Roth, Mark F.

Tappe, Philip A.

Watt, Christopher L.

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 56 Article 372002Concentrations of American Alligator Populationsin ArkansasChristopher L. WattUniversity of Arkansas at MonticelloPhilip A. TappeUniversity of Arkansas at MonticelloMark F. RothUSGSFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Zoology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu.Recommended CitationWatt, Christopher L.; Tappe, Philip A.; and Roth, Mark F. (2002) "Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas,"Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 56 , Article 37.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37'??>?243Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in ArkansasChristopher L.Watt* and Philip A. TappeSchool of Forest Resources andArkansas Forest Resources CenterUniversity ofArkansasMonticello, AR 71656Corresponding AuthorIn the early 1800's the American Alligator {Alligatormississipiensis) population was estimated at three million forthe United States (Woodward and Marion, 1978). However,by the early part of the 20th century, increased landconversion to agriculture and commercial exploitationcaused alligator numbers to plummet (Mcllhenny, 1935).The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) enacteda regulation to protect the alligator in 1961. In 1967 theAmerican Alligator was listed as an endangered speciesthroughout its range (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1967).At that time the alligator population was estimated to beonly in the thousands (Woodward and Marion, 1978).Concern over the fate of the alligator stimulated stronginterest in its conservation and biology. InJanuary 1977 itwas down listed to Threatened status. In 1987 the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service removed the American Alligator fromthe endangered species list and announced the animal asfully recovered throughout its range.The American Alligator is seen as a classic success storyof the Endangered Species Act. Currently, the AmericanAlligator is listed as "Threatened due to similarity ofappearance" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and islisted as Endangered by the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. This listing ensures control of legal trade ofalligator hides and products.According to a questionnaire mailed to state wildlifeagencies in 1973, alligators were reported to be present inHempstead, Miller,and Lafayette counties inArkansas (Fig.1). Within these three counties, it was estimated that anincreasing population of 1,900 individuals inhabitated 30.4sq km of suitable habitat (Chabreck, 1973). A restockingeffort was undertaken by the Arkansas Game and FishCommission from 1972 to 1984. Approximately 2,800alligators were released throughout the state in areas withinits presumed historic range. About 80% of the alligatorswere stocked on private lands at the request of landowners.Alligators were initially taken from Grassy Lake, in SevierCounty, Arkansas, but the majority was transplanted fromRockefeller and Sabine National Wildlife Refuges inLouisiana (Swaffar, 1995). Since the restocking effort, littleinformation has been obtained concerning alligatorpopulations in Arkansas. Growing evidence, such asincreased sightings and interactions with humans, suggeststhat populations throughout Arkansas are increasing.Mark F. RothUSGS - Upper MidwestEnvironmental Sciences CenterOnalaska, WI54650However, little empirical data exist to support this claim. Todate, no published information concerning alligatorpopulations or habitats is available for Arkansas.In order to determine the current distribution ofalligators within Arkansas, a telephone survey of AGFCpersonnel was incorporated in a geographical informationsystem (GIS). Personnel from AGFC district offices and 24AGFC wildlife officers were questioned about theoccurrence ofalligators in their respective areas. Responsestypically provided information on known populations ofalligators and also information about particular nuisancealligators. Potential alligator habitat identified in theArkansas GAP project final report (USGS, 1998) was alsoincluded in the GIS. Additionally, ongoing researchconducted by the authors, through the Arkansas ForestResources Center (AFRC), provided information on severallocalities.Information on potential habitat and alligatordistributions from the Arkansas GAP project, the survey ofAGFC personnel, and the authors' ongoing research werelayered onto a county level map of Arkansas using ArcView3.1. Layered data were then used to help identify areas,based on the combination of potential habitat and knownlocalities, within the state that may have the highestconcentrations of alligators. These areas were thendelineated using heads-up digitizing in ArcView 3.1.The Arkansas GAP data indicates that potentialalligator habitat within Arkansas occurs largely in the GulfCoastal Plain and Delta regions of the state (Fig. 