Lim, Merlyna

Nugroho, Yanuar

English

Lim, M. (Merlyna)

Nugroho, Y. (Yanuar)

Carleton University's Institutional Repository

Vol. 3/No. 2 (2011) INTERNETWORKING INDONESIA JOURNAL  1 
ISSN: 1942-9703 / © 2011 IIJ 
 
NFORMATION and communication technologies (ICTs), 
especially the internet, have become a ubiquitous part of 
people’s lives all over the world, including in Indonesia. Three 
decades since the internet was introduced to Indonesia via the 
first international connection made by the University of 
Indonesia in Jakarta (Lim, 2003:117), the number of 
Indonesian internet users has reached 39.6 million or 
approximately 16.1% of total population (Internet World Stats, 
2011). That makes Indonesia one of 20 countries with the 
highest number of internet users. The more stunning fact 
comes from the usage of social media in the country. In 2011, 
there are around five million bloggers populated the 
Indonesian blogosphere. By December 2011, there are 41.7 
million Facebook users in Indonesia, making it the second 
largest nation on Facebook after the United States  
(Socialbakers, 2011). In addition, the April 2011 data from 
Comscore (2011) reported that at 22% Indonesia ranks fourth 
of its Twitter population, behind the Netherlands, Japan and 
Brazil. 
The growing use of the internet, including social media, has 
not only implicated the ways Indonesians communicate, but 
also influenced the ways they connect to each other. With the 
developments of social media such as blogs, wikis, 
collaborative websites and other social networking tools to 
fulfill the personal, organizational, societal and political goals, 
and to influence the ways individuals work and live, it is 
important to understand the implications it brings. What is 
central here is the needs for a critical examination of the 
assumptions behind the internet adoption in Indonesia and the 
ways in which these impact, and are impacted by, the societal 
development. While innovations in internet technologies and 
social media have perhaps given new impetus for the 
reinvention of many activism in many fronts (i.e. government, 
business, and civil society organizations), more than often, not 
all of these technological adoption processes are deliberate 
and strategically designed by the users.  
Similarly, equal access to telecommunication infrastructure 
cannot be assumed as granted: digital divide (Norris, 2001) is 
real, particularly in developing worlds like Indonesia. 
Moreover, mobile and cable broadband penetration has been 
claimed to have bridged the divide (e.g. Roux, 2011) but most 
of its development simply follows the ‘market logic’ rather 
than its ‘universal service obligation’ (e.g. Rauen et al., 2011), 
leaving many deprived areas unconnected, as is the case in 
 
The editors can be reached individually at the following email addresses. 
Merlyna Lim is at: Merlyna.Lim@asu.edu.  Yanuar Nugroho can be reached 
at: yanuar.nugroho@manchester.ac.uk. 
 
Indonesia. In contexts like these, Morozov’s warnings (2011) 
on the over-exaggerated role of digital technology, particularly 
social media in social change, despite sounds too dystopian, 
are worth noting. We should always be critical to the notion of 
the internet being perceived as a causal agent having a pivotal 
role in social change. Echoing Lim and Kann (2008), we 
perceive the internet, as a technological artefact, as “both 
constituted by society and constituting society” (83). The 
impact and outcomes of the internet as well as its inherent 
limits and possibilities are, thus, constructed by “social 
arrangements and contexts around the technology” (Lim & 
Kann, 2008:83). We also note, not only is the adoption and 
use of the Internet and social media never straightforward, its 
integration into many organisational strategies often becomes 
problematic (for an example of internet adoption in civil 
society organizations (CSOs), see Nugroho, 2011).  
However, despite the exponential growth of the internet 
usage and the abovementioned challenges, scholarly work 
focusing on the relationship between the internet and society 
in Indonesia is still a rarity. As a research domain, the 
Indonesian internet study only started about one and half 
decade ago. The first known scholarly work in the field is Hill 
and Sen’s (1997) preliminary survey of the internet’s 
democratizing potential in Indonesian politics. With their 
study on the politics and culture of Indonesian cybercafe or 
warnet in Yogyakarta, Hill & Sen (1997) opened up a new 
terrain for exploration. Since then, a handful of scholars have 
emerged as the first generation of researchers who have 
conducted in-depth research in various social, political, and 
cultural aspects of the internet. Such research is exemplified 
by scholarly work on: the relationship between the internet 
and democracy (Hill & Sen, 2000; 2005; Lim, 2003; 2004a; 
2006), roles of the internet in conflicts and in shaping 
collective identity (Hill, 2002; Brauchler, 2003; 2004; Lim, 
2004b; 2005; 2011), online election (Hill, 2003), CSOs’ use of 
the technology (Nugroho, 2008; 2010a; 2010b; 2011; Nugroho 
and Tampubolon, 2008), urban spatiality of the internet 
development (Lim, 2002), internet adoption in educational 
institution (Kuntoro & Al-Hawamdeh, 2003; Thompson, 
2004), e-government (Furuholt & Wahid, 2008), politics and 
culture of the blogosphere (Lim, 2009), and socio-economic 
aspect of the internet access (cybercafe or warnet) 
(Kristiansen et al, 2003; Wahid et al, 2006), among others. 
While these works can be considered as pioneering, certainly 
there are many other unexplored terrains in this novel field of 
study.  
This special issue aims to enrich the intellectual discussions 
much needed in the field. Five articles showcased here look at 
a wide variety of the uses of online media technologies and 
Introduction to the Special Issue on 
Social Implications of the ICTs in the Indonesian Context 
 
