Detergent soaps and powders are used for washing clothes and are used in washing machines. Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents, which contains an active agent called surfactant that wets the fabrics, emulsifies oily matter, solubilises grime and keeps dirt in suspension. Phosphate originates mainly from detergents, human waste (Urine and faeces), agriculture run off and soil phosphates which reaches aquatic environment through sewage and affecting aquatic ecosystem. Different brands of commercially available synthetic detergent soaps, detergent powders and sewage were analysed for Phosphate content using Vanadate Molybdate method by standard procedure (APHA, 2005). The research finding states those Detergent builders Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) can be substituted by a phosphate free Zeolite (Na2Al2Si3O10.2H2O - Aluminium silicate). There are no separate legislations available in India to Control phosphates in Soaps, Detergents and Sewage which is polluting aquatic environment. An attempt was made to draft legislation to reduce phosphate content in detergent soaps and detergent powders

Bheemappa, k.

Nandini, N.

Pattusamy, V.

ePrints@Bangalore University

ISSN NO 2320-5407                        International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 3, 129-133  129                                                     Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com                 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL                                                                                                                            OF ADVANCED RESEARCH                                                                                                                                RESEARCH ARTICLE  Detergent and Sewage Phosphates entering into Lake Ecosystem and Its Impact on Aquatic Environment  1V. Pattusamy, 2N.Nandini and 1K.Bheemappa 1. Research scholar, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560056. Karnataka, India 2. Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560056 Karnataka, India.  Manuscript Info                  Abstract   Manuscript History:  Received: 29 April 2013 Final Accepted: 11 May 2013 Published Online: May 2013                                          Key words:  Detergent soaps and powders, Phosphate, Zeolite,  Legislation,  Aquatic        Detergent soaps and powders are used for washing clothes and are used in washing machines. Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents, which contains an active agent called surfactant that wets the fabrics, emulsifies oily matter, solubilises grime and keeps dirt in suspension. Phosphate originates mainly from detergents, human waste (Urine and faeces), agriculture run off and soil phosphates which reaches aquatic environment through sewage and affecting aquatic ecosystem. Different brands of commercially available synthetic detergent soaps, detergent powders and sewage were analysed for Phosphate content using Vanadate Molybdate method by standard procedure (APHA, 2005). The research finding states those Detergent builders Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) can be substituted by a phosphate free Zeolite (Na2Al2Si3O10.2H2O - Aluminium silicate). There are no separate legislations available in India to Control phosphates in Soaps, Detergents and Sewage which is polluting aquatic environment. An attempt was made to draft legislation to reduce phosphate content in detergent soaps and detergent powders.                    Copy Right, IJAR, 2013,. All rights reserved. Introduction  Soaps and detergents are made of surfactants or surface-active agents, chemicals that help water soak and clean surfaces. Soap reacts with minerals in hard water, diminishing cleaning properties. Builders boost the efficiency of surfactants by counteracting hard water, emulsifying oil and grease, and preventing soil from redepositing. Phosphates are an environmentally delicate chemical and a commonly used detergent builder. Raw materials include surfactants, solvents, phosphates, silicates, alkalis, salts and perfumes. Phosphorus is in the form of phosphate in detergents and is used to soften hard water and suspend dirt in the water. Sewage containing human waste (Urine and faeces) phosphate and detergent phosphate are discharged into the water bodies leading to eutrophication of lakes. A review by Feisthauer et al., (2004) on the problem of detergents is growing rapidly in developing  *Corresponding author: vpattusamy@gmail.com  Countries such as India where the use of detergents has grown manifold but the facilities for sewage treatment are extremely poor. Though the biological effects of detergents have been demonstrated extensively. The Environment Protection law (1989) in India recognises phosphorus as a chemical pollutant. Despite that, its usage is on the rise. In India, per capita consumption of detergents in 1994 was 2.8 kg per annum. This is projected to rise to over 4 kg/capita by 2005. In rural areas the use of detergent bars is expected to grow by 7-8 per cent annually. The figures are of concern because high-quality detergents have as much as 35 per cent Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) in them. Most laundry detergents in India are phosphate-based, but there is no control or regulation for phosphate use in detergents.  