2). Most ofthe habitat follows river and stream drainages such as theArkansas, White, Ouachita, Saline, Red, and Sulphur riversand Bartholomew and Dorcheat Bayous. In addition,Millwood Lake, Grassy Lake, Lake Columbia and severalother smaller lakes were also identified as containingalligators. Using information from the telephone surveys, atotal of nine state wildlife management areas (WMA), threenational wildlife refuges, three state parks, and one nationalmemorial within Arkansas were identified as havingalligator populations (Fig. 3). In addition to locations withinprotected areas such as WMA's, state parks, and nationalwildlife refuges, other specific alligator locations were alsoidentified by AGFC personnel. Many localities occur onprivately owned land or lakes within the state (Fig. 4). GISanalysis of the available data suggest five areas as potentiallyJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002243Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas244Fig. 1 Region containing the largest native population of alligators at the beginning of a restocking effort by the ArkansasGame and Fish Commission in 1973.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002244Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37Christopher L. Watt, Mark F. Roth, and Philip A. TappeFig. 2. Potential distribution of alligator habitat within Arkansas as identified by the Arkansas GAP project (USGS 1998).Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002245245Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002246Concentrations of American Alligator Populations inArkansasFig. 3. Selected public lands within Arkansas with reported locations of alligators or alligator populationsJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002246Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37247Christopher L.Watt, Mark F. Roth, and Philip A. TappeFig. 4. Reported locations of alligators or alligator populations occurring onprivate lands within Arkansas.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002247Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in ArkansasrFig. 5. Areas within Arkansas believed to have the highest concentrations of alligators.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol.56, 2002248248Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37Christopher L.Watt, Mark F. Roth, and Philip A. Tappe249having the highest numbers of alligators within the state ofArkansas (Fig. 5).Area 1:Lower Arkansas River / White River (Fig. 5) isocated in the east central portion of the state. A.FGCmanaged lands within this area include Dagmar, Wattensaw,iayou Meto, and Trusten Holder WMA's. Arkansas PostNational Memorial and White River National Wildlifelefuge are also located within this area. Other locations thatwere identified within this area include Peckerwood Lakend Clear Lake.Area 2: Bayou Bartholomew (Fig. 5) is located in theoutheast corner of the state. AFGC managed lands withinlis area include Cut-Off Creek and Seven Devils WMA's.Chicot State Park also occurs within this area. Severalther alligator locations were also identified. These include,ake Grampus, Bayou Bartholomew, McCones Brake, and'erkins Slough. Complaints about nuisance alligators areairly common within this area. Alligators are known tonvade aquaculture ponds found throughout this region.Area 3: Ouachita River (Fig. 5) is located in the southentral portion of the state and encompasses portions of theOuachita river and Saline river drainages. The public landslatharbor alligators within this area are Felsenthal NationalWildlife Refuge and Moro Bay State Park. The AGFCocked alligators in the extensive wetland system within theOuachita River Valley and alligators are frequently seen inle Ouachita River. Occasional sightings of alligators haveso been reported in the Saline River.Area 4: Red River / Sulphur River (Fig. 5) is located inle southwest corner of the state. AGFC managed areasith alligator populations within this area include Sulphurliver and Bois D'Arc WMA's. One state park, Millwoodtate park, also occurs within this area. During the 1970'slisarea contained the only known population of alligatorsthe state. Because of this and an abundance of suitablelabitat, the number of alligators within this area is)otentially higher than the other four areas.Area 5: Upper Arkansas River Valley (Fig. 5) is theorthern most area identified in this study and is also themallest. Two AGFC managed areas, Galla Creek WMAnd Petit Jean WMA, occur in this area. Holla Bendational Wildlife Refuge also contains an alligator>opulation. This population is a result of AGFC stocking,wo bodies of water within Petit Jean WMA,Pullen Pondnd Kingfisher Lake, are also known to contain alligators.IBased on the Arkansas GAPdata, 47 of the 75 countiesArkansas contain potential alligator habitat. The majoritythis potential habitat is located in the southern half of thete and is found in and along the major river drainages,¦ormation compiled during this study