Shah Ebrahim and colleagues examine the distribution of obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors among urban migrant factory workers in India, together with their rural siblings. The investigators identify patterns of change of cardiovascular risk factors associated with urban migration

A Duseja

A Misra

A Ramachandran

AH Barnett

AM Prentice

AV Bharathi

B Kirkwood

BD Gushulak

C Chow

CC Kelleher

CE Salmond

CH Barcenas

CH Fall

CL Parr

DML Marchioni

Dorairaj Prabhakaran

Elizabeth Andersen

George Davey Smith

H Antecol

H Hara

J Elford

J He

J Landman

J Sundquist

JC Levy

K. Srinath Reddy

KGMM Alberti

KS Reddy

L McKay

Lakshmy Ramakrishnan

LH Kushi

Liza Bowen

M Schooling

MG Marmot

MS Green

MS Kaplan

Murali Mohan

NR Poulter

P Trinder

PM Greenhalgh

Prashant Joshi

R Kuriyan

R Scribner

R. C. Ahuja

S Argeseanu Cunningham

S Izawa

S Kinra

S. Mohan Das

Sanjay Kinra

Sean-Shong Hwang YueCao

Shah Ebrahim

SM Sadikot

SV Subramanian

T Lyngdoh

Tanica Lyngdoh

V Mohan

WPT James

Yoav Ben-Shlomo

English

PubMed

Crossref

The Effect of Rural-to-Urban Migration on Obesity and Diabetes in India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. We tested the hypotheses that rural-to-urban migrants have a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than rural nonmigrants, that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes. Methods and Findings The place of origin of people working in factories in north, central, and south India was identified. Migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by interview, examination, and fasting blood samples. Obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors were compared. A total of 6,510 participants (42% women) were recruited. Among urban, migrant, and rural men the age- and factory-adjusted percentages classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] &gt;25 kg/m2) were 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.1–44.7), 37.8% (95% CI 35.0–40.6), and 19.0% (95% CI 17.0–21.0), respectively, and as diabetic were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6–15.4), 14.3% (95% CI 12.2–16.4), and 6.2% (95% CI 5.0–7.4), respectively. Findings for women showed similar patterns. Rural men had lower blood pressure, lipids, and fasting blood glucose than urban and migrant men, whereas no differences were seen in women. Among migrant men, but not women, there was weak evidence for a lower prevalence of both diabetes and obesity among more recent (≤10 y) migrants. Conclusions Migration into urban areas is associated with increases in obesity, which drive other risk factor changes. Migrants have adopted modes of life that put them at similar risk to the urban population. Gender differences in some risk factors by place of origin are unexpected and require further exploration.Background Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. We tested the hypotheses that rural-to-urban migrants have a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than rural nonmigrants, that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes. Methods and Findings The place of origin of people working in factories in north, central, and south India was identified. Migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by interview, examination, and fasting blood samples. Obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors were compared. A total of 6,510 participants (42% women) were recruited. Among urban, migrant, and rural men the age- and factory-adjusted percentages classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] &gt;25 kg/m2) were 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.1–44.7), 37.8% (95% CI 35.0–40.6), and 19.0% (95% CI 17.0–21.0), respectively, and as diabetic were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6–15.4), 14.3% (95% CI 12.2–16.4), and 6.2% (95% CI 5.0–7.4), respectively. Findings for women showed similar patterns. Rural men had lower blood pressure, lipids, and fasting blood glucose than urban and migrant men, whereas no differences were seen in women. Among migrant men, but not women, there was weak evidence for a lower prevalence of both diabetes and obesity among more recent (≤10 y) migrants. Conclusions Migration into urban areas is associated with increases in obesity, which drive other risk factor changes. Migrants have adopted modes of life that put them at similar risk to the urban population. Gender differences in some risk factors by place of origin are unexpected and require further exploration

