The  objective  of  this  investigation  is  to  study  the fatigue behaviour of Dual   phase(DP)steel   with   varying percentage  of martensite.  The  study  is  conducted  on  samples  of welded Dual  phase   steel  prepared   by   intercritical   annealing process  with  temperature  varying  from  7300C to 8100C.  In this 

process  both  coarse  and  fine  ferrite-martensite  structures  are produced  with  volume  fraction  of  martensite  varying  from 48 to 69%. It has been observed from the investigation that the fatigue crack propagation  rates  were  found  to  decrease  and  threshold values  of  stress  intensity  factor  increase  with  the  increase  in martensite  content  upto  69%  for  the  intercritically  annealed structures

Kempaiah, U.N.

Nagaraj Kori, .

ePrints@Bangalore University

  ISSN: 2277-3754     ISO 9001:2008 Certified   International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)              Volume 2, Issue 9, March 2013  71 Effect of Fatigue Crack Growth Rate on Varied Percentage of Martensite for Welded DP Steel Nagaraj Kori, Dr. U N Kempaiah  Abstract: The objective of this investigation is to study the fatigue behaviour of Dual phase (DP) steel with varying percentage of martensite. The study is conducted on samples of welded Dual phase steel prepared by intercritical annealing process with temperature varying from 7300 C to 8100 C. In this process both coarse and fine ferrite- martensite structures are produced with volume fraction of martensite varying from 48 to 69%. It has been observed from the investigation that the fatigue crack propagation rates were found to decrease and threshold values of stress intensity factor increase with the increase in martensite content up to 69% for the intercritically annealed structures.    Keywords:  Dual Phase Steel, Intercritical Temperature, Microstructure, Volume Fraction, Fatigue Crack growth. I. INTRODUCTION The energy crisis in the world has led to the exploration of newer materials with improved combinations of strength, ductility and toughness. This has led to the emergence of a series of composite structures, in which Dual Phase (DP) steels represent a distinguished class. Dual phase steels were developed to satisfy an increasing need, primarily in automobile industry, ship building, Earth moving equipments etc, for new high strength steels which permit weight reduction without sacrificing formability. The DP steels usually exhibit microstructures consisting of about 80% ferrite and 20% martensite with small amounts of retained austenite and or bainite, depending on their chemistry and processing. Over the last four decades, dual phase steels have received considerable attention because of their excellent combination of strength, ductility and formability. Dual phase steels are primarily used as a substitute for high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. HSLA steels generally exhibit very poor fracture toughness. In contrast to this, it has been recognized recently that, production of a combination of two phases, such as ferrite and martensite, by a process of intercritical annealing can improve the fracture toughness without sacrificing strength. The present investigation is to study the variation of fatigue crack growth with the volume percentage of martensite in welded Dual phase steel. II. LITERATURE SURVEY A large number of structures and components, particularly in the critical areas of transportation and energy production, are fatigue-limited in design. To specify the interaction between fatigue-life, applied cyclic stress and initial defect size, it is necessary to possess a detailed knowledge of crack growth rates in service conditions. Usually, the cyclic stresses are well below yield, so that the problem can be treated by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). For quasi-elastic (LEFM) conditions, the most popular empirical relationship between the crack growth increment per cycle (da/dN) and parameters of stress range () and instantaneous crack length (a) is that proposed initially by Paris and Erdogan [1]  which gives :  da/dN = C (K)m ………….. (1)  Where C and m are constants and K is the range of stress intensity factor given by  K = Kmax – Kmin,  The engineering application of Equation (1) may be illustrated by considering the case of a large (infinite) body containing a central, through-thickness crack of length 2a lying normal to a constant stress-range. The expression then becomes:  K =  a  Equation (1) has been found to correlate with experimentally determined crack growth rates varying generally from 10-6 mm/cycle to 10-2 mm/cycle. Crack growth