Merlyna Lim and Yanuar Nugroho 
I 
2 INTERNETWORKING INDONESIA JOURNAL Vol. 3/No. 2 (2011) 
ISSN: 1942-9703 / © 2011 IIJ 
platforms and what implications these uses have on people, 
organizations and society in the Indonesian context as the 
technology becomes more widely available. This issue also 
includes works that look at the other side of the coin, those 
who focus on the cultural, social and political shaping of the 
technologies by Indonesian society. We briefly introduce them 
in turn. 
In the first article, Tiastuti and Rakhmani investigate the 
relationship between Indonesia blogging culture and 
primordialism. Providing a rich analysis of the Indonesian 
blogosphere, these authors argue that in this new sphere 
nationality is shaped by old languages but mediated through 
new models. Further, they argue that the blogosphere emerges 
as a network that facilitates ethno-symbolism where the trace 
of ideological hegemony of nationalist ideology merges with 
the ethnic sentiment. Following this, in a comprehensive study 
of the broadband access in the country, the second article by 
Rohman and Bohlin attempts to identify the demand and 
supply factors that determine mobile broadband access. 
Findings from this study show that geographical 
characteristics play more important role than income in 
developing the broadband access.  
In the third article, Wayansari provides an interesting 
exploration of the role of Web 2.0 based websites in 
influencing politics in Indonesia’s new democracy. Through 
the case of Politikana.com, Wayansari demonstrates that user-
generated content platforms can potentially contribute to the 
widening of online public sphere by providing an 
“associational space” for rational and critical discourse. 
Widodo’s study of use of the Internet for public participatory 
democracy by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the 
fourth article, argues along the same line. The author 
demonstrates that citizen journalism or community-based 
journalism is an effective medium to develop participatory 
democracy. His findings, however, show that while there is a 
mutual relationship between internal and external use of the 
internet by NGOs, the advancement in workplace participatory 
democracy does not directly correlate with public 
participatory. Finally, Dewi shares her research on the 
application of local e-government in rural areas. Using the 
case of Terong village, the author demonstrates that the 
successful development of community based e-government in 
bureaucratic reform is determined not only by the application 
of the e-government system itself, but also influenced by the 
media convergence and structural factors such as strong 
leadership and good governance from the related local 
government. 
These articles sit nicely together and are complementary to 
each other. Through their cases, studies, analysis, and 
theorization, contributors of this issue together have 
contributed to a broader understanding of how the internet and 
society have mutually shaped each other and theoretical 
considerations of the links between social implications and the 
internet. It is our honor to edit such a collection. As editors, 
we are also proud to pronounce that the contributors are, 
predominantly, young Indonesian scholars who never 
published in peer-reviewed outlet before. We sincerely hope 
that the launch of this special issue marks a significant 
milestone, not only for these young scholars, but also for the 
advancement of the Indonesian internet study.  
We thank the contributors for their hard work and extend 
our gratitude to Dr. Thomas Hardjono for his valuable support 
and assistance in finalizing this special issue. 
 
