Abstract Background Since cardiovascular diseases are associated with high mortality and generally undiagnosed before the onset of clinical findings, there is a need for a reliable tool for early diagnosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive marker of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is widely used in practice as an inexpensive, reliable, and reproducible method. In the current study, we aimed to investigate prospectively the relationship of CIMT with the presence and extent of significant coronary artery narrowing in patients evaluated by coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris. Methods One hundred consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris and documented ischemia on a stress test were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the result of the coronary angiography: group 1 (39 patients) without a noncritical coronary lesion, and group 2 (61 patients) having at least one lesion more than 50% within the main branches of the coronary arteries. All of the patients underwent carotid Doppler ultrasound examination for measurement of the CIMT by a radiologist blinded to the angiographic data. Results The mean CIMT was 0.78 ± 0.21 mm in Group 1, while it was 1.48 ± 0.28 mm in Group 2 (p = 0.001). The mean CIMT in patients with single vessel disease, multi-vessel disease, and left main coronary artery disease were significantly higher compared to Group 1 (1.2 ± 0.34 mm, p = 0.02; 1.6 ± 0.32 mm, p = 0.001; and 1.8 ± 0.31 mm, p = 0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression analysis identified CIMT (OR 4.3, p < 0.001) and hypertension (OR 2.4, p = 0.04) as the most important factors for predicting CAD. Conclusions The findings of this study show that increase in CIMT is associated with the presence and extent of CAD. In conclusion, we demonstrated the usefulness of carotid intima-media thickness in predicting coronary artery disease but large-scale studies are required to define its role in clinical practice.</p

A Onat

Ahmet Yildiz

CJ Murray

DH O'Leary

ER Altekin

IM Van der Meer

JM Gaziano

Kadriye O Kilickesmez

L Kuller

LE Chambless

Lutfu A Orhan

Mehmet A Cakar

Murat Baskurt

Ozlem B Esen

P Greenland

P Pignoli

PJ Touboul

S Demircan

SC Smith Jr

SD Kanters

Seyma Yildiz

SY Chan

Ugur Coskun

English

PubMed

Crossref

Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and coronary angiographic findings: a prospective study

Springer - Publisher Connector

Abstract Background Since cardiovascular diseases are associated with high mortality and generally undiagnosed before the onset of clinical findings, there is a need for a reliable tool for early diagnosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive marker of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is widely used in practice as an inexpensive, reliable, and reproducible method. In the current study, we aimed to investigate prospectively the relationship of CIMT with the presence and extent of significant coronary artery narrowing in patients evaluated by coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris. Methods One hundred consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris and documented ischemia on a stress test were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the result of the coronary angiography: group 1 (39 patients) without a noncritical coronary lesion, and group 2 (61 patients) having at least one lesion more than 50% within the main branches of the coronary arteries. All of the patients underwent carotid Doppler ultrasound examination for measurement of the CIMT by a radiologist blinded to the angiographic data. Results The mean CIMT was 0.78 ± 0.21 mm in Group 1, while it was 1.48 ± 0.28 mm in Group 2 (p = 0.001). The mean CIMT in patients with single vessel disease, multi-vessel disease, and left main coronary artery disease were significantly higher compared to Group 1 (1.2 ± 0.34 mm, p = 0.02; 1.6 ± 0.32 mm, p = 0.001; and 1.8 ± 0.31 mm, p = 0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression analysis identified CIMT (OR 4.3, p Conclusions The findings of this study show that increase in CIMT is associated with the presence and extent of CAD. In conclusion, we demonstrated the usefulness of carotid intima-media thickness in predicting coronary artery disease but large-scale studies are required to define its role in clinical practice.</p