rates lower than this range are essentially microstructure-dependent and crack growth rates asymptotically approach zero due to increase in contributions from crack closure [2]. Crack closure is the partial closing of cracks due to the influence of asperities or plastic wake behind the crack tip in a cyclic loading situation. At crack growth rates well above this range, static fracture modes such as inter granular, quasicleavage, cleavage and void nucleation predominate as the K approaches the fracture toughness of the material [3]. The general fatigue crack growth curve showing the three stage behaviour is shown in Fig. 1. At crack growth rates lower than 10-6 mm/cycle, the crack grows depends on the size of the micro structural unit. Hence, an increased sensitivity of crack growth [3,4] to stress ratio environment, grain size and yield strength has been found by several investigators [4]. Its effects have been generally attributed to various crack closure mechanisms promoted by crack wake plasticity [5], oxide particles [6] and fracture surface roughness [7] near threshold. III. METHDOLOGY The HSLA steel (AH36, a ship building steel) was selected as the starting material for making Dual phase microstructures by suitable heat treatment. The steel received was in the form of 14 mm thick hot rolled plates in quenched and tempered condition. The chemical composition of the steel was ascertained with the help of   ISSN: 2277-3754     ISO 9001:2008 Certified   International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)              Volume 2, Issue 9, March 2013  72 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (Model: ICP-OES), an Abrolins Carbon & Sulphur determination apparatus (Model: AI/302/84). The analyzed composition of the steel was found to be in good agreement with the supplier’s certificate values. The chemical composition of the alloy was analyzed and is given in the Table 1. Table 1: Chemical Composition of Specimens Element Wt. (%) C 0.13 Mn 1.18 S 0.010 P 0.001 Si 0.3 Cr 0.047 Mo 0.057 B 0.001 Ni 0.048   Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram Indicating The Three Regimes Of Quasi-Elastic (LEFM) Fatigue Crack Growth [3,8] A. Heat Treatment Schedule for IQ Treatment Specimen blanks of size 100mm X 100mm X 14mm were subjected to intermediate quench (IQ) heat treatment schedule as described in Fig. 2 & Fig. 3 using a Abrolins Muffle furnace (Model: LW/M-4). The IQ treatment consists of double quench operation. The specimens are first soaked at 920o C for 30 minutes and were quenched in 9% iced – brine solution (-7oC). These were held at different intercritical temperatures (ICT) (730,750,780 & 810o C) for 60 minutes and were finally quenched in oil (25o C). The temperature control for intercritical soaking in IQ treatment was within ±2oC. Precautions were taken uniformity of cooling during quench operations by continuous stirring of the bath containing the specimen blanks. The critical annealing temperatures of the base metal are estimated using Andrew’s equation [9], [10]. The lower and upper critical temperatures are approximated as 7200 C and 8160 C respectively. The specimens are then heated to different intercritical temperatures ranging from 7300 C to 8100 C before finally quenched in Servo quench 707 oil at 250 C to obtain dual phase microstructure.   Fig. 2: Fe-C Equilibrium Diagram for Intercritical Annealing Heat Treatment  Fig.3: Intercritical Annealing Cycle B. Welding Procedure The welding parameters for welding of dual phase steel plates of 14 mm thick using MAG welding process were optimised using Bead on plate experiments [11]. The optimum specifications of MAG welding process were found to be, the suitable electrode ER 705-6 with 3.15 mm diameter, and current was vary from 96 Amps to 120 Amps, voltage vary from 19 V to 26 V, welding speed of 0.0041mm/sec, heat input 0.4KJ/mm to 0.6 KJ/mm with an input pass temperature from 160o C to 240 o C. Welding was carried out by qualified welder on edge prepared plates with single V-butt joint of geometry shown in Fig. 4.   All dimensions are in mm. Fig. 4: Joint Design for Single V-butt welds After welding the plates were subjected to radiographic examinations to ensure the soundness of the joint and only sound welds were used in this investigation.   ISSN: 2277-3754     ISO 9001:2008 Certified   International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)              Volume 2, Issue 9, March 2013  73 IV. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS A. Fatigue Crack Growth Test Fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests were carried out as per ASTM E 647 standard on CT specimen using INSTRON UTM Model-8032 servo hydraulic closed loop test system of capacity 100 KN. The test programme was selected in such a way that ΔK values were decreased in a stepwise fashion with the reduction in ΔK in any step not exceeding 10% of the ΔK value of the previous step, a common manual test procedure followed to arrive at low crack growth rates. The initial ΔK levels were arbitrarily selected such that the crack growth rate corresponded to the transition from stage II to stage III in the FCG curve. In the load reduction step, care was taken to ensure that the crack lengths were recorded after the crack tip had grown out of the maximum plastic zone corresponding to the previous load step. While load reduction at intermediate crack growth rates were made after the crack propagated at least 0.3mm each time, at low crack growth rates, the loads were shed after the crack growth was advanced by 0.1mm, each time. The threshold in this study is defined as the stress intensity range at which a crack length increment of 0.1mm or less occurred in 106 cycles (crack growth rate, 10-7 mm/cycle). Crack lengths were monitored using a travelling microscope having a least count 0.01mm. FCG tests were performed at room temperature (26-28 C) and at a frequency of 25Hz with a load ratio, R= 0.1, the relative humidity of the laboratory air environment was 60-75%. The crack growth rate (da/dN) at each ΔK level was calculated using the relation,    and ΔK calculated using the formula,    Where “a” is the average crack length given by   V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The properties which govern the deformation behaviour of dual phase steels in static impact or fatigue loading conditions are continuous yielding, high initial work hardening rate, and superior uniform and total elongation for a given level of tensile strength. The results obtained from the fatigue crack growth test were recorded. From these values crack growth rate and stress intensity factor are calculated for known crack length. Mechanical properties for both base metal and welded joint are shown in Table 2.    Table 2: Mechanical Properties of welded DP steel   FCG behaviour of intercritically annealed welded DP steel and DP steel samples with different volume% martensite V/s stress intensity factor are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 respectively [12, 13].   Fig. 5: FCG Behaviour of Interstitially Annealed Welded DP Steel Samples with Different Volume Percentage of Martensite  Fig. 6: FCG Behaviour of Interstitially Annealed Base DP Steel Samples with Different Volume Percentage of Martensite From the above figures it is noticed that the curve reaches the threshold region in all the cases. The fatigue crack propagation rates were found to decrease and threshold values of stress intensity factor increase with the increase in martensite content up to 69%. The comparison of Fatigue stress concentration factor V/s Crack length for intercritically annealed welded dual phase steels having different volume percentage of martensite was also generated and is shown in Fig. 7 and Table 3.  Table 3: Experimental Stress concentration values Crack length (mm) Delta Kt (EXP) Delta Kt (EXP) Delta Kt (EXP) Delta Kt (EXP) 73W 75W 78W 81W 5.1 12.19663 12.14248 12.14869 12.67126 6 13.52169 13.49047 13.47087 13.90903 7 15.07746 15.02008 15.0122 15.28893   ISSN: 2277-3754     ISO 9001:2008 Certified   International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)              Volume 2, Issue 9, March 2013  74 8 16.75407 16.68853 16.67568 17.25297 9 18.56293 18.4928 18.47721 19.36478 10 20.6128 20.55417 20.53864 21.95879 11 23.01551 22.94395 22.91435 25.17099 12 25.81815 25.74748 25.73449 29.31191 13 29.30088 29.23634 29.16962 34.72109 14 33.5617 33.48652 33.42936 36.25436 15 39.11208 37.03452 38.96706 39.10731 16 46.42269 41.26345 46.21971 45.72109 It indicates that as the crack length increases the stress intensity factor is found to increase.     Fig. 7: Comparison of ∆KTH V/s Crack length for welded DP steel samples having different volume percentage of martensite.  Effect of Microstructure on Fatigue Crack Growth behaviour. The microstructure of different volume percentage martensite at crack region is shown in Fig. 8 to Fig. 11 and the fractographs of near threshold region are also shown in Fig. 12 to Fig. 15. From the observation it indicates that the microstructural grains are clearly seen on the fracture surfaces. Crack preferred to follow the ferrite regions as it is weaker of the two phases present in this dual phase structure. It has preferred to propagate through the interface of ferrite/martensite, as this region also a minimum energy path due to strain incompatibility between the two phases. Crack deflection is invariably observed in and around martensite regions. These aspects of crack deflection/branching have pronounced effects on FCG in the following ways.   