 
References  
Braeuchler, B. 2003. Cyberidentities at War: Religion, identity, and the 
Internet in the Moluccan conflict. Indonesia, 75(April):123-151.  
Braeuchler, B. 2004. Islamic Radicalism Online: The Moluccan mission of the 
Laskar Jihad in cyberspace. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 
15(3):267-285. 
Comscore. 2011. The Netherlands Ranks #1 Worldwide in Penetration for 
Twitter and Linkedin. 
http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/4/The_Ne
therlands_Ranks_number_one_Worldwide_in_Penetration_for_Twitter_
and_LinkedIn. Accessed on January 5, 2011. 
Furuholt, B. & Wahid, F. 2008. e-Government Challenges and the Role of 
Political Leadership in Indonesia: the Case of Sragen. Proceedings of the 
41
st
 Hawaii International Conference on the Sytem Sciences. 
Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 1997. Wiring the Warung to Global Gateways: The 
Internet in Indonesia. Indonesia, 63(April):67-89. 
Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 2000. Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia. 
Melbourne: Oxford University Press.  
Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 2002. Netizens in Combat: Conflict on the Internet in 
Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 26(2):165-188.  
Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 2005. The Internet in Indonesia’s New Democracy. 
London: Routledge.  
Hill, D. T. 2003. Communication for a new democracy: Indonesia’s fist online 
elections. The Pacific Review, 16(4):525-547.  
Internet World Stats. 2011. Top 20 countries with the highest number of 
internet users. http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm. Accessed 
on January 5, 2011.  
Kristiansen, S., Furuholt, B., Wahid, F. 2003. Internet café entrepreneurs: 
pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia, The International 
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1):251-263. 
Kuntoro, R. D. & Al-Hawamdeh, S. 2003. E-learning for Higher Education in 
Indonesia. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 2(4):361-
374.  
Lim, M. 2002. From Walking City to Telematic Metropolis: Changing Urban 
Form in Bandung, Indonesia. In T. Bunnell, L. B. W. Drummond & K. 
C. Ho (eds.), Critical Reflections on Cities in Southeast Asia, Singapore: 
Times Academic Press, 75-100. 
Lim, M. 2003. From Real to Virtual (and back again): Civil Society, Public 
Sphere, and Internet in Indonesia. In K. C. Ho, R. Kluver, & C. C. Yang. 
(eds.), Asia.Com: Asia Encounters The Internet, Routledge, 113-128. 
Lim, M. 2004a. Informational Terrains of Identity and Political Power: The 
Internet in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Social and Cultural 
Anthropology (Antropologi Indonesia), 27 (73):1-11.  
Lim, M. 2004b. The Polarization of Identity through the Internet and the 
Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia. Electronic Journal of 
Communication/La Revue Electronique de Communication, 14(3-4), 18 
p. 
Lim, M. 2005. Islamic Radicalism and Anti Americanism in Indonesia: The 
Role of the Internet, Policy Studies Series, Washington DC/Honolulu: 
East West Center. 
Lim, M. 2006. Cyber-Urban Activism and Political Change in Indonesia. 
Eastbound, 1(1):1-19. 
Lim, M. 2009. Global Muslim Blogosphere: Mosaics of Global-Local 
Discourses. In M. McLelland and G. Goggin (eds.) Internationalizing 
Internet Studies: Beyond Anglophone Paradigms, London: Routledge, 
178-195. 
Lim, M. 2011. Islamism in Indonesia and Its Middle Eastern Connections, The 
Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal, 15(02, June).  
Lim, M. & Kann, M. 2008. Networked Politics: Deliberation, Mobilization 
and Networked Practices of Agitation. In K. Varnelis (ed.) Networked 
Publics, Cambridge: MIT Press, 77-107. 
Vol. 3/No. 2 (2011) INTERNETWORKING INDONESIA JOURNAL  3 
ISSN: 1942-9703 / © 2011 IIJ 
Morozov, E. 2011. The Net Delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin 
Books, London. 
Norris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and 
the Internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 
Nugroho, Y. 2008. Adopting Technology, Transforming Society: The Internet 
and the Reshaping of Civil Society Activism in Indonesia. International 
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 6(22):77-105. 
Nugroho, Y. 2010a. Localising the global, globalising the local: The role of 
the Internet in shaping globalisation discourse in Indonesian NGOs. 
Journal of International Development, 28p. DOI: 10.1002/jid.1733 
Nugroho, Y. 2010b. NGOs, The Internet and sustainable development: The 
case of Indonesia. Information, Communication and Society, 13(1):88-
120. 
Nugroho, Y. 2011. Opening the black box: The adoption of innovations in the 
voluntary sector – The case of Indonesian civil society organizations. 
Research Policy, 40(5):761-777. 
Nugroho, Y. & Tampubolon, G., 2008. Network Dynamics in the Transition 
to Democracy: Mapping Global Networks of Contemporary Indonesian 
Civil Society. Sociological Research Online, 13(5). 
Rauen, C.V., Hiratuka, C., Fracalanza, P.S., 2011. Universalization of 
telecommunications services: Public policies in the OECD and in Brazil. 
International Journal of Development Issues, 10(2):108-122. 
Rohman, I. K. & Bohlin, E. (this issue). 
Roux, C.J.B.L. 2011. Can cloud computing bridge the digital divide in South 
African secondary education? Information Development, 27(2):109-116. 
Sari, A. D. (this issues). 
Socialbakers. 2011. Top 5 countries on Facebook. Socialbakers. 
http://www.socialbakers.com.  Accessed on January 5, 2011.  
Thompson, E. Internet Adoption and Use in the Indonesian Academy: Issues 
of Social and Institutional Hierarchy. Indonesian Journal of Social and 
Cultural Anthropology (Antropologi Indonesia), 28(73):20-31.  
Triastuti, I. & Rakhmani, I. (this issue).  
Wahid, F., Furuholt, B., Kristiansen, S. 2006. Information Development, 22 
(4): 278-291. 
Wayansari, A. (this issue). 
Widodo, Y. (this issue). 
  