Kilickesmez Kadriye O

Cakar Mehmet A

Baskurt Murat

Esen Ozlem B

Yildiz Ahmet

Coskun Ugur

Orhan Lutfu A

Yildiz Seyma

Directory of Open Access Journals

Cardiovascular Ultrasound

BioMed CentralCardiovascular Ultrasound
ssOpen AcceResearch
Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and coronary 
angiographic findings: a prospective study
Ugur Coskun1, Ahmet Yildiz*1, Ozlem B Esen1, Murat Baskurt1, 
Mehmet A Cakar2, Kadriye O Kilickesmez1, Lutfu A Orhan3 and 
Seyma Yildiz4
Address: 1Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Haseki, Istanbul, Turkey, 2Sakarya Training and Research Hospital Department of 
Cardiology, Sakarya, Turkey, 3Siyami-Ersek Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey and 4Bagcilar Training 
and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey
Email: Ugur Coskun - ucoskun1@yahoo.com; Ahmet Yildiz* - drayildiz@yahoo.com; Ozlem B Esen - ozlembat@hotmail.com; 
Murat Baskurt - drmuratbaskurt@yahoo.com; Mehmet A Cakar - makifcakar@yahoo.com; Kadriye O Kilickesmez - kadrye11@hotmail.com; 
Lutfu A Orhan - lutfu.orhan@yahoo.com; Seyma Yildiz - drseymayildiz@yahoo.com
* Corresponding author 
Abstract
Background: Since cardiovascular diseases are associated with high mortality and generally
undiagnosed before the onset of clinical findings, there is a need for a reliable tool for early
diagnosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive marker of coronary artery
disease (CAD) and is widely used in practice as an inexpensive, reliable, and reproducible method.
In the current study, we aimed to investigate prospectively the relationship of CIMT with the
presence and extent of significant coronary artery narrowing in patients evaluated by coronary
angiography for stable angina pectoris.
Methods: One hundred consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris and documented ischemia
on a stress test were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according
to the result of the coronary angiography: group 1 (39 patients) without a noncritical coronary
lesion, and group 2 (61 patients) having at least one lesion more than 50% within the main branches
of the coronary arteries. All of the patients underwent carotid Doppler ultrasound examination for
measurement of the CIMT by a radiologist blinded to the angiographic data.
Results: The mean CIMT was 0.78 ± 0.21 mm in Group 1, while it was 1.48 ± 0.28 mm in Group
2 (p = 0.001). The mean CIMT in patients with single vessel disease, multi-vessel disease, and left
main coronary artery disease were significantly higher compared to Group 1 (1.2 ± 0.34 mm, p =
0.02; 1.6 ± 0.32 mm, p = 0.001; and 1.8 ± 0.31 mm, p = 0.0001, respectively). Logistic regression
analysis identified CIMT (OR 4.3, p < 0.001) and hypertension (OR 2.4, p = 0.04) as the most
important factors for predicting CAD.
Conclusions: The findings of this study show that increase in CIMT is associated with the
presence and extent of CAD. In conclusion, we demonstrated the usefulness of carotid intima-
media thickness in predicting coronary artery disease but large-scale studies are required to define
its role in clinical practice.
Published: 31 December 2009
Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2009, 7:59 doi:10.1186/1476-7120-7-59
Received: 24 September 2009
Accepted: 31 December 2009
This article is available from: http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/59
© 2009 Coskun et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Page 1 of 5
(page number not for citation purposes)
Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2009, 7:59 http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/59Background
Cardiovascular-related deaths are the leading cause of
death both in Turkey and worldwide [1-3]. At the time of
onset of clinical findings, an advanced stage of involve-
ment is often present in atherosclerotic disease. Thus, lim-
ited benefit can be obtained from various interventions
beyond that point. Many significant changes occur in the
arterial wall, including endothelial dysfunction and an
increase in intima-media thickness, before the onset of
clinical findings, and these changes can be useful in the
early diagnosis of atherosclerosis [4,5].
After the first report of intima-media thickness measure-
ment by Pignoli et al. [6], rapid progress has been noted
in ultrasonographic imaging methods and carotid intima-
media thickness (CIMT) has begun to be used as an inex-
pensive, reliable, and reproducible method in the diagno-
sis of atherosclerosis [7,8].
In the current study, we aimed to investigate the relation-
ship between CIMT and coronary artery disease (CAD) in
patients evaluated by coronary angiography for suspected
CAD.
Methods
One hundred consecutive patients referred to our cardiol-
ogy outpatient clinic with stable angina pectoris and doc-
umented ischemia on a stress test were included in the
study. Patients with previous myocardial infarction, coro-
nary-artery bypass graft operation and stroke were
excluded. Informed consent was obtained from all of the
patients. The patients were then scheduled for coronary
angiography and carotid doppler ultrasound examina-
tion. All of the patients underwent carotid doppler ultra-
sound examination for measurement of the CIMT by a
single radiologist blinded to the angiographic result.
All of the carotid scans were done by an ultrasonography
device (General Electric Logic 9; USA) equipped with a 10
mHz linear probe. The CIMT was measured 1 cm distal to
the bulbus over a length of 1 cm of both carotid arteries.
Manual measurements in five different locations on the
far-wall were taken and the maximum value was taken for
each carotid artery. The final CIMT was evaluated as the
average of right and left carotid arteries [9].
Coronary angiography was performed by the standard
Judkins method using a General Electric System 2000, and
the results were evaluated by one experienced interven-
tional cardiologist. Luminal narrowing at least one lesion
> 50% in the within the main branches of coronary artery
was considered as significant CAD.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 11.0 pro-
gram (SPSS Inc., IL, Chicago, USA). Quantitative variables
were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualita-
tive variables as percent. Student t-test or Mann-Whitney
U-test were used for between-group comparisons of con-
tinuous variables (according to distribution characteris-