Ebrahim, S

Kinra, S

Bowen, L

Andersen, E

Ben-Shlomo, Y

Lyndoh, T

Ramakrishnan, L

Ahuja, RC

Joshi, P

Mohan Das, S

Mohan, M

Davey Smith, G

Prabhakaran, D

Reddy, KS

for the Indian Migration Study, Group

Explore Bristol Research

The effect of rural to urban migration on obesity and diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. We tested the hypotheses that rural-to-urban migrants have a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than rural nonmigrants, that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The place of origin of people working in factories in north, central, and south India was identified. Migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by interview, examination, and fasting blood samples. Obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors were compared. A total of 6,510 participants (42% women) were recruited. Among urban, migrant, and rural men the age- and factory-adjusted percentages classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] >25 kg/m(2)) were 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.1-44.7), 37.8% (95% CI 35.0-40.6), and 19.0% (95% CI 17.0-21.0), respectively, and as diabetic were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6-15.4), 14.3% (95% CI 12.2-16.4), and 6.2% (95% CI 5.0-7.4), respectively. Findings for women showed similar patterns. Rural men had lower blood pressure, lipids, and fasting blood glucose than urban and migrant men, whereas no differences were seen in women. Among migrant men, but not women, there was weak evidence for a lower prevalence of both diabetes and obesity among more recent (</=10 y) migrants. CONCLUSIONS: Migration into urban areas is associated with increases in obesity, which drive other risk factor changes. Migrants have adopted modes of life that put them at similar risk to the urban population. Gender differences in some risk factors by place of origin are unexpected and require further exploration. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Ebrahim, Shah

Kinra, Sanjay

Bowen, Liza

Andersen, Elizabeth

Ben-Shlomo, Yoav

Lyngdoh, Tanica

Ramakrishnan, Lakshmy

Joshi, Prashant

Das, S Mohan

Mohan, Murali

Davey Smith, George

Prabhakaran, Dorairaj

Reddy, K Srinath

Indian Migration Study group

LSHTM Research Online

A new direct method for measuring HDL cholesterol which does not produce any biased values.

A review of ethnicity, health and nutritionrelated diseases in relation to migration in the United Kingdom.

Birthplace, years of residence in the United States, and obesity among MexicanAmerican adults.

Can conventional migration studies really identify critical ageperiod effects?

Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among 345 adults in rural India–the Andhra Pradesh Rural Health Initiative.

Childhood migration and cardiovascular risk.

Corrected homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) evaluation uses the computer programme.

Country of birth, acculturation status and abdominal obesity in a national sample of Mexican-American women and men.

Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor.

Diabetes in British south Asians: nature, nurture, and culture.

Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet Heart Study.

Differences in the prevalence of hypertension by ethnic origin and age at immigration in a cohort of 5,146 Israelis.

Do burdens of underweight and overweight coexist among lower socioeconomic groups in India?

Early programming of adult diseases in resource poor countries.

Ellaway A (2003) Migration and health: a review of the international literature.

Essential medical statistics. 2nd edition. Chapter 31. Analysis of clustered data.

for Population Sciences (IIPS)

Geography and migration with special reference to cardiovascular disease. A life course approach to diabetes.

Health of foreignborn people in the United States: a review.

High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey.

Hjarta ˚ker A

Human energy requirements: a manual for planners and nutritionists.

Hurling alone? How social capital failed to save the Irish from cardiovascular disease in the United States.

Incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii and Los Angeles.

Indian consensus for prevention of hypertension and coronary heart disease. A joint scientific statement of Indian Society of Hypertension and International College of Nutrition.

Indian Migrants Study Group. Assessment of physical activity using accelMigration, Obesity,

Indian migration study group. Sib-recruitment for studying migration and its impact on obesity and diabetes.

Indigenous health and socioeconomic status in India.

Insulin tolerance test is comparable to homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Lessons from the study of immigrant mortality.

Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island migrant study.

Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations.

Migration and its impact on adiposity and type 2 diabetes.

Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant Study.

Non-industrialised countries and affluence.

Paradox as paradigm - the health outcomes of MexicanAmericans.

Patterns, distribution and determinants of under and over-nutrition: a population based study of women in India.

Registrar General and Census Commissioner

Reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire for adolescents.

Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance

Temporal changes in prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban south India.

Temporal changes in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance associated with lifestyle transition occurring in the rural population in India.

The association between length of residence and obesity among Hispanic immigrants.

The basic principles of migration health: population mobility and gaps in disease prevalence. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 3:

The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO

The development and characteristics of a physical activity questionnaire for epidemiological studies in urban middle class Indians.

The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure.

The mortality divide in India: the differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course.

The short term social, economic and health impact of China’s Three Gorges Dam Project: a prospective study.

Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in the UK south Asian community.

Unhealthy assimilation: why do immigrants converge to American health status levels.

Validation of expedient methods for measuring body composition in Indian adults.

World Health Organisation

Zimmet PZ for the WHO consultation (2002) Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.