conforms to thekansas GAP data. Much of the existing land that ismsidered to be alligator habitat is located on public land,e majority of these areas are WMA's that are controlledby AGFC. There are many other areas within the state thatdo contain alligators. A large male was found dead inCraighead County, which is located in the northeasterncorner of the state (Trauth and McCallum 2001). Thisanimal was found at the northwestern extreme of the speciesrange in the United States. Although alligators do occur inmany localities within the state, we believe the five areasidentified probably harbor the largest populations withinthe state. Continued management and research shouldprobably focus on these five areas due to their relativelyhigh concentrations of alligators and the resulting potentialfor alligator-human interactions.Acknowledgments. —We would like to thank theArkansas Game and Fish Commission personnel whoparticipated in the telephone interviews. Without thisimportant information, this project would not have beenpossible. Funding was provided by the Arkansas ForestResources Center.Literature CitedChabreck, R. H. 1973. Population status surveys of theAmerican alligator in the Southeastern United States.Pp: 14-21, In Crocodiles, Proceedings of the SecondWorking Meeting of Crocodile Specialists, IUCNPublications New Series, Supplementary Paper No.41,Morges-Switzerland pp.1-116Mcllhenny, E. A. 1935. The Alligator's Life History.Christopher Publishing House, Boston. 117 pp.Swaffar J. 1995. Gators return to razorback country: Alookat the decline and restoration of the alligator inArkansas and the South. Unpubl. seminar paper Univ.of Central Arkansas, History Department. ArkansasForest Resources Center, School of Forest Resources,Monticello,Arkansas. 24 pp.TVauth, S. E. and M. L. McCallum. 2001. AlligatorMississippiensis (American Alligator). Winter Mortality.Herp. Rev. 32(4):250-251.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1967. Conservation ofendangered species and other fish or wildlife;UnitedStates list of endangered native fish and wildlife.FederalRegister 32:4001.USGS. 1998. GAP Analysis of Arkansas: AR-Gap, FinalReport and Data (CD ROM)Woodward, A. and W. R.Marion. 1978. An evaluation ofFactors affecting night-light counts of alligators. Proc.Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies32:291-302.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002249Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002

Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 56 Article 37 2002 Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas Christopher L. Watt University of Arkansas at Monticello Philip A. Tappe University of Arkansas at Monticello Mark F. Roth USGS Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Watt, Christopher L.; Tappe, Philip A.; and Roth, Mark F. (2002) "Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 56 , Article 37. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. '??>?243Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in ArkansasChristopher L.Watt* and Philip A. TappeSchool of Forest Resources andArkansas Forest Resources CenterUniversity ofArkansasMonticello, AR 71656Corresponding AuthorIn the early 1800's the American Alligator {Alligatormississipiensis) population was estimated at three million forthe United States (Woodward and Marion, 1978). However,by the early part of the 20th century, increased landconversion to agriculture and commercial exploitationcaused alligator numbers to plummet (Mcllhenny, 1935).The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) enacteda regulation to protect the alligator in 1961. In 1967 theAmerican Alligator was listed as an endangered speciesthroughout its range (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1967).At that time the alligator population was estimated to beonly in the thousands (Woodward and Marion, 1978).Concern over the fate of the alligator stimulated stronginterest in its conservation and biology. InJanuary 1977 itwas down listed to Threatened status. In 1987 the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service removed the American Alligator fromthe endangered species list and announced the animal asfully recovered throughout its range.The American Alligator is seen as a classic success storyof the Endangered Species Act. Currently, the AmericanAlligator is listed as "Threatened due to similarity ofappearance" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and islisted as Endangered by the Arkansas Game and FishCommission. This listing ensures control of legal trade ofalligator hides and products.According to a questionnaire mailed to state wildlifeagencies in 1973, alligators were reported to be present inHempstead, Miller,and Lafayette counties inArkansas (Fig.1). Within these three counties, it was estimated that anincreasing population of 1,900 individuals inhabitated 30.4sq km of suitable habitat (Chabreck, 1973). A restockingeffort was undertaken by the Arkansas Game