tics) while the chi-square test was used for between-group
comparisons of categorical variables. Correlation coeffi-
cients >0.05 were considered to be significant. Bivariate
logistic regression models were used to identify independ-
ent risk factors for CAD. Logistic regression analysis (with
CAD as the outcome variable) was performed to deter-
mine whether CIMT was an independent predictor of
CAD.
Results
While no significant narrowing was noted in coronary
arteries in 39 of 100 (39%) patients evaluated by coronary
angiography, significant narrowing was noted in 61
patients (61%). The demographic characteristics, the
extent of CAD, and the distribution of the mean CIMT val-
ues in both groups are presented in Table 1 and in Figures
1 and 2. There were significantly more hypertensive, dia-
betic, and hyperlipidemic patients in Group 2 (p < 0.05).
There were no significant differences between the two
groups in terms of age, gender, and smoking habits.
The mean CIMT was 0.78 ± 0.21 mm in Group 1, and 1.48
± 0.28 mm in Group 2 (p = 0.001). The mean CIMT was
statistically significantly higher in the groups with single
vessel disease, multi-vessel disease, and left main coro-
nary artery disease compared to Group 1 (1.2 ± 0.34 mm,
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the patients.
Characteristics Group 1 (n = 39) Group 2 (n = 61) P
Age (mean ± SD) 57 ± 9 61 ± 10 NS
Female gender n (%) 16 (41) 22 (36) NS
BMI in kg/m2 (mean ± SD) 26 36 NS
Smoking n (%) 21 (54) 37 (60) NS
Hypertension n (%) 14 (36) 38 (62) 0.01
Diabetes n (%) 4 (10) 19 (31) 0.01
Hyperlipidemia n (%) 7 (18) 30 (49) 0.01
BMI: body mass index; NS: not significant; CAD: coronary artery diseasePage 2 of 5
(page number not for citation purposes)
Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2009, 7:59 http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/59p = 0.02; 1.6 ± 0.32 mm, p = 0.001; and 1.8 ± 0.31 mm, p
= 0.0001, respectively; Figure 2).
A regression model was created using variables that were
significantly associated with CAD on univariate analysis,
CIMT (>1.0 mm), hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipi-
demia. Backward stepwise analysis on this model identi-
fied CIMT (OR 4.3, p < 0.001) and hypertension (OR 2.4,
p = 0.04) as the most important factors for predicting
CAD (Table 2).
Discussion
Interventional and non-interventional methods to detect
atherosclerosis are widely used in clinical practice. CIMT
measurement has been recommended by the American
Heart Association as the most useful method to identify
atherosclerosis [10]. CIMT can be measured by B-mode
ultrasonography.
There are several prospective epidemiologic studies
including the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
(ARIC) Study [11] and the Cardiovascular Health Study
(CHS) [12], which have supported a direct correlation of
CIMT with myocardial infarction and stroke risk in
patients without cardiovascular disease history. The ARIC
Study was conducted in 15,792 individuals between 5 and
65 years of age in 4 different regions of the USA between
1987 and 1989. The baseline CIMT was measured and
measurements were repeated at 4-7 year intervals by
carotid B mode ultrasonography in this study. An increase
in CIMT was correlated with an increased risk for CAD.
The CHS was initiated in 1988, and the relationship of
CIMT with risk of myocardial infarction and stroke was
investigated in 4,476 subjects ≤65 years of age. At the end
of approximately 6 years of follow-up, CIMT measure-
ments were correlated with cardiovascular events.
Paroi artérielle et Risque Cardiovasculaire in Asia Africa/
Middle East and Latin America (PARC-AALA) is another
important large-scale study, in which 79 centers from
countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin Amer-
ica participated, and the distribution of CIMT according
to different ethnic groups and its association with the
Framingham cardiovascular score was investigated [13].
Multi-linear regression analysis revealed that an increased
Framingham cardiovascular score was associated with
CIMT, and carotid plaque independent of geographic dif-
ferences.
Cahn et al. [14] prospectively followed-up 152 patients
with coronary artery disease for 6-11 months by carotid
artery ultrasonography and noted 22 vascular events
(myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, stroke,
and coronary angioplasty) within this time period. They
concluded that carotid atherosclerosis measured by this
non-interventional method has prognostic significance in
coronary artery patients.
In the Rotterdam study, Bots et al. [15] followed 7,983
patients >55 years of age for a mean period of 4.6 years,
and reported 194 incident myocardial infarctions within
this period. CIMT was significantly higher in the myocar-
dial infarction group compared to the other group.
In a study from our country, Demircan et al. [16] found
that the CIMT of patients with acute coronary syndrome
were significantly increased compared to patients with
Coronary angiographic features of the patients included in the studyFigure 1
Coronary angiographic features of the patients 
included in the study.
Comparison of carotid intima-media thickness with coronary angiographic findingsFi ure 2
Comparison of carotid intima-media thickness with 
coronary angiographic findings.
Table 2: Logistic regression model for statistically significant risk 
factors predicting coronary artery disease
Variables P value Odds Ratio
CIMT (>1.0 mm) 0,0001 4,3
Hypertension 0,040 2,4
Diabetes 0,647 0,730
Hyperlipidemia 0,593 1,416
CIMT: carotid intima-media thicknessPage 3 of 5
(page number not for citation purposes)
Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2009, 7:59 http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/59stable angina pectoris. It has been reported in another
study that a maximal CIMT value of 0.956 mm had 85.7%
sensitivity and 85.1% specificity to predict angiographic
CAD [9].
Our study group consisted of patients admitted to the car-
diology outpatient clinic with symptoms of stable angina
pectoris. The present study showed CIMT was higher in
patients with significant CAD than in patients with non-
critical coronary lesions. Regression analysis revealed that
thickening of the mean intima-media complex more than
1.0 was predictive of significant CAD our patients. There
was incremental significant increase in CIMT with the
number coronary vessel involved.