The main problem is that of phosphate-based detergents promoting eutrophication of aquatic environments. ISSN NO 2320-5407                        International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 3, 129-133  130  The fact that the phosphates in these detergents can cause eutrophication of waterways portends a grim situation, since these water bodies are the primary sources of water for a large section of the population.  So far, India‟s action towards controlling advanced eutrophication has been addressed and dealt with only through sewage treatment plants (STPs). Despite several action plans, the issue remains largely ignored. The ever- increasing demand of phosphate-laden detergents in rural areas is sure to escalate eutrophication of local water bodies that serve as the primary water resource. Washer man (Dhobis), rural and urban women extensively use phosphate containing detergents. There are various rules and regulations like the law of Environmental Protection in India (1989), and the Hazardous Waste Rules (1989), which categories phosphine and phosphorus and its compounds as toxic chemicals. Such regulations, however, are not applied to household detergents. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has also laid down the standards for eco-labelling i.e. Ecomark of detergents in India during 1991 Stressing on the aspects of the surfactants used in the manufacture of household laundry detergent powders that should be readily biodegradable and the products be packed in packages made of recyclable or biodegradable materials.   The Swedish Chemicals Agency has made several impact assessments on restrictions of phosphates in detergents for consumer use. The inputs of phosphorus resulting from the use of phosphates in detergents are rather variable depending on the country. The estimations made before the introduction of phosphate-free detergents have shown that about one third of the phosphorus in human sewage may be attributed to phosphorus in detergents i.e. 1g/person per day (Swedish Society for Nature Conservation - SSNC, 1998).  The inputs from agriculture were higher. However Grenet al., (2008) opined that more expensive to reduce inputs from agriculture than to introduce phosphate-free detergents.  Other sources mention that phosphorus from detergents might contribute with 25 per cent of the phosphorus loading on an average. Phosphorus in detergents is especially important where inputs are dominated by point sources and removal of phosphorus is still missing (Kohler, 2006). Phosphate removed from sewage may be reused in agriculture.  Separate legislation is required to limit the phosphate content or substituted by Zeolite in detergents.  Country like Canada banned the sale of phosphate-laden dish detergents in 2010. Numerous United States cities and municipalities banned the phosphate both in detergents and fertilizers in an effort to minimize runoff.    Material and Methods Changes in lake food webs and biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus led to bloom nuisance algae in Bangalore lakes. Therefore a technology is designed to remove Phosphate pollution from the lakes. Phosphate pollution test was carried out using commercially available, different brands of Detergent soaps and powders. The detergent soaps were given a code  of A to H, Dish wash bars as J and K,Soap Powders as L to O. Phosphate content in Detergents and sewage were analysed using Vanadate Molybdate method by following standard procedures (APHA, 2005). Detergent Soap and Powder were converted to  ash by using Muffle furnace in at 2500C for 2 hours to avoid soap interference colour in the analysis, the ash was dissolved in  100ml of distilled water, 1ml of Conc. HCl acid was added and boiled for 20 minutes to hydrolyse the phosphate. The filtered solution was made up to 100ml. Out of this 2ml or aliquot of sample was taken for the phosphate analysis and measured absorbance at 400nm using Visible Spectrophotometer (UV2300II). Same procedure was followed for the analysis of phosphate in Sewage collected from Ulsoor and Madiwala area which is directed to lakes in those areas.  Phosphate was calculated using the formula: mg P/L= mg P (in 50ml final volume) X 1000 / ml sample  The Phosphate content in sewage (near Madiwala) and sewage sample (Downstream of Agaram Lake series near Mugalur) were treated with coagulants like  Aluminum Sulphate 50mg (5% Al2SO4, 1ml), 50mg of Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4, 1ml), 50mg of Ferric Chloride (FeCl3, 1ml) and 50mg of Aluminum potassium Sulphate  (5% AlKSO4 , 1ml). The Precipitate dried at 300oC and the filtrate was analysed for Phosphate concentration.   Results and Discussion Phosphate pollution in surface waters by point and non-point sources is a major national environmental issue. Phosphate is capable of tying up calcium, Magnesium, Iron and Manganese ions thereby improving overall phosphate detergent washing performances (Duthie, 1972).      