and FishCommission from 1972 to 1984. Approximately 2,800alligators were released throughout the state in areas withinits presumed historic range. About 80% of the alligatorswere stocked on private lands at the request of landowners.Alligators were initially taken from Grassy Lake, in SevierCounty, Arkansas, but the majority was transplanted fromRockefeller and Sabine National Wildlife Refuges inLouisiana (Swaffar, 1995). Since the restocking effort, littleinformation has been obtained concerning alligatorpopulations in Arkansas. Growing evidence, such asincreased sightings and interactions with humans, suggeststhat populations throughout Arkansas are increasing.Mark F. RothUSGS - Upper MidwestEnvironmental Sciences CenterOnalaska, WI54650However, little empirical data exist to support this claim. Todate, no published information concerning alligatorpopulations or habitats is available for Arkansas.In order to determine the current distribution ofalligators within Arkansas, a telephone survey of AGFCpersonnel was incorporated in a geographical informationsystem (GIS). Personnel from AGFC district offices and 24AGFC wildlife officers were questioned about theoccurrence ofalligators in their respective areas. Responsestypically provided information on known populations ofalligators and also information about particular nuisancealligators. Potential alligator habitat identified in theArkansas GAP project final report (USGS, 1998) was alsoincluded in the GIS. Additionally, ongoing researchconducted by the authors, through the Arkansas ForestResources Center (AFRC), provided information on severallocalities.Information on potential habitat and alligatordistributions from the Arkansas GAP project, the survey ofAGFC personnel, and the authors' ongoing research werelayered onto a county level map of Arkansas using ArcView3.1. Layered data were then used to help identify areas,based on the combination of potential habitat and knownlocalities, within the state that may have the highestconcentrations of alligators. These areas were thendelineated using heads-up digitizing in ArcView 3.1.The Arkansas GAP data indicates that potentialalligator habitat within Arkansas occurs largely in the GulfCoastal Plain and Delta regions of the state (Fig. 2). Most ofthe habitat follows river and stream drainages such as theArkansas, White, Ouachita, Saline, Red, and Sulphur riversand Bartholomew and Dorcheat Bayous. In addition,Millwood Lake, Grassy Lake, Lake Columbia and severalother smaller lakes were also identified as containingalligators. Using information from the telephone surveys, atotal of nine state wildlife management areas (WMA), threenational wildlife refuges, three state parks, and one nationalmemorial within Arkansas were identified as havingalligator populations (Fig. 3). In addition to locations withinprotected areas such as WMA's, state parks, and nationalwildlife refuges, other specific alligator locations were alsoidentified by AGFC personnel. Many localities occur onprivately owned land or lakes within the state (Fig. 4). GISanalysis of the available data suggest five areas as potentiallyJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002243Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas244Fig. 1 Region containing the largest native population of alligators at the beginning of a restocking effort by the ArkansasGame and Fish Commission in 1973.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002244Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37Christopher L. Watt, Mark F. Roth, and Philip A. TappeFig. 2. Potential distribution of alligator habitat within Arkansas as identified by the Arkansas GAP project (USGS 1998).Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002245245Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002246Concentrations of American Alligator Populations inArkansasFig. 3. Selected public lands within Arkansas with reported locations of alligators or alligator populationsJournal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002246Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37247Christopher L.Watt, Mark F. Roth, and Philip A. TappeFig. 4. Reported locations of alligators or alligator populations occurring onprivate lands within Arkansas.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002247Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in ArkansasrFig. 5. Areas within Arkansas believed to have the highest concentrations of alligators.