In accordance with the literature, we found that CIMT was
significantly higher in the presence of CAD. Furthermore,
CIMT was increased as the number of involved vessels
increased and the highest CIMT values were noted in
patients with left main coronary involvement.
Limitations
Our study group was small due to involving a single center
and symptomatic patients. Since the study was cross-sec-
tional in design, the clinical endpoints were not followed.
Conclusions
The findings of this study show that increase in CIMT is
associated with the presence and extent of CAD. Carotid
Doppler ultrasonography can be utilized as a valuable
screening tool due to its several advantages, including ease
of application, reproducibility, low cost and strong corre-
lation with atherosclerosis. In conclusion, we demon-
strated the usefulness of carotid intima-media thickness in
predicting coronary artery disease but large-scale studies
are required to define its role in clinical practice.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
UC: Participated in performance of coronary angiograms,
data analysis and drafting of the manuscript.
AY: Participated in performance and interpretation of cor-
onary angiograms and drafting of the manuscript.
OBE: Participated in data collection, drafting and final
revision of the manuscript.
MB: Participated in data collection and coordination of
the study.
MAC: Performed the statistical analysis
KOK: Participated in data collection and coordination of
the study.
LAO: Participated in data collection and coordination of
the study.
SY: Performed the carotid Doppler examinations
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
References
1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD: Mortality by cause for eight regions of
the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997,
349:1269-1276.
2. Gaziano JM: Global burden of cardiovascular disease. In Heart
disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine 6th edition. Edited by:
Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company;
2001:1-17. 
3. Onat A, Sansoy V, Soydan , Tokgozoglu L, Adalet K: TEKHARF; On iki
yillik izleme deneyimine gore Turk eriskinlerinde kalp sagligi Istanbul:
ARGOS Iletisim; 2003. 
4. Kanters SD, Algra A, van Leeuwen MS, Banga JD: Reproducibility of
in vivo carotid intima-media thickness measurements: a
review. Stroke 1997, 28:665-671.
5. Kuller L, Borhani N, Furberg C, Gardin J, Manolio T, O'Leary D, Psaty
B, Robbins J: Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and car-
diovascular disease and association with risk factors in the
Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994,
139:1164-1179.
6. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Oreste P, Paoletti R: Intimal plus
medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement
with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986, 74:1399-1406.
7. O'Leary DH, Polak JF: Intima-media thickness: a tool for
atherosclerosis imaging and event prediction. Am J Cardiol
2002, 90:18L-21L.
8. Greenland P, Abrams J, Aurigemma GP, Bond MG, Clark LT, Criqui
MH, Crouse JR, Friedman L, Fuster V, Herrington DM, Kuller LH, Rid-
ker PM, Roberts WC, Stanford W, Stone N, Swan HJ, Taubert KA,
Wexler L: Prevention Conference V: Beyond secondary pre-
vention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary preven-
tion: noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden: Writing
Group III. Circulation 2000, 101:E16-E22.
9. Altekin ER, Demir I, Basarici I, Yilmaz H: The relationship
between carotid intima-media thickness and the presence
and extent of angiographic coronary artery disease. Turk
Kardiyol Dern Ars 2007, 35:90-96.
10. Smith SC Jr, Greenland P, Grundy SM: AHA Conference Proceed-
ings. Prevention conference V: Beyond secondary preven-
tion: Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention:
executive summary. American Heart Association. Circulation
2000, 101:111-116.
11. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sharrett
AR, Clegg LX: Association of coronary heart disease incidence
with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors:
the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 146:483-494.
12. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson
SK Jr: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk fac-
tor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Car-
diovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N
Engl J Med 1999, 340:14-22.
13. Touboul PJ, Hernandez-Hernández R, Kucukoglu S, Woo KS, Vicaut
E, Labreuche J, Migom C, Silva H, Vinueza R, PARC-AALA Investiga-
tors: Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and
Framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa/Middle
East and Latin America: the PARC-AALA study. Int J Cardio-
vasc Imaging 2007, 23:557-567.
14. Chan SY, Mancini GB, Kuramoto L, Schulzer M, Frohlich J, Ignaszewski
A: The prognostic importance of endothelial dysfunction and
carotid atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery
disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1037-1043.Page 4 of 5
(page number not for citation purposes)
Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2009, 7:59 http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/7/1/59Publish with BioMed Central and every 
scientist can read your work free of charge
"BioMed Central will be the most significant development for 
disseminating the results of biomedical research in our lifetime."
Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK
Your research papers will be:
available free of charge to the entire biomedical community
peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance
cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central 
yours — you keep the copyright
Submit your manuscript here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp
BioMedcentral
15. Meer IM Van der, Bots ML, Hofman A, del Sol AI, Kuip DA van der,
Witteman JC: Predictive value of noninvasive measures of
atherosclerosis for incident myocardial infarction: the Rot-
terdam Study. Circulation 2004, 109:1089-1094.
16. Demircan S, Tekin A, Tekin G, Topcu S, Yigit F, Erol T, Katircibasi T,
Sezgin AT, Baltali M, Ozin B, Müderrisoglu H: Comparison of
carotid intima-media thickness in patients with stable angina
pectoris versus patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am
J Cardiol 2005, 96:643-644.Page 5 of 5
(page number not for citation purposes)