Fig. 8: Typical Microstructure of Weld Metal Region of Weldments Containing Different Volume Percentage of Martensite at 1000X Corresponding To S73    Fig. 9: Typical microstructure of weld metal region of weldments containing different volume percentage of martensite at 1000X corresponding to S75   Fig. 10: Typical microstructure of weld metal region of weldments containing different volume percentage of martensite at 1000X corresponding to S78   Fig. 11: Typical microstructure of weld metal region of weldments containing different volume percentage of martensite at 1000X corresponding to S81    Fig. 12: Typical fractographs of welded specimen in HAZ region when observed under SEM at 500X corresponding to S73   ISSN: 2277-3754     ISO 9001:2008 Certified   International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)              Volume 2, Issue 9, March 2013  75   Fig. 13: Typical fractographs of welded specimen in HAZ region when observed under SEM at 500X corresponding to S75   Fig. 14: Typical fractographs of welded specimen in HAZ region when observed under SEM at 500X corresponding to S78   Fig. 15: Typical fractographs of welded specimen in HAZ region when observed under SEM at 500X corresponding to S81 VI. CONCLUSION It may be seen that the FCG rates decrease and threshold values increase with the increase in martensite content. It is clear that the DP steel containing 69% martensite has the lowest crack growth rate compared to the rest. Also, the threshold value of the stress intensity factor (ΔKth) is maximum at 15.8 Mpa√m for DP steel and 15.2 Mpa√m for welded DP steel. Threshold value of the stress intensity factor is increased by 72% for DP steel containing 69% martensite than that containing 48% martensite. It may be seen from Fig. 8 to Fig. 11, that all intercritically annealed microstructures have a continuous network of martensite in ferrite. Martensite is platelet in type in most of the cases (although at higher martensite content they are also blocky in type). Further, with the increase in martensite content of the DP steel the martensite appears to acquire blocky form.  It is also observed that the martensite in a welded dual phase structure will constrain the plastic deformation in the ferrite phase. These findings are also observed earlier for the base metal.  REFERENCES [1]. P.C. Paris and F. Erdogan, Journal of Basic Engineering. Trans ASME, Vol.85, pp.528, 1963. [2]. S. Suresh and R.O. Ritchie, Engg. Fracture Mechanics, Vol.18, pp.789, 1983. [3]. R.O. Ressie, “Near Threshold fatigue crack propagation in steels”, International Metals Reviews, Vol.20, pp.205-230, 1979. [4]. J.I. Decision Can Met Quart, Vol.20, pp.317, 1981. [5]. W. Elber, “Fatigue crack closure under cyclic tension”, Engineering Facture Mechanics, pp.37-45, 1970. [6]. S. Suresh C, Moss and R.O. Ritchie, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 12, pp.1435, 1981. [7]. K. Mirricrwa and A.J. McEvily, “On crack closure in the near threshold region”, Scripta Metalhegica, Vol. 6, pp. 633-636, 1981. [8]. S. Suresh, “Fatigue of Materials”, Cambridge University Press, 1991. [9]. W. Elber, “Damage tolerance in aircraft structures”, ASTM STP, Vol. 486, pp.230, 1971. [10]. S. Purushothaman and J.K. Tien, “A fatigue crack growth mechanism for ductile materials”, Script Metallurgical, Vol. 9, pp. 923-926, 1975. [11]. U N Kempaiah, Dr. B K Muralidhar, Dr. Asim Bag, et al., “Characterisation of welded dual phase steel for structural applications”, 39th National Metallurgist day and 55th annual technical meeting, Bhubaneswar, 2001. [12]. U N Kempaiah, Dr. B K Muralidhar, Dr. Asim Bag, et al., “Studies on mechanical properties and fracture toughness of welded high martensite DP steels for structural applications”, 4th International conference on Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2001. [13]. Asim Bag and K K Ray, “A new model to explain the unusual tensile behaviour of high martensite DP steel”, Metallurgical and Material transactions, A Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 2400 – 2403, 2001.     

Effect of Fatigue Crack Growth Rate on Varied Percentage of Martensite for Welded DP Steel

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Effect of Fatigue Crack Growth Rate on Varied Percentage of Martensite for Welded DP Steel

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