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol.56, 2002248248Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol56/iss1/37Christopher L.Watt, Mark F. Roth, and Philip A. Tappe249having the highest numbers of alligators within the state ofArkansas (Fig. 5).Area 1:Lower Arkansas River / White River (Fig. 5) isocated in the east central portion of the state. A.FGCmanaged lands within this area include Dagmar, Wattensaw,iayou Meto, and Trusten Holder WMA's. Arkansas PostNational Memorial and White River National Wildlifelefuge are also located within this area. Other locations thatwere identified within this area include Peckerwood Lakend Clear Lake.Area 2: Bayou Bartholomew (Fig. 5) is located in theoutheast corner of the state. AFGC managed lands withinlis area include Cut-Off Creek and Seven Devils WMA's.Chicot State Park also occurs within this area. Severalther alligator locations were also identified. These include,ake Grampus, Bayou Bartholomew, McCones Brake, and'erkins Slough. Complaints about nuisance alligators areairly common within this area. Alligators are known tonvade aquaculture ponds found throughout this region.Area 3: Ouachita River (Fig. 5) is located in the southentral portion of the state and encompasses portions of theOuachita river and Saline river drainages. The public landslatharbor alligators within this area are Felsenthal NationalWildlife Refuge and Moro Bay State Park. The AGFCocked alligators in the extensive wetland system within theOuachita River Valley and alligators are frequently seen inle Ouachita River. Occasional sightings of alligators haveso been reported in the Saline River.Area 4: Red River / Sulphur River (Fig. 5) is located inle southwest corner of the state. AGFC managed areasith alligator populations within this area include Sulphurliver and Bois D'Arc WMA's. One state park, Millwoodtate park, also occurs within this area. During the 1970'slisarea contained the only known population of alligatorsthe state. Because of this and an abundance of suitablelabitat, the number of alligators within this area is)otentially higher than the other four areas.Area 5: Upper Arkansas River Valley (Fig. 5) is theorthern most area identified in this study and is also themallest. Two AGFC managed areas, Galla Creek WMAnd Petit Jean WMA, occur in this area. Holla Bendational Wildlife Refuge also contains an alligator>opulation. This population is a result of AGFC stocking,wo bodies of water within Petit Jean WMA,Pullen Pondnd Kingfisher Lake, are also known to contain alligators.IBased on the Arkansas GAP data, 47 of the 75 countiesArkansas contain potential alligator habitat. The majoritythis potential habitat is located in the southern half of thete and is found in and along the major river drainages,¦ormation compiled during this study conforms to thekansas GAP data. Much of the existing land that ismsidered to be alligator habitat is located on public land,e majority of these areas are WMA's that are controlledby AGFC. There are many other areas within the state thatdo contain alligators. A large male was found dead inCraighead County, which is located in the northeasterncorner of the state (Trauth and McCallum 2001). Thisanimal was found at the northwestern extreme of the speciesrange in the United States. Although alligators do occur inmany localities within the state, we believe the five areasidentified probably harbor the largest populations withinthe state. Continued management and research shouldprobably focus on these five areas due to their relativelyhigh concentrations of alligators and the resulting potentialfor alligator-human interactions.Acknowledgments. —We would like to thank theArkansas Game and Fish Commission personnel whoparticipated in the telephone interviews. Without thisimportant information, this project would not have beenpossible. Funding was provided by the Arkansas ForestResources Center.Literature CitedChabreck, R. H. 1973. Population status surveys of theAmerican alligator in the Southeastern United States.Pp: 14-21, In Crocodiles, Proceedings of the SecondWorking Meeting of Crocodile Specialists, IUCNPublications New Series, Supplementary Paper No.41,Morges-Switzerland pp.1-116Mcllhenny, E. A. 1935. The Alligator's Life History.Christopher Publishing House, Boston. 117 pp.Swaffar J. 1995. Gators return to razorback country: Alookat the decline and restoration of the alligator inArkansas and the South. Unpubl. seminar paper Univ.of Central Arkansas, History Department. ArkansasForest Resources Center, School of Forest Resources,Monticello,Arkansas. 24 pp.TVauth, S. E. and M. L. McCallum. 2001. AlligatorMississippiensis (American Alligator). Winter Mortality.Herp. Rev. 32(4):250-251.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1967. Conservation ofendangered species and other fish or wildlife;UnitedStates list of endangered native fish and wildlife.FederalRegister 32:4001.USGS. 1998. GAP Analysis of Arkansas: AR-Gap, FinalReport and Data (CD ROM)Woodward, A. and W. R.Marion. 1978. An evaluation ofFactors affecting night-light counts of alligators. Proc.Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies32:291-302.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56, 2002249Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 56 [2002], Art. 37Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2002

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Concentrations of American Alligator Populations in Arkansas

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