Adalet K: TEKHARF; On iki yillik izleme deneyimine gore Turk eriskinlerinde kalp sagligi Istanbul: ARGOS Iletisim;

Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults.

Clegg LX: Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk

Global burden of cardiovascular disease. In Heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine 6th edition. Edited by: Braunwald E, Zipes

Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation

JD: Reproducibility of in vivo carotid intima-media thickness measurements: a review. Stroke

Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet

Müderrisoglu H: Comparison of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with stable angina pectoris versus patients with acute coronary syndrome.

PARC-AALA Investigators: Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and Framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa/Middle East and Latin America: the PARC-AALA study.

Polak JF: Intima-media thickness: a tool for atherosclerosis imaging and event prediction.

Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and association with risk factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Prevention Conference V: Beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden: Writing Group III. Circulation

SM: AHA Conference Proceedings. Prevention conference V: Beyond secondary prevention: Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary. American Heart Association. Circulation

Witteman JC: Predictive value of noninvasive measures of atherosclerosis for incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation

Yilmaz H: The relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and the presence and extent of angiographic coronary artery disease. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars

file:///data/remote/core/dit/data/Springer-OA/pdf/043/aHR0cDovL2xpbmsuc3ByaW5nZXIuY29tLzEwLjExODYvMTQ3Ni03MTIwLTctNTkucGRm.pdf

Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and coronary angiographic findings: a prospective study

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Crossref

Springer - Publisher Connector

Directory of Open Access Journals

Springer - Publisher Connector