 
 
Merlyna Lim is a faculty member of the School of Social 
Transformation and Consortium for Science, Policy and 
Outcomes at Arizona State University. Her research and 
teaching interests revolve around the mutual shaping of 
technology & society and socio-political history of 
technology, in relations to issues of globalization, 
democratization, and social equity, and has published 
extensively in these subjects. Lim is interested in 
theoretical challenges on how we understand how 
ideologies and power relations—between state, corporate 
economy, and civil society—being inscribed the 
production and uses of spaces, offline and online, at the 
local, regional, national, international and transnational 
level. In investigating these dynamics, she is interested in 
co-evolution of information (digital) technology and 
society and in the cultural and political implications of the 
production, consumption and exchange of information in 
both cyberspace and (physical) urban space. Professor 
Lim's past and current research projects are 
predominantly conducted in Asian setting, particularly 
Indonesia, and since 2008 also include Middle Eastern 
and North African (MENA) countries. Currently, Lim is 
leading three major projects: (1) The National Science 
Foundation funded project Cyber-Collective Movements: 
Novel Socio-Computational Approaches in Studying the 
Blogosphere (2011-2014) (2) The Office of Naval 
Research funded Blogtracker – Analyzing Social Media 
for Cultural Modeling (2010-2013) and (3) The Ford 
Foundation funded project Advancing Public Interest 
Media in Indonesia (2010-2012). More about her and her 
work see: http://www.merlyna.org. 
 
 
 
 
Yanuar Nugroho is a Research Fellow with the 
Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (MIoIR) and 
core member of the Centre for Development Informatics 
(CDI) at Manchester Business School and School of 
Environment and Development, the University of 
Manchester, UK. He holds Hallsworth Fellowship in 
Political Economy 2010-2012 and was awarded the 
Outstanding Academic of the Year 2009 by the 
Manchester Business School.  
His research interests are concerned with 
technological innovation and in particular the adoption 
and diffusion of innovations in the third sector (non-
governmental and not for profit organizations); 
innovation, development, and sustainability; new 
communication media and social change; and knowledge 
and science dynamics.  
In particular, Yanuar focuses on the role of innovation 
in development, mostly in sustainable development 
and/in developing countries. He also investigates factors 
other than innovation (e.g. democracy, civic engagement, 
among others) that play important roles in the success of 
development and pays attention to intermediaries and 
intermediation process in the systems of innovation. He 
pays attention at the link between new media and 
information technologies and social change and their 
interaction in the fabric of societal life. Lastly, he looks at 
the mobility of researchers, impacts of research funding 
schemes, the influence of journal rankings in academic 
careers, and knowledge management in third sector 
organizations and services sectors. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Introduction to the special issue on social implications of the ICTS in the Indonesian context

