEGAUQUE Dept. of Electronics IEMN/TELICE University of Lille Bldg. P3, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex FRANCE  EMMERIC TANGHE and WOUT JOSEPH Dept. iMinds University of Gent 9050 Gent BELGIUM Martine.lienard@univ-lille1.fr    http://telice.univ-lille1.fr   Abstract: - This contribution presents measurements and analysis of the outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in the 1.35 GHz band. Indeed, in such a configuration, most of the results already published in the literature deal with an analysis of the path loss variation as a function of the position of the receiver inside the building, thus when it moves from a light indoor configuration to deep indoor. In this paper we extend these results to analyze the change in wave polarization, expressed in terms of cross-polar discrimination factor, and to study the distribution of the direction of the rays for many positions of the receiver inside the building. To achieve this goal, experiments have been carried out with a real time MIMO channel sounder, designed and developed by the authors, and based on flexible software architecture. After describing the main features of the sounder and the geometrical configuration of the experiments, results on narrow band and wide band analysis will be described.  Key-Words: - Outdoor-to-indoor, polarization, direction of arrival, delay spread, penetration into building   1 Introduction The outdoor to indoor channel characteristics has already been widely studied but mainly to estimate the additional path loss when the mobile unit moves inside the building. Indeed, as outlined in [1], the way in which signals penetrate into buildings has become a central aspect of the deployment of femtocells for insuring indoor network coverage. Extensive measurements have thus been carried out to evaluate the received signal level and thus the signal to noise ratio, and to propose adequate path loss models. In [2], a study of the extra signal attenuation due to building is presented for different types of building. However, in an area close to a window, Hirota [3] points out that propagation loss does not follow the existing formula where loss is predicted in proportion to distance. Therefore, for path loss predictions, numerous models have been proposed. As an example, a theoretical analysis method that is a hybrid of ray tracing and physical optics is detailed in [4], and in [5] geometrics and finite difference methods are proposed.  Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems can of course be used for evaluating path loss but they also allow getting a more in-depth view of the channel characteristics. In [6], MIMO measurements at 780 MHz are presented, path loss results being compared to two modified versions of COST 231 path loss model. The statistical properties of the channel matrix and of the capacity of the link are analyzed in [7], for a frequency of 3.5 GHz. In [8], angular spread and other statistical parameters characterizing the channel are discussed showing the limits of MIMO channel assumptions often used in stochastic models. However, this study was done assuming that both transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) antennas are vertically polarized. Nevertheless, the polarimetric characteristics of the channel are of prime importance to exploit diversity or multiplexing schemes. Results of investigations on this point are described in [9] but only if both Tx and Rx are inside a building. The work described in this paper is thus an extension of these previous studies and presents a Pierre Laly et al.Journal of Electromagnetics http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/jeISSN: 2534-8833 1 Volume 1, 2016miarcawilabcopcftc3pig  2STdabtoipve1pO18tpSactaduultidimensindoor propand spatial aays (DoA). Aenter frequentenna illumhich Rx is nner environight indoor ( configuratiy the incidorrespondinpposite sideaper is to haracteristicAfter brieeatures of thhe measuronfiguration. Section 4 olarization ncluding Doiving the co Main ounder he MIMOeveloped bynd the Univased on a fhe soundingn the studies a dual-pololarization ertical axislements bein6x16 chaolarizationsFDM trans00 MHz, t192. 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The DoAccessive poen in Fig. 4ortional to e chosen fo in room R5s from 9 tR1 to R5). 