The effect of rural-to-urban migration on obesity and diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study.

Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. We tested the hypotheses that rural-to-urban migrants have a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than rural nonmigrants, that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes.) were 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.1–44.7), 37.8% (95% CI 35.0–40.6), and 19.0% (95% CI 17.0–21.0), respectively, and as diabetic were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6–15.4), 14.3% (95% CI 12.2–16.4), and 6.2% (95% CI 5.0–7.4), respectively. Findings for women showed similar patterns. Rural men had lower blood pressure, lipids, and fasting blood glucose than urban and migrant men, whereas no differences were seen in women. Among migrant men, but not women, there was weak evidence for a lower prevalence of both diabetes and obesity among more recent (≤10 y) migrants.Migration into urban areas is associated with increases in obesity, which drive other risk factor changes. Migrants have adopted modes of life that put them at similar risk to the urban population. Gender differences in some risk factors by place of origin are unexpected and require further exploration.

Ebrahim Shah

Kinra Sanjay

Bowen Liza

Andersen Elizabeth

Ben-Shlomo Yoav

Lyngdoh Tanica

Ramakrishnan Lakshmy

Ahuja R. C.

Joshi Prashant

Das S. Mohan

Mohan Murali

Davey Smith George

Prabhakaran Dorairaj

Reddy K. Srinath

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

BackgroundMigration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. We tested the hypotheses that rural-to-urban migrants have a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than rural nonmigrants, that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes.Methods and findingsThe place of origin of people working in factories in north, central, and south India was identified. Migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by interview, examination, and fasting blood samples. Obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors were compared. A total of 6,510 participants (42% women) were recruited. Among urban, migrant, and rural men the age- and factory-adjusted percentages classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] >25 kg/m(2)) were 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.1-44.7), 37.8% (95% CI 35.0-40.6), and 19.0% (95% CI 17.0-21.0), respectively, and as diabetic were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6-15.4), 14.3% (95% CI 12.2-16.4), and 6.2% (95% CI 5.0-7.4), respectively. Findings for women showed similar patterns. Rural men had lower blood pressure, lipids, and fasting blood glucose than urban and migrant men, whereas no differences were seen in women. Among migrant men, but not women, there was weak evidence for a lower prevalence of both diabetes and obesity among more recent (ConclusionsMigration into urban areas is associated with increases in obesity, which drive other risk factor changes. Migrants have adopted modes of life that put them at similar risk to the urban population. Gender differences in some risk factors by place of origin are unexpected and require further exploration. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

R C Ahuja

S Mohan Das

K Srinath Reddy

Directory of Open Access Journals

PLoS Medicine

Udgivelsesdato: 2010BACKGROUND: Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. We tested the hypotheses that rural-to-urban migrants have a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than rural nonmigrants, that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The place of origin of people working in factories in north, central, and south India was identified. Migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by interview, examination, and fasting blood samples. Obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular risk factors were compared. A total of 6,510 participants (42% women) were recruited. Among urban, migrant, and rural men the age- and factory-adjusted percentages classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] &gt;25 kg/m(2)) were 41.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39.1-44.7), 37.8% (95% CI 35.0-40.6), and 19.0% (95% CI 17.0-21.0), respectively, and as diabetic were 13.5% (95% CI 11.6-15.4), 14.3% (95% CI 12.2-16.4), and 6.2% (95% CI 5.0-7.4), respectively. Findings for women showed similar patterns. Rural men had lower blood pressure, lipids, and fasting blood glucose than urban and migrant men, whereas no differences were seen in women. Among migrant men, but not women, there was weak evidence for a lower prevalence of both diabetes and obesity among more recent 

Andersen, Elisabeth Anne Wreford

Ahuja, R C

Copenhagen University Research Information System

The effect of rural-to-urban migration on obesity and diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study

null null

Correction: The Effect of Rural-to-Urban Migration on Obesity and Diabetes in India: A Cross-Sectional Study

file:///data/remote/core/dit/data/public_library_of_science/pdf/5ca/ZnRwOi8vZnRwLm5jYmkubmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHViL3BtYy9vYV9wYWNrYWdlLzhjLzc3L1BNQzI4NjA0OTQudGFyLmd6.pdf

The Effect of Rural-to-Urban Migration on Obesity and Diabetes in India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Crossref

Explore Bristol Research

Explore Bristol Research

LSHTM Research Online

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

Directory of Open Access Journals

Copenhagen University Research Information System

Crossref