The University of Manchester - Institutional Repository

The University of Manchester ResearchIntroduction to the special issue on social implications ofthe icts in the Indonesian contextLink to publication record in Manchester Research ExplorerCitation for published version (APA):Lim, M., & Nugroho, Y. (2011). Introduction to the special issue on social implications of the icts in the Indonesiancontext. Internetworking Indonesia Journal, 3(2), 1-3. http://www.internetworkingindonesia.org/Issues/Vol3-No2-Fall2011/iij_vol3_no2_2011_introduction.pdfPublished in:Internetworking Indonesia JournalCiting this paperPlease note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscriptor Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use thepublisher's definitive version.General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by theauthors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise andabide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.Takedown policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s TakedownProcedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact uml.scholarlycommunications@manchester.ac.uk providingrelevant details, so we can investigate your claim.Download date:30. Jun. 2022Vol. 3/No. 2 (2011) INTERNETWORKING INDONESIA JOURNAL  1 ISSN: 1942-9703 / © 2011 IIJ  NFORMATION and communication technologies (ICTs), especially the internet, have become a ubiquitous part of people’s lives all over the world, including in Indonesia. Three decades since the internet was introduced to Indonesia via the first international connection made by the University of Indonesia in Jakarta (Lim, 2003:117), the number of Indonesian internet users has reached 39.6 million or approximately 16.1% of total population (Internet World Stats, 2011). That makes Indonesia one of 20 countries with the highest number of internet users. The more stunning fact comes from the usage of social media in the country. In 2011, there are around five million bloggers populated the Indonesian blogosphere. By December 2011, there are 41.7 million Facebook users in Indonesia, making it the second largest nation on Facebook after the United States  (Socialbakers, 2011). In addition, the April 2011 data from Comscore (2011) reported that at 22% Indonesia ranks fourth of its Twitter population, behind the Netherlands, Japan and Brazil. The growing use of the internet, including social media, has not only implicated the ways Indonesians communicate, but also influenced the ways they connect to each other. With the developments of social media such as blogs, wikis, collaborative websites and other social networking tools to fulfill the personal, organizational, societal and political goals, and to influence the ways individuals work and live, it is important to understand the implications it brings. What is central here is the needs for a critical examination of the assumptions behind the internet adoption in Indonesia and the ways in which these impact, and are impacted by, the societal development. While innovations in internet technologies and social media have perhaps given new impetus for the reinvention of many activism in many fronts (i.e. government, business, and civil society organizations), more than often, not all of these technological adoption processes are deliberate and strategically designed by the users.  Similarly, equal access to telecommunication infrastructure cannot be assumed as granted: digital divide (Norris, 2001) is real, particularly in developing worlds like Indonesia. Moreover, mobile and cable broadband penetration has been claimed to have bridged the divide (e.g. Roux, 2011) but most of its development simply follows the ‘market logic’ rather than its ‘universal service obligation’ (e.g. Rauen et al., 2011), leaving many deprived areas unconnected, as is the case in  The editors can be reached individually at the following email addresses. Merlyna Lim is at: Merlyna.Lim@asu.edu.  Yanuar Nugroho can be reached at: yanuar.nugroho@manchester.ac.uk.  Indonesia. In contexts like these, Morozov’s warnings (2011) on the over-exaggerated role of digital technology, particularly social media in social change, despite sounds too dystopian, are worth noting. We should always be critical to the notion of the internet being perceived as a causal agent having a pivotal role in social change. Echoing Lim and Kann (2008), we perceive the internet, as a technological artefact, as “both constituted by society and constituting society” (83). The impact and outcomes of the internet as well as its inherent limits and possibilities are, thus, constructed by “social arrangements and contexts around the technology” (Lim & Kann, 2008:83). We also note, not only is the adoption and use of the Internet and social media never straightforward, its integration into many organisational strategies often becomes problematic (for an example of internet adoption in civil society organizations (CSOs), see Nugroho, 2011).  