5 is in deehis room arthe buildinnce (Fig. 1the angles o being giveence of treean importann additionain R3 – R4 i of the direcen Tx and this angle og to multiplhe strongesnce betweeble. This cae reflectionntribution oon  delay, poweeduced fromiMax higconsider ththen from R of the mossitions of Rb, the surfacthe receiver defining th, o It p e g ). f n s t l s t e f e t n n s f r  h e 4 t x e d e Pierre Laly et al.Journal of Electromagnetics http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/jeISSN: 2534-8833 3 Volume 1, 2016af Fdtr ctrRcdsLfi  4TomlatrdocDpngle of arrivaçade of theig. 4. (a) Gisplacemento R6; (b) Diay at succesIn R1, toincides wihis DoA areeach +/- 50°x is on thorresponds tispersion aometimes quastly the rrom the DoAn LI to 80° i Concluhe multi-dimutdoor-to-ineasured anine of sight t the receivehe main lobeferred to theep indoor, rientation oross polarizelay spreaolarization al is the lin building (Fieometrical  of Rx alongrection of asive receivinhe DoA oth the line T still spread. For the see order of o the mean round this ite differenms angular s of the rayn DI. sion ensional chdoor propd analyzed. of Tx (Lightr strongly dee of the Rxe direction Tthe waves arf the antennation discrimd for cohas been stue perpendicug. 1).  (a)  (b) configuratio 2 paths: Rrrival of theg points alonf the most x-Rx. In R5 around 0° cond path th50° (Fig.1)of the DoA bvalue. Thist than the dspread has s and varies annel charaagation cFor rooms  Indoor), wapends on th elementary x-Rx. On the depolarizea, the mediaination fact-polarizationdied. We halar to the m n showing 1 to R5 and  most powerg these pathpowerful , the valuesbut sometime direction T. This maiut with a la DoA is thirection Tx-Rbeen deducfrom about cteristics of hannel wsituated in ve polarizate orientationpatch antene contrary, d whatever n value of or being 0 d and crove also shoain  the R4 ful s.  ray  of es x-nly rge us x. ed 10° the ere the ion  of na, for the the B. ss-wn thathefro  Ref[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10t the directi direction Tm 10° for ligerences:  D. M. Ropropagatiomodeling 1800 MHand Propa L. FerreirM. CorrpenetratioInt. Symp.2006, pp.  Y. Hirota,to-indoor 800 MHz Ant. and P T. Imai amethod ooutdoor-topredictionElectroma G. de la VillemaudCombinatmodels foto indooAntennas  E. SuikkaCharacterito-indoor Symp., 20 Y. LostanZein, AnaMIMO chand Propa S. WyneEriksson, to indoor 5.2 GHz, 2008, pp. E. M. ViDegli-Esppolarizatioin indoor on applied] P. Laly, DegauqueMartens, Fmultidimeestimationand Applion of the mox-Rx but theht indoor tose and T. Kn – Acof indoor z, Proc. Eg. (EUCAP)a, M. Kuipeeia, Charn into builin on Wireless63-67  H. Izumikawradio propagband in an urop./URSI Snd Y. Okumf ray tracing-indoor , IEEE gn., 2014, pRoche, P., Z. Jie ion of geomr radio wavr scenariosand Propag.nen, A. Tzation of prscenario at 10, pp. 70-74len, T. Tenolysis of meannel matrig./URSI Sym, A. F. MJ. Kardeal aMIMO meaIEEE Trans1374-1386 tucci, F. Mosti, Analysn characteriand outdoor EM and CoD. P. G, E. Tanghlexible realnsional p, IEEE Cocations, Novst powerful  angular spr 80° in deepurner, Outdcurate meaenvironmenturopean Co, 2012, pp. rs, C. Rodracterization gs for GSM communicaa, and C. Oation characrban enviroymp., 2014,ara, Study and physicpropagationInt. wop. 249-250.  Flipo, L. and J. etric and fine propagatio, European, 2010, pp. 1olli and Mopagation in780 MHz, I. ux, H. Farhasured outdx at 3.5 GHp., 2010, ppolisch, P. nd F. Tufvessurements an. Vehicular Tani, C. Oeis and modstics of diffu radio propammun., 201aillot, M. e, W. Jos-time channeolarimetric nf. on Ante.30 –Dec. 2,ray is arounead increase indoor.   oor to indoosuring an at 900 annf. Antenna1440-1444.igues, and Lof signa and UMTStion Systemsno, Outdoorteristics witnment, IEEE pp. 697-698 on a hybrial optics fo channerkshop oZhuihua, GM. Gorceite differencn in outdoo Conf. o-5 . Latva-aho an outdoorEEE PIMRCat and G. Eoor-to-indooz, IEEE An. 1-4. Almers, Gson, Outdood analysis aechno., Mastges and Veling of thse scatteringation, Conf3, pp. 1-5. Lienard, Peph, and Ll sounder foparametenna Measur 2015 d s r d d s . l , , -h   d r l n . , e r n , - l r t. . r t y . e g . . . r r . Pierre Laly et al.Journal of Electromagnetics http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/jeISSN: 2534-8833 4 Volume 1, 2016

Radio wave penetration into buildings: polarization and spatial characteristics of the rays

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Radio wave penetration into buildings: polarization and spatial characteristics of the rays

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