ISSN NO 2320-5407                        International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 3, 129-133  131  Table 1: Analysis results of Phosphates in Detergent Soaps and Powder Sl No. Name of the Soap(Code) Phosphate Concentration  mg per 100g of Soap/Powder 1 Soap - A 60 2 Soap – B Very high Colour interference 3 Soap – C Nil 4 Soap – D 175  5 Soap – E Nil 6 Soap – F 15  7 Soap – G 125  8 Soap – H Nil 9 Soap Dish wash Bar - I Nil 10 Soap  Dish wash – J Nil 11 Soap powder – K 500 12 Soap powder – L 104 13 Soap powder – M Nil 14 Soap powder – N Nil 15 Soap powder - O Nil  Table 2: Analysis results of Phosphates in Sewage Standards and Sample concentrations Reagents Distilled water Instrument  and Range Results Blank 10ml Vanadate Molybdate solution 35 ml distilled water make upto 50ml UV-Visible Spectro photometer UV2300 II at 400nm Standards 50µg Phosphate solution 100µg Phosphate solution 200µg Phosphate solution 400µg Phosphate solution 800µg Phosphate solution 5ml sewage sample (Downstream of Agaram Lake seriesnear Mugalur) 2mg/L 5ml Sewage sample (near Madiwala) 8mg/L  Table 3: Analysis results of Phosphate content in sewage (Madiwala) and Sewage sample (Downstream of Agaram Lake series, Mugalur) water after treating with Coagulants Sample concentration Coagulants Precipitate Filtrate Results 250ml Untreated sewage (Madiwala) and sewage sample (Downstream of Agaram Lake series, Mugalur) 50mg of Aluminum Sulphate  (5% Al2SO4,1ml) dried at 300oC and ash may be used for agricultural purpose Analyzed for Phosphate Phosphate was found Nil  50mg of Ferrous Sulphate  (FeSO4, 1ml) 50mg of Ferric Chloride  (FeCl3, 1ml) 50mg of Aluminum potassium  Sulphate  (5% AlKSO4 , 1ml)     ISSN NO 2320-5407                        International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 3, 129-133  132  Figure 1: Concentration of Phosphates in Detergent Soap and Powder                   Phosphate detergents are generally safe to use with minimal toxicity. The higher levels of phosphates in lakes are due to run off results in eutrophication. Algal bloom in lakes threatens the aquatic environment. Analysed results of phosphate in commercially available synthetic detergent soaps and detergent powders (Table 1) shows that, The Phosphate concentration in soap ranged between 0 to 500mg/100gm. Soap brand from A to H results showed that maximum concentration of 175 mg/100g were recorded in Soap „D‟, minimum of 15 mg/100g was recorded in Soap „F‟, Soap Dish wash Bar- J and K was recorded as nil for Phosphates. In Soap powders the maximum phosphate concentration of 500mg/100g was recorded in „K‟ and minimum of 104mg/100g in Soap powder „L‟. There was a negligible concentration of Phosphate recorded in Soap „E‟, „M‟, „N‟ and „O‟. Out of the 15 soaps and detergents tested 7 soaps and detergents recorded nil, 8 were recorded between 15- 500mg/ 100g of phosphate concentration.   The untreated sewage phosphate was treated by adding different types of flocculants as indicated in table 2. The analysis results of Phosphate with different concentrations revealed that Phosphate concentration in untreated sewage (Madiwala) and sewage sample (Downstream of Agaram Lake series, Mugalur) water was recorded as 2mg/L and in raw Sewage as 8mg/L. The Coagulants like Aluminum Sulphate, Ferrous Sulphate, Ferric Chloride, Aluminum potassium sulphate were added to the samples of untreated sewage and sewage sample (Downstream of Agaram Lake series, Mugalur) and the results of Phosphate concentration was recorded as nil. The recovered phosphate was used in agricultural activities as nutrients.   International Joint Commission (1980) report on water quality states that major component of the total phosphorus inputs to the lakes is domestic wastewater and household detergents. The study of Hammond (1971) also supports this study that detergents accounted for about 50% of the waste water phosphorous in United States.  Catie Burnside and William McDowell (2001) in their study revealed that although most liquid detergents for hand-washing dishes are phosphorus free, detergents for automatic dishwashers typically have high phosphorus content, as tripolyphosphate is preferred as water-softening agent. Excess nutrient (Phosphate and nitrogen) in surface water enhances the algal bloom. Detergents can have poisonous effects on all types of aquatic life if they are present in excess quantities. This includes the biodegradable detergents. Surfactant detergents are also implicated in decreasing the breeding ability of aquatic organisms. Detergents also add another problem for aquatic life by lowering the surface tension of the water. Abel (1974) reported that Synthetic detergents are acutely toxic to fish. Factors that are affecting toxicity include the molecular structure of the detergents. The interactions between detergents with proteins and their influence on membrane permeability may be the basis of the biological action of detergents. Detergents in natural waters are usually partially degraded, and a maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 mg/L would probably be harmless under most conditions. Results from this investigation showed that the concentration were more than the permissible limits. Phosphate-containing detergents can create algal blooms in fresh water. Nutrient loading with phosphates from laundry and dishwasher detergents, as well as from suburban lawn chemicals, can lead to ISSN NO 2320-5407                        International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 3, 129-133  133  eutrophication, a process by which a freshwater aquatic ecosystem slowly dies due to continual oxygen depletion.  