However, despite the exponential growth of the internet usage and the abovementioned challenges, scholarly work focusing on the relationship between the internet and society in Indonesia is still a rarity. As a research domain, the Indonesian internet study only started about one and half decade ago. The first known scholarly work in the field is Hill and Sen’s (1997) preliminary survey of the internet’s democratizing potential in Indonesian politics. With their study on the politics and culture of Indonesian cybercafe or warnet in Yogyakarta, Hill & Sen (1997) opened up a new terrain for exploration. Since then, a handful of scholars have emerged as the first generation of researchers who have conducted in-depth research in various social, political, and cultural aspects of the internet. Such research is exemplified by scholarly work on: the relationship between the internet and democracy (Hill & Sen, 2000; 2005; Lim, 2003; 2004a; 2006), roles of the internet in conflicts and in shaping collective identity (Hill, 2002; Brauchler, 2003; 2004; Lim, 2004b; 2005; 2011), online election (Hill, 2003), CSOs’ use of the technology (Nugroho, 2008; 2010a; 2010b; 2011; Nugroho and Tampubolon, 2008), urban spatiality of the internet development (Lim, 2002), internet adoption in educational institution (Kuntoro & Al-Hawamdeh, 2003; Thompson, 2004), e-government (Furuholt & Wahid, 2008), politics and culture of the blogosphere (Lim, 2009), and socio-economic aspect of the internet access (cybercafe or warnet) (Kristiansen et al, 2003; Wahid et al, 2006), among others. While these works can be considered as pioneering, certainly there are many other unexplored terrains in this novel field of study.  This special issue aims to enrich the intellectual discussions much needed in the field. Five articles showcased here look at a wide variety of the uses of online media technologies and Introduction to the Special Issue on Social Implications of the ICTs in the Indonesian Context  Merlyna Lim and Yanuar Nugroho I 2 INTERNETWORKING INDONESIA JOURNAL Vol. 3/No. 2 (2011) ISSN: 1942-9703 / © 2011 IIJ platforms and what implications these uses have on people, organizations and society in the Indonesian context as the technology becomes more widely available. This issue also includes works that look at the other side of the coin, those who focus on the cultural, social and political shaping of the technologies by Indonesian society. We briefly introduce them in turn. In the first article, Tiastuti and Rakhmani investigate the relationship between Indonesia blogging culture and primordialism. Providing a rich analysis of the Indonesian blogosphere, these authors argue that in this new sphere nationality is shaped by old languages but mediated through new models. Further, they argue that the blogosphere emerges as a network that facilitates ethno-symbolism where the trace of ideological hegemony of nationalist ideology merges with the ethnic sentiment. Following this, in a comprehensive study of the broadband access in the country, the second article by Rohman and Bohlin attempts to identify the demand and supply factors that determine mobile broadband access. Findings from this study show that geographical characteristics play more important role than income in developing the broadband access.  In the third article, Wayansari provides an interesting exploration of the role of Web 2.0 based websites in influencing politics in Indonesia’s new democracy. Through the case of Politikana.com, Wayansari demonstrates that user-generated content platforms can potentially contribute to the widening of online public sphere by providing an “associational space” for rational and critical discourse. Widodo’s study of use of the Internet for public participatory democracy by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the fourth article, argues along the same line. The author demonstrates that citizen journalism or community-based journalism is an effective medium to develop participatory democracy. His findings, however, show that while there is a mutual relationship between internal and external use of the internet by NGOs, the advancement in workplace participatory democracy does not directly correlate with public participatory. Finally, Dewi shares her research on the application of local e-government in rural areas. Using the case of Terong village, the author demonstrates that the successful development of community based e-government in bureaucratic reform is determined not only by the application of the e-government system itself, but also influenced by the media convergence and structural factors such as strong leadership and good governance from the related local government. These articles sit nicely together and are complementary to each other. Through their cases, studies, analysis, and theorization, contributors of this issue together have contributed to a broader understanding of how the internet and society have mutually shaped each other and theoretical considerations of the links between social implications and the internet. It is our honor to edit such a collection. As editors, we are also proud to pronounce that the contributors are, predominantly, young Indonesian scholars who never published in peer-reviewed outlet before. We sincerely hope that the launch of this special issue marks a significant milestone, not only for these young scholars, but also for the advancement of the Indonesian internet study.  We thank the contributors for their hard work and extend our gratitude to Dr. Thomas Hardjono for his valuable support and assistance in finalizing this special issue.   References  Braeuchler, B. 2003. Cyberidentities at War: Religion, identity, and the Internet in the Moluccan conflict. Indonesia, 75(April):123-151.  Braeuchler, B. 2004. Islamic Radicalism Online: The Moluccan mission of the Laskar Jihad in cyberspace. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 15(3):267-285. Comscore. 2011. The Netherlands Ranks #1 Worldwide in Penetration for Twitter and Linkedin. http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/4/The_Netherlands_Ranks_number_one_Worldwide_in_Penetration_for_Twitter_and_LinkedIn. Accessed on January 5, 2011. Furuholt, B. & Wahid, F. 2008. e-Government Challenges and the Role of Political Leadership in Indonesia: the Case of Sragen. Proceedings of the 41st Hawaii International Conference on the Sytem Sciences. Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 1997. Wiring the Warung to Global Gateways: The Internet in Indonesia. Indonesia, 63(April):67-89. Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 2000. Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.  Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 2002. Netizens in Combat: Conflict on the Internet in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 26(2):165-188.  Hill, D. T. & Sen, K. 2005. The Internet in Indonesia’s New Democracy. London: Routledge.  Hill, D. T. 2003. Communication for a new democracy: Indonesia’s fist online elections. The Pacific Review, 16(4):525-547.  Internet World Stats. 2011. Top 20 countries with the highest number of internet users. http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm. Accessed on January 5, 2011.  Kristiansen, S., Furuholt, B., Wahid, F. 2003. Internet café entrepreneurs: pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1):251-263. Kuntoro, R. D. & Al-Hawamdeh, S. 2003. E-learning for Higher Education in Indonesia. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 2(4):361-374.  Lim, M. 2002. From Walking City to Telematic Metropolis: Changing Urban Form in Bandung, Indonesia. In T. Bunnell, L. B. W. Drummond & K. C. Ho (eds.), Critical Reflections on Cities in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Times Academic Press, 75-100. Lim, M. 2003. From Real to Virtual (and back again): Civil Society, Public Sphere, and Internet in Indonesia. In K. C. Ho, R. Kluver, & C. C. Yang. (eds.), Asia.Com: Asia Encounters The Internet, Routledge, 113-128. Lim, M. 2004a. Informational Terrains of Identity and Political Power: The Internet in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology (Antropologi Indonesia), 27 (73):1-11.  Lim, M. 2004b. The Polarization of Identity through the Internet and the Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia. Electronic Journal of Communication/La Revue Electronique de Communication, 14(3-4), 18 p. Lim, M. 2005. Islamic Radicalism and Anti Americanism in Indonesia: The Role of the Internet, Policy Studies Series, Washington DC/Honolulu: East West Center. Lim, M. 2006. Cyber-Urban Activism and Political Change in Indonesia. Eastbound, 1(1):1-19. Lim, M. 2009. Global Muslim Blogosphere: Mosaics of Global-Local Discourses. In M. McLelland and G. Goggin (eds.) Internationalizing Internet Studies: Beyond Anglophone Paradigms, London: Routledge, 178-195. Lim, M. 2011. Islamism in Indonesia and Its Middle Eastern Connections, The Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal, 15(02, June).  Lim, M. & Kann, M. 2008. Networked Politics: Deliberation, Mobilization and Networked Practices of Agitation. In K. Varnelis (ed.) Networked Publics, Cambridge: MIT Press, 77-107. Vol. 3/No. 2 (2011) INTERNETWORKING INDONESIA JOURNAL  3 ISSN: 1942-9703 / © 2011 IIJ Morozov, E. 2011. The Net Delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin Books, London. Norris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Nugroho, Y. 2008. Adopting Technology, Transforming Society: The Internet and the Reshaping of Civil Society Activism in Indonesia. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 6(22):77-105. Nugroho, Y. 2010a. Localising the global, globalising the local: The role of the Internet in shaping globalisation discourse in Indonesian NGOs. Journal of International Development, 28p. DOI: 10.1002/jid.1733 Nugroho, Y. 2010b. NGOs, The Internet and sustainable development: The case of Indonesia. Information, Communication and Society, 13(1):88-120. Nugroho, Y. 2011. Opening the black box: The adoption of innovations in the voluntary sector – The case of Indonesian civil society organizations. Research Policy, 40(5):761-777. Nugroho, Y. & Tampubolon, G., 2008. Network Dynamics in the Transition to Democracy: Mapping Global Networks of Contemporary Indonesian Civil Society. Sociological Research Online, 13(5). Rauen, C.V., Hiratuka, C., Fracalanza, P.S., 2011. Universalization of telecommunications services: Public policies in the OECD and in Brazil. International Journal of Development Issues, 10(2):108-122. Rohman, I. K. & Bohlin, E. (this issue). Roux, C.J.B.L. 2011. Can cloud computing bridge the digital divide in South African secondary education? Information Development, 27(2):109-116. Sari, A. D. (this issues). Socialbakers. 2011. Top 5 countries on Facebook. Socialbakers. http://www.socialbakers.com.  Accessed on January 5, 2011.  Thompson, E. Internet Adoption and Use in the Indonesian Academy: Issues of Social and Institutional Hierarchy. Indonesian Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology (Antropologi Indonesia), 28(73):20-31.  Triastuti, I. & Rakhmani, I. (this issue).  Wahid, F., Furuholt, B., Kristiansen, S. 2006. Information Development, 22 (4): 278-291. Wayansari, A. (this issue). Widodo, Y. (this issue).     Merlyna Lim is a faculty member of the School of Social Transformation and Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University. Her research and teaching interests revolve around the mutual shaping of technology & society and socio-political history of technology, in relations to issues of globalization, democratization, and social equity, and has published extensively in these subjects. Lim is interested in theoretical challenges on how we understand how ideologies and power relations—between state, corporate economy, and civil society—being inscribed the production and uses of spaces, offline and online, at the local, regional, national, international and transnational level. In investigating these dynamics, she is interested in co-evolution of information (digital) technology and society and in the cultural and political implications of the production, consumption and exchange of information in both cyberspace and (physical) urban space. Professor Lim's past and current research projects are predominantly conducted in Asian setting, particularly Indonesia, and since 2008 also include Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Currently, Lim is leading three major projects: (1) The National Science Foundation funded project Cyber-Collective Movements: Novel Socio-Computational Approaches in Studying the Blogosphere (2011-2014) (2) The Office of Naval Research funded Blogtracker – Analyzing Social Media for Cultural Modeling (2010-2013) and (3) The Ford Foundation funded project Advancing Public Interest Media in Indonesia (2010-2012). More about her and her work see: http://www.merlyna.org.     Yanuar Nugroho is a Research Fellow with the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (MIoIR) and core member of the Centre for Development Informatics (CDI) at Manchester Business School and School of Environment and Development, the University of Manchester, UK. He holds Hallsworth Fellowship in Political Economy 2010-2012 and was awarded the Outstanding Academic of the Year 2009 by the Manchester Business School.  His research interests are concerned with technological innovation and in particular the adoption and diffusion of innovations in the third sector (non-governmental and not for profit organizations); innovation, development, and sustainability; new communication media and social change; and knowledge and science dynamics.  In particular, Yanuar focuses on the role of innovation in development, mostly in sustainable development and/in developing countries. He also investigates factors other than innovation (e.g. democracy, civic engagement, among others) that play important roles in the success of development and pays attention to intermediaries and intermediation process in the systems of innovation. He pays attention at the link between new media and information technologies and social change and their interaction in the fabric of societal life. Lastly, he looks at the mobility of researchers, impacts of research funding schemes, the influence of journal rankings in academic careers, and knowledge management in third sector organizations and services sectors.                      

Introduction to the special issue on social implications of the icts in the Indonesian context

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Introduction to the special issue on social implications of the icts in the Indonesian context

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