Conclusion: Detergent Phosphate (Sodium tri poly phosphates Na5P3O10) and human waste phosphate reaches surface water like Rivers, Ponds and Lakes. Surface water becomes eutrophic. Detergent phosphate can be substituted by Zeolite.  Municipalities should treat sewage for phosphate and nitrogen removal. Detergents contain chemicals that can harm the human body as well as the natural environment. Clive Southey et al., (2001) deliberated that in despite laying down of an Ecomark plan by BIS (1991), which encourages phosphate free and environment friendly detergents to the consumer. There is a need of multiple controls on use of phosphorus to achieve the desirable water quality conditions. The Indian government has not taken enough steps to address these problems. Without mandatory legislation, industry does nothing to reduce the levels of harmful chemicals, or to inform the consumer about potential damage. This is even true of multinational firms who are forced to follow much stricter norms in Western countries Like Canada and United States.  The Proposed legislation should be passed in the parliament and should be initiated by Ministry of Environment and Forest. The recommended standard for Phosphate limit in detergent should be 0.5% of the total weight. In all municipalities sewage treatment, removal of Nitrogen and Phosphate should be made compulsory by separate legislation. Awareness needed at consumer level regarding the phosphate contents in detergents, its impact on the environment and also to encourage that the smaller detergent products which are least polluting the water bodies.   References: Abel, P. D. (1974): “Toxicity of Synthetic Detergents to fish and Aquatic Invertebrates”, Journal of Fish Biology. Vol. 6(3):  279–298.  American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition.Published by the American Public Health Association (APHA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEF).  Catie Burnside and William McDowell. (2001): “Dishwater detergent phosphorus: Its contribution to phosphorus load at a municipal wastewater treatment plant”. A Pilot Study in Lolo, Montana:1-16. <http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/892716-dishwaster-detergent-phosphorus-pilot-study-1101.pdf> Accessed on 12/01/13.  Clive Southey, Kaushik, N. K.and Trivedi, R. K. (2001): Detergents and the Environment: the Canadian Experience and the Indian Scenario, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.  Congressional Report HR 91-1004. 1970: "Phosphates in Detergents and the Eutrophication of America's Waters" Committee on Government Operations. Detergents Containing Phosphates | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_7584229_detergents-containing-phosphates.html#ixzz2H56QR6NO accessed on 03/01/2013.  Duthie, J.R. (1972): “Detergents: Nutrient considerations and total assessment. In: Nutrients and Eutrophication: The Limiting- Nutrient Controversy.” (G.E. Likens, ed.) Limnology and Oceanography, Special Symposium, No.1:205-216.  Feisthauer, N., Sibley, P., Burke, S., and Kaushik, N. (2004): “A review of the toxicity of detergents and its formulation components on aquatic organisms”, International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science. vol.28: 223-297. Hammond, A.L. (1971):Phosphate replacements: problems with the washday miracle. Science, Vol.172: 361-363. http://www.lenntech.com/aquatic/detergents.htm#ixzz2H55bD6X8.Accessed on 03/01/2013. http://www.livestrong.com/article/151779-environmental-impacts-of- tergent/#ixzz2IhdoDVxU https://www.mccadataport.com/pdfs/First_Research_Industry_Profiles.pdf. Accessed on 03/01/2013.  International Joint Commission. (1980): Phosphorus Management Strategies Task Force. Phosphorus Management for the Great Lakes.Final Report to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board and Great Lakes Science Advisory Board. Windsor, Ontario. p.129.  Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC). (1998):Vadharmiljömärkningavkemtekniskaprodukterinneburitförreningsverken? Report by Per Rosander, Beckérus and Rosander HB for KemiochMiljö AB on  behalf of the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. Toxics Link, New Delhi. Toxics Link, H-2 Jungpura Extension,<http://www.indiatogether.org/environment/articles/tltli-1002.htm>. 

Detergent and Sewage Phosphates Entering into Lake Ecosystem and its Impact on Aquatic Environment

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Detergent and Sewage Phosphates Entering into Lake Ecosystem and